Published Online
on November 2, 2006

A more recent version of this article appeared on December 1, 2006

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Submitted on June 1, 2006
Revised on July 19, 2006
Accepted on August 2, 2006

Immunomodulation Strategies for Preventing Vascular Disease of the Brain and Heart. Workshop Summary

John Hallenbeck MD^*; Gregory del Zoppo MD; Tom Jacobs PhD; Antoine Hakim MD, PhD; Stephen Goldman PhD; Ursula Utz PhD; Ahmed Hasan MD, PhD; for the Immunomodulation Workshop Participants

From the Stroke Branch (J.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (G.d.Z.), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (T.J., U.U.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md; Canadian Stroke Network (A. Hakim), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (S.G., A. Hasan), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hallenbj{at}ninds.nih.gov.

Abstract--This workshop examined the opportunities for translational research directed at immune and inflammatory mechanisms. This summary presents the background data in 3 general areas: (1) inflammation and hemostasis in cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease, (2) immune interactions in the central nervous system and heart, and (3) translation of immune modulation in the brain and heart, all of which supported a consensus derivation of the opportunities for future research in these areas. The summary concludes with 11 recommendations.

Key words: acute stroke • cerebrovascular disease • immunology • inflammation • ischemia • stroke

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