Stroke, Vol 17, 1304-1308, Copyright © 1986 by American Heart Association
JB Bederson, LH Pitts, SM Germano, MC Nishimura, RL Davis and HM Bartkowski
We have evaluated the use of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) as
an histopathologic stain for identification of infarcted rat brain tissue.
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) of 35 normal adult rats was occluded
surgically. At various times after surgical occlusion, rats were sacrificed
and brain slices were obtained and stained with TTC or hematoxolin and
eosin (H & E); the size of the area of infarcted tissue stained by each
method was quantified. In rats sacrificed 24 hr after occlusion of the MCA,
the size of the area of infarction was 21 +/- 2% of the coronal section for
TTC, and 21 +/- 2% for H & E (mean +/- S.D., N = 13). The size of areas
of infarction determined by either staining method was not significantly
different in area by the paired test, and a significant correlation between
sizes determined by each method was found by linear regression analysis (r
= 0.91, slope = 0.89, and the y intercept = 4.4%). Staining with TTC is a
rapid, convenient, inexpensive, and reliable method for the detection and
quantification of cerebral infarction in rats 24 hr after the onset of
ischemia.
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Evaluation of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a stain for detection and quantification of experimental cerebral infarction in rats
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A. Alessandrini, S. Namura, M. A. Moskowitz, and J. V. Bonventre MEK1 protein kinase inhibition protects against damage resulting from focal cerebral ischemia PNAS, October 26, 1999; 96(22): 12866 - 12869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Lipton Ischemic Cell Death in Brain Neurons Physiol Rev, October 1, 1999; 79(4): 1431 - 1568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J. Zhang, L. Chao, J. Chao, Y. Chu, and D. D. Heistad Adenovirus-Mediated Kallikrein Gene Delivery Reduces Aortic Thickening and Stroke-Induced Death Rate in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats • Editorial Comment Stroke, September 1, 1999; 30 (9): e1925 - 1932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. B. Dubal, P. J. Shughrue, M. E. Wilson, I. Merchenthaler, and P. M. Wise Estradiol Modulates bcl-2 in Cerebral Ischemia: A Potential Role for Estrogen Receptors J. Neurosci., August 1, 1999; 19(15): 6385 - 6393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Engelhorn, A. Doerfler, A. Kastrup, C. Beaulieu, Alexander de Crespigny, M. Forsting, M. E. Moseley, and F. M. Faraci Decompressive Craniectomy, Reperfusion, or a Combination for Early Treatment of Acute "Malignant" Cerebral Hemispheric Stroke in Rats? : Potential Mechanisms Studied by MRI • Editorial Comment: Potential Mechanisms Studied by MRI Stroke, July 1, 1999; 30(7): 1456 - 1463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Nagai, M. De Mol, H. R. Lijnen, P. Carmeliet, and D. Collen Role of Plasminogen System Components in Focal Cerebral Ischemic Infarction : A Gene Targeting and Gene Transfer Study in Mice Circulation, May 11, 1999; 99(18): 2440 - 2444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. J. Prestigiacomo, S. C. Kim, E. S. Connolly Jr, H. Liao, S.-F. Yan, D. J. Pinsky, and G. Feuerstein CD18-Mediated Neutrophil Recruitment Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Reperfused but Not Nonreperfused Stroke • Editorial Comment Stroke, May 1, 1999; 30(5): 1110 - 1117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Vogel, C. Mobius, W. Kuschinsky, and W. I. Rosenblum Early Delineation of Ischemic Tissue in Rat Brain Cryosections by High-Contrast Staining • Editorial Comment Stroke, May 1, 1999; 30(5): 1134 - 1141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. R. Schabitz, F. Li, K. Irie, B. W. Sandage Jr, K. W. Locke, M. Fisher, and P. D. Hurn Synergistic Effects of a Combination of Low-Dose Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Citicoline After Temporary Experimental Focal Ischemia • Editorial Comment Stroke, February 1, 1999; 30(2): 427 - 432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. P. Marrelli, A. Khorovets, T. D. Johnson, W. F. Childres, and R. M. Bryan Jr. P2 purinoceptor-mediated dilations in the rat middle cerebral artery after ischemia-reperfusion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 1999; 276(1): H33 - H41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. G. Soriano, A. Coxon, Y. F. Wang, M. P. Frosch, S. A. Lipton, P. R. Hickey, T. N. Mayadas, and P. H. Chan Mice Deficient in Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) Are Less Susceptible to Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury • Editorial Comment Stroke, January 1, 1999; 30(1): 134 - 139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. E. Anderson, W. K. Tan, H. S. Martin, F. B. Meyer, and P. D. Hurn Effects of Glucose and PaO2 Modulation on Cortical Intracellular Acidosis, NADH Redox State, and Infarction in the Ischemic Penumbra • Editorial Comment Stroke, January 1, 1999; 30(1): 160 - 170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K.-F. Lin, J. Chao, and L. Chao Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Gene Delivery Reduces Stroke-Induced Mortality Rate in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats Hypertension, January 1, 1999; 33(1): 219 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Morikawa, H. Mori, Y. Kiyama, M. Mishina, T. Asano, and T. Kirino Attenuation of Focal Ischemic Brain Injury in Mice Deficient in the epsilon 1 (NR2A) Subunit of NMDA Receptor J. Neurosci., December 1, 1998; 18(23): 9727 - 9732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. K. Toung, R. J. Traystman, P. D. Hurn, and V. M. Miller Estrogen-Mediated Neuroprotection After Experimental Stroke in Male Rats • Editorial Comment Stroke, August 1, 1998; 29(8): 1666 - 1670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Ivanova, G. I. Botchkina, Y. Al-Abed, M. Meistrell III, F. Batliwalla, J. M. Dubinsky, C. Iadecola, H. Wang, P. K. Gregersen, J. W. Eaton, et al. Cerebral Ischemia Enhances Polyamine Oxidation: Identification of Enzymatically Formed 3-Aminopropanal as an Endogenous Mediator of Neuronal and Glial Cell Death J. Exp. Med., July 20, 1998; 188(2): 327 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Kitagawa, T. Hayashi, Y. Mitsumoto, N. Koga, Y. Itoyama, K. Abe, and H. A. Kontos Reduction of Ischemic Brain Injury by Topical Application of Glial Cell Line–Derived Neurotrophic Factor After Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats • Editorial Comment Stroke, July 1, 1998; 29(7): 1417 - 1422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. P. Marrelli, T. D. Johnson, A. Khorovets, W. F. Childres, R. M. Bryan Jr, and D. W. Busija Altered Function of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels in Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle After Ischemia/Reperfusion • Editorial Comment Stroke, July 1, 1998; 29(7): 1469 - 1474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Romanic, R. F. White, A. J. Arleth, E. H. Ohlstein, F. C. Barone, and V. L. Dawson Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression Increases After Cerebral Focal Ischemia in Rats : Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Reduces Infarct Size • Editorial Comment: Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Reduces Infarct Size Stroke, May 1, 1998; 29(5): 1020 - 1030. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ashwal, B. Tone, H. R. Tian, D. J. Cole, W. J. Pearce, and F. M. Faraci Core and Penumbral Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity During Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion • Editorial Comment Stroke, May 1, 1998; 29(5): 1037 - 1047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. G. Markgraf, N. L. Velayo, M. P. Johnson, D. R. McCarty, S. Medhi, J. R. Koehl, P. A. Chmielewski, M. D. Linnik, and J. A. Clemens Six-Hour Window of Opportunity for Calpain Inhibition in Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats • Editorial Comment Stroke, January 1, 1998; 29(1): 152 - 158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Tatlisumak, K. Takano, M. R. Meiler, M. Fisher, and W. D. Dietrich A Glycine Site Antagonist, ZD9379, Reduces Number of Spreading Depressions and Infarct Size in Rats With Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion • Editorial Comment Stroke, January 1, 1998; 29(1): 190 - 195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. J. Solenski, A.-L. Kwan, H. Yanamoto, J. P. Bennett, N. F. Kassell, and K. S. Lee Differential Hydroxylation of Salicylate in Core and Penumbra Regions During Focal Reversible Cerebral Ischemia Stroke, December 1, 1997; 28(12): 2545 - 2552. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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T. F. Choudhri, B. L. Hoh, R. A. Solomon, E. S. Connolly Jr, and D. J. Pinsky Use of a Spectrophotometric Hemoglobin Assay to Objectively Quantify Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice Stroke, November 1, 1997; 28(11): 2296 - 2302. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 E. S. Connolly Jr, C. J. Winfree, C. J. Prestigiacomo, S. C. Kim, T. F. Choudhri, B. L. Hoh, Y. Naka, R. A. Solomon, and D. J. Pinsky Exacerbation of Cerebral Injury in Mice That Express the P-Selectin Gene : Identification of P-Selectin Blockade as a New Target for the Treatment of Stroke Circ. Res., September 19, 1997; 81(3): 304 - 310. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Vanderschueren, I. Van Vlaenderen, and D. Collen Intravenous Thrombolysis With Recombinant Staphylokinase Versus Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in a Rabbit Embolic Stroke Model Stroke, September 1, 1997; 28(9): 1783 - 1788. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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F. C. Barone, B. Arvin, R. F. White, A. Miller, C. L. Webb, R. N. Willette, P. G. Lysko, and G. Z. Feuerstein Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} : A Mediator of Focal Ischemic Brain Injury Stroke, June 1, 1997; 28(6): 1233 - 1244. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Bethel, J. R. Kirsch, R. C. Koehler, S. P. Finklestein, and R. J. Traystman Intravenous Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Decreases Brain Injury Resulting From Focal Ischemia in Cats Stroke, March 1, 1997; 28(3): 609 - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. Lukkarinen, O. H. J. Grohn, R. Sinervirta, A. Jarvinen, R. A. Kauppinen, J. Janne, and L. I. Alhonen Transgenic Rats as Models for Studying the Role of Ornithine Decarboxylase Expression in Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Stroke, March 1, 1997; 28(3): 639 - 645. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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T. Tatlisumak, K. Takano, R. A.D. Carano, M. Fisher, and C. Y. Hsu Effect of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor on Experimental Focal Ischemia Studied by Diffusion-Weighted and Perfusion Imaging Stroke, December 1, 1996; 27(12): 2292 - 2298. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. J. Goldlust, R. P. Paczynski, Y. Y. He, C. Y. Hsu, M. P. Goldberg, and M. Fisher Automated Measurement of Infarct Size With Scanned Images of Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride–Stained Rat Brains Stroke, September 1, 1996; 27(9): 1657 - 1662. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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