Stroke, Vol 10, 326-330, Copyright © 1979 by American Heart Association
MP Spencer and JM Reid
Two methods for determining the degree of stenoses developing on the origin
of the internal carotid were tested using non-invasive Doppler ultrasonic
imaging (DOPSCAN) of the carotid bifurcations. Spectral analysis of Doppler
audio recordings was utilized in determining the maximum frequencies found
within the stenosis, as well as the ratio of the frequency downstream to
the stenosis, to the frequency within the stenosis. The theoretical
relationships between blood flow, velocity, and pressure drop are defined
for all grades of stenosis and they predict that carotid flow will not be
reduced unless the lumen diameter is less than 1.5 mm. At critical diameter
reductions, below 1 mm, the frequencies in human carotids do not exceed 16
KHz because turbulence limits peak velocities. If the maximum systolic
frequency exceeds 5 KHZ, when 5 MHZ probes are directed at a 30 degree
angle from the body axis, there is always present stenosis up to diameters
of less than 3.5 mm by x-ray angiographic measurements. Frequency ratio
studies confirm that plaque growth is not symmetrical but they did not
improve x-ray angiography correlations because of the limitations of x-ray
in measuring cross sectional areas from projection films and limitations of
the spot size of x-ray tubes.
ARTICLES
Quantitation of carotid stenosis with continuous-wave (C-W) Doppler ultrasound
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  C. Setacci, E. Chisci, F. Setacci, F. Iacoponi, and G. de Donato Grading Carotid Intrastent Restenosis: A 6-Year Follow-Up Study Stroke, April 1, 2008; 39(4): 1189 - 1196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. K. Sharma, G. Tsivgoulis, A. Y. Lao, M. D. Malkoff, and A. V. Alexandrov Noninvasive Detection of Diffuse Intracranial Disease Stroke, December 1, 2007; 38(12): 3175 - 3181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. N. Popa, M. P. Spencer, C. L. Lion, and R. A. Felberg Power M-Mode Doppler and Single-Gate Spectral Analysis Using a 2-MHz Pulsed-Wave Doppler Transducer to Directly Detect Cervical Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis: Use of the Continuity Principle: Report of a Novel Technique Stroke, June 1, 2007; 38(6): 1780 - 1785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Wong, H. Li, W. W.M. Lam, Y. L. Chan, and R. Kay Progression of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusive Disease and Its Relationship With Further Vascular Events After Stroke Stroke, February 1, 2002; 33(2): 532 - 536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. B. Mathiesen, K. H. Bonaa, and O. Joakimsen Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Are Associated With Echolucent Carotid Artery Plaques: The Tromso Study Stroke, September 1, 2001; 32(9): 1960 - 1965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. B. Mathiesen, K. H. Bonaa, and O. Joakimsen Echolucent Plaques Are Associated With High Risk of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events in Carotid Stenosis : The Tromso Study Circulation, May 1, 2001; 103(17): 2171 - 2175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Henderson, D. A. Steinman, M. Eliasziw, and H. J. M. Barnett Effect of Contralateral Carotid Artery Stenosis on Carotid Ultrasound Velocity Measurements Stroke, November 1, 2000; 31(11): 2636 - 2640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Espinola-Klein, H.-J. Rupprecht, S. Blankenberg, C. Bickel, H. Kopp, G. Rippin, G. Hafner, U. Pfeifer, and J. Meyer Are Morphological or Functional Changes in the Carotid Artery Wall Associated With Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Cytomegalovirus, or Herpes Simplex Virus Infection? Stroke, September 1, 2000; 31(9): 2127 - 2133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. E. H. Elgersma, A. F. J. Wüst, P. C. Buijs, Y. van der Graaf, B. C. Eikelboom, and W. P. T. M. Mali Multidirectional Depiction of Internal Carotid Arterial Stenosis: Three-dimensional Time-of-Flight MR Angiography versus Rotational and Conventional Digital Subtraction Angiography Radiology, August 1, 2000; 216(2): 511 - 516. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Stendel, T. Pietilä, A. A. Al Hassan, A. Schilling, and M. Brock Intraoperative microvascular Doppler ultrasonography in cerebral aneurysm surgery J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2000; 68(1): 29 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. E. H. Elgersma, P. C. Buijs, A. F. J. Wüst, Y. van der Graaf, B. C. Eikelboom, and W. P. T. M. Mali Maximum Internal Carotid Arterial Stenosis: Assessment with Rotational Angiography versus Conventional Intraarterial Digital Subtraction Angiography Radiology, December 1, 1999; 213(3): 777 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. W. Droste, R. Jurgens, D. G. Nabavi, G. Schuierer, S. Weber, and E. B. Ringelstein Echocontrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery High-Grade Stenosis and Occlusion Stroke, November 1, 1999; 30(11): 2302 - 2306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Spencer, C. Ranke, H.-J. Trappe, A. Creutzig, and H. Becker Standardization of Carotid Ultrasound • Response Stroke, June 1, 1999; 30(6): 1286 - 1295. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ranke, A. Creutzig, H. Becker, and H.-J. Trappe Standardization of Carotid Ultrasound : A Hemodynamic Method to Normalize for Interindividual and Interequipment Variability Stroke, February 1, 1999; 30(2): 402 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Sutton-Tyrrell, A. Bostom, J. Selhub, and C. Zeigler-Johnson High Homocysteine Levels Are Independently Related to Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Older Adults Circulation, September 16, 1997; 96(6): 1745 - 1749. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Galetta, M. Rossi, F. Franzoni, L. Credidio, G. Vagheggini, and F. Galetta Atherosclerosis Vascular Damage in Elderly Athletes and Sedentary People Angiology, July 1, 1997; 48(7): 623 - 628. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Alexandrov, D. Vital, D. S. Brodie, P. Hamilton, and J. C. Grotta Grading Carotid Stenosis With Ultrasound : An Interlaboratory Comparison Stroke, June 1, 1997; 28(6): 1208 - 1210. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Alexandrov, D. S. Brodie, A. McLean, P. Hamilton, J. Murphy, and P. N. Burns Correlation of Peak Systolic Velocity and Angiographic Measurement of Carotid Stenosis Revisited Stroke, February 1, 1997; 28(2): 339 - 342. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Niskanen, R. Rauramaa, H. Miettinen, S. M. Haffner, M. Mercuri, and M. Uusitupa Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Elderly Patients With NIDDM and in Nondiabetic Subjects Stroke, November 1, 1996; 27(11): 1986 - 1992. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Sutton-Tyrrell, H. G. Alcorn, H. Herzog, S. F. Kelsey, and L. H. Kuller Morbidity, Mortality, and Antihypertensive Treatment Effects by Extent of Atherosclerosis in Older Adults With Isolated Systolic Hypertension Stroke, August 1, 1995; 26(8): 1319 - 1324. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Carolei, C. Marini, P. Nencini, C. Gandolfo, C. Motto, E. Zanette, M. Prencipe, and C. Fieschi Prevalence and outcome of symptomatic carotid lesions in young adults BMJ, May 27, 1995; 310(6991): 1363 - 1366. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E.B. Titianova, I.V. Velcheva, and P.S. Mateev Effects of Aging and Hematocrit on Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Patients with Unilateral Cerebral Infarctions: A Doppler Ultrasound Evaluation Angiology, February 1, 1993; 44(2): 100 - 106. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Karnik, C. Stollberger, H.-P. Ammerer, G. Perneczky, J. Slany, and H. Brenner Validity of Continuous-Wave Doppler Sonography of the Vertebrobasilar System Angiology, July 1, 1987; 38(7): 556 - 561. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. G. Lynch, C. T. Araki, R. D. DeGroote, T. J. Psyhojos, H. E. Pawel, and R. W. Hobson II Poststenotic Flow Velocity Changes as a Function of Stenosis Geometry Arch Surg, March 1, 1987; 122(3): 358 - 363. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Hutchison and A. P. Potemkowski Carotid Artery Assessment with Continuous Wave Doppler Ultrasound, Comparison of Two Methods with Angiography Angiology, November 1, 1985; 36(11): 785 - 791. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Ratliff, T. K. Hames, K. N. Humphries, S. Birch, and A. D. B. Chant The Reliability of Doppler Ultrasound Techniques in the Assessment of Carotid Disease Angiology, June 1, 1985; 36(6): 333 - 340. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. G. Fischer, D. C. Anderson, R. Farber, and S. Lebow Prediction of Carotid Disease by Ultrasound and Digital Subtraction Angiography Arch Neurol, March 1, 1985; 42(3): 224 - 227. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. D. CEBUL and M. D. GINSBERG Noninvasive Neurovascular Tests for Carotid Artery Disease Ann Intern Med, December 1, 1982; 97(6): 867 - 872. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. BYER and J. D. EASTON Therapy of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease Ann Intern Med, November 1, 1980; 93(5): 742 - 756. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|