Stroke, Vol 18, 545-551, Copyright © 1987 by American Heart Association
J Bamford, P Sandercock, L Jones and C Warlow
In a consecutive series of 515 first-ever strokes in a community-based
study of stroke that combined prompt clinical assessment by a study
neurologist with a high rate of confirmed pathologic diagnosis, 108 cases
(21%) had a lacunar syndrome. A computed tomography (CT) scan was performed
in 104 (96%) of these cases. Only 3 cases had primary intracerebral
hemorrhage, and another 3 had "inappropriate" areas of infarcts were seen
in 34 of the remaining 98 (35%) CT scans. The crude annual incidence of
lacunar infarction was 0.33/1,000. There was no excess risk among men. The
case fatality rates were 1% at 1 month and 9.8% at 1 year. The rate of
recurrent strokes was 11.8% in the first year. Among patients surviving 1
year, 66% were capable of independent existence.
ARTICLES
The natural history of lacunar infarction: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  Y. Bejot, A. Catteau, M. Caillier, O. Rouaud, J. Durier, C. Marie, A. Di Carlo, G.-V. Osseby, T. Moreau, and M. Giroud Trends in Incidence, Risk Factors, and Survival in Symptomatic Lacunar Stroke in Dijon, France, From 1989 to 2006: A Population-Based Study Stroke, July 1, 2008; 39(7): 1945 - 1951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K Park, N Yasuda, S Toyonaga, E Tsubosaki, H Nakabayashi, and K Shimizu Significant associations of metabolic syndrome and its components with silent lacunar infarction in middle aged subjects J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, June 1, 2008; 79(6): 719 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Tanaka, H. Imai, K. Konno, T. Miyagishima, C. Kubota, S. Puentes, T. Aoki, H. Hata, K. Takata, Y. Yoshimoto, et al. Experimental Model of Lacunar Infarction in the Gyrencephalic Brain of the Miniature Pig: Neurological Assessment and Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Physiological Evaluation of Dynamic Corticospinal Tract Deformation Stroke, January 1, 2008; 39(1): 205 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Arboix, A Font, C Garro, L Garcia-Eroles, E Comes, and J Massons Recurrent lacunar infarction following a previous lacunar stroke: a clinical study of 122 patients J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, December 1, 2007; 78(12): 1392 - 1394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S P Chung, H S Chung, S Rhu, S W Kim, I S Yoo, J Kim, and C J Song Emergency department experience of primary diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the patient with lacunar syndrome. Emerg. Med. J., September 1, 2006; 23(9): 675 - 678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Sacco, C. Marini, R. Totaro, T. Russo, D. Cerone, and A. Carolei A population-based study of the incidence and prognosis of lacunar stroke Neurology, May 9, 2006; 66(9): 1335 - 1338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Jackson and C. Sudlow Are Lacunar Strokes Really Different?: A Systematic Review of Differences in Risk Factor Profiles Between Lacunar and Nonlacunar Infarcts Stroke, April 1, 2005; 36(4): 891 - 901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Schmidt, Y. S. Aulchenko, N. Schweighofer, R. Schmidt, S. Frank, G. M. Kostner, E. Ott, and C. van Duijn Angiotensinogen Promoter B-Haplotype Associated With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Enhances Basal Transcriptional Activity Stroke, November 1, 2004; 35(11): 2592 - 2597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D Chowdhury, J M Wardlaw, and M S Dennis Are multiple acute small subcortical infarctions caused by embolic mechanisms? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, October 1, 2004; 75(10): 1416 - 1420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Schmidt, Ph. Scheltens, T. Erkinjuntti, L. Pantoni, H. S. Markus, A. Wallin, F. Barkhof, and F. Fazekas White matter lesion progression: A surrogate endpoint for trials in cerebral small-vessel disease Neurology, July 13, 2004; 63(1): 139 - 144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V C T Mok, A Wong, W W M Lam, Y H Fan, W K Tang, T Kwok, A C F Hui, and K S Wong Cognitive impairment and functional outcome after stroke associated with small vessel disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, April 1, 2004; 75(4): 560 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. Y. Bang, S. Y. Joo, P. H. Lee, U. S. Joo, J. H. Lee, I. S. Joo, and K. Huh The Course of Patients With Lacunar Infarcts and a Parent Arterial Lesion: Similarities to Large Artery vs Small Artery Disease Arch Neurol, April 1, 2004; 61(4): 514 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Hassan, B. J. Hunt, M. O'Sullivan, R. Bell, R. D'Souza, S. Jeffery, J. M. Bamford, and H. S. Markus Homocysteine is a risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease, acting via endothelial dysfunction Brain, January 1, 2004; 127(1): 212 - 219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Arauz, L. Murillo, C. Cantu, F. Barinagarrementeria, and J. Higuera Prospective Study of Single and Multiple Lacunar Infarcts Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Risk Factors, Recurrence, and Outcome in 175 Consecutive Cases Stroke, October 1, 2003; 34(10): 2453 - 2458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. J. Adams, M. I. Chimowitz, J. S. Alpert, I. A. Awad, M. D. Cerqueria, P. Fayad, and K. A. Taubert Coronary Risk Evaluation in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Circulation, September 9, 2003; 108(10): 1278 - 1290. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Adams, M. I. Chimowitz, J. S. Alpert, I. A. Awad, M. D. Cerqueria, P. Fayad, and K. A. Taubert Coronary Risk Evaluation in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke, September 1, 2003; 34(9): 2310 - 2322. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Tejada, E. Diez-Tejedor, L. Hernandez-Echebarria, and O. Balboa Does a Relationship Exist Between Carotid Stenosis and Lacunar Infarction? Stroke, June 1, 2003; 34(6): 1404 - 1409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Devuyst and J. Bogousslavsky Editorial Comment: The Fall and Rise of Lacunar Infarction With Carotid Stenosis Stroke, June 1, 2003; 34(6): 1409 - 1411. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.M. Wardlaw, P.A.G. Sandercock, M.S. Dennis, J. Starr, and H. Kalimo Is Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier Responsible for Lacunar Stroke, Leukoaraiosis, and Dementia? Stroke, March 1, 2003; 34(3): 806 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Hassan, B. J. Hunt, M. O'Sullivan, K. Parmar, J. M. Bamford, D. Briley, M. M. Brown, D. J. Thomas, and H. S. Markus Markers of endothelial dysfunction in lacunar infarction and ischaemic leukoaraiosis Brain, February 1, 2003; 126(2): 424 - 432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Dong, A. Hassan, Z. Zhang, D. Huber, C. Dalageorgou, H. S. Markus, D. Inzitari, and C. Sarti Yield of Screening for CADASIL Mutations in Lacunar Stroke and Leukoaraiosis Stroke, January 1, 2003; 34(1): 203 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. de Jong, F. Kessels, and J. Lodder Two Types of Lacunar Infarcts: Further Arguments From a Study on Prognosis Stroke, August 1, 2002; 33(8): 2072 - 2076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Kelly, B.J. Hunt, A. Rudd, and R.R. Lewis Should patients with lacunar stroke and severe carotid artery stenosis undergo endarterectomy? QJM, May 1, 2002; 95(5): 313 - 319. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Castellanos, J. Castillo, M. M. Garcia, R. Leira, J. Serena, A. Chamorro, and A. Davalos Inflammation-Mediated Damage in Progressing Lacunar Infarctions: A Potential Therapeutic Target Stroke, April 1, 2002; 33(4): 982 - 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Hassan, A Lansbury, A J Catto, A Guthrie, J Spencer, C Craven, P J Grant, and J M Bamford Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion genotype is associated with leukoaraiosis in lacunar syndromes J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, March 1, 2002; 72(3): 343 - 346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Yamamoto, I. Akiguchi, K. Oiwa, M. Hayashi, T. Kasai, and K. Ozasa Twenty-four-Hour Blood Pressure and MRI as Predictive Factors for Different Outcomes in Patients With Lacunar Infarct Stroke, January 1, 2002; 33(1): 297 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Staaf, A. Lindgren, and B. Norrving Pure Motor Stroke From Presumed Lacunar Infarct: Long-Term Prognosis for Survival and Risk of Recurrent Stroke Stroke, November 1, 2001; 32(11): 2592 - 2596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Evans, S. Duckworth, L. Kalra, S. Claiborne Johnston, L. A. Gillum, and W. S. Smith Racism and tPA Use in African-Americans Stroke, October 1, 2001; 32(10): 2439 - 2439. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Serena, R. Leira, J. Castillo, J. M. Pumar, M. Castellanos, and A. Davalos Neurological Deterioration in Acute Lacunar Infarctions : The Role of Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmitters Stroke, May 1, 2001; 32(5): 1154 - 1161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Bamford ASSESSMENT AND INVESTIGATION OF STROKE AND TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, April 1, 2001; 70(90001): 3i - 6. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D K Jung, G Devuyst, P Maeder, and J Bogousslavsky Atrial fibrillation with small subcortical infarcts J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, March 1, 2001; 70(3): 344 - 349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K N Vemmos, M L Bots, P K Tsibouris, V P Zis, C E Takis, D E Grobbee, and S Stamatelopoulos Prognosis of stroke in the south of Greece: 1 year mortality, functional outcome and its determinants: the Arcadia Stroke Registry J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, November 1, 2000; 69(5): 595 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. N. Thijs, M. G. Lansberg, C. Beaulieu, M. P. Marks, M. E. Moseley, and G. W. Albers Is Early Ischemic Lesion Volume on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging an Independent Predictor of Stroke Outcome? : A Multivariable Analysis Stroke, November 1, 2000; 31(11): 2597 - 2602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Oliveira-Filho, H. Ay, P. W. Schaefer, F. S. Buonanno, Y. Chang, R. G. Gonzalez, and W. J. Koroshetz Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Identifies the "Clinically Relevant" Small-Penetrator Infarcts Arch Neurol, July 1, 2000; 57(7): 1009 - 1014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. R. de Freitas, G. Devuyst, G. van Melle, and J. Bogousslavsky Motor Strokes Sparing the Leg: Different Lesions and Causes Arch Neurol, April 1, 2000; 57(4): 513 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. M. Barnett, R. W. Gunton, M. Eliasziw, L. Fleming, B. Sharpe, P. Gates, and H. Meldrum Causes and Severity of Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis JAMA, March 15, 2000; 283(11): 1429 - 1436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Toni, F. Iweins, R. von Kummer, O. Busse, J. Bogousslavsky, A. Falcou, E. Lesaffre, and G. L. Lenzi Identification of lacunar infarcts before thrombolysis in the ECASS I study Neurology, February 8, 2000; 54(3): 684 - 684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Gorter Major bleeding during anticoagulation after cerebral ischemia: Patterns and risk factors Neurology, October 1, 1999; 53(6): 1319 - 1319. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J. Schonewille, S. Tuhrim, M. B. Singer, and S. W. Atlas Diffusion-Weighted MRI in Acute Lacunar Syndromes : A Clinical-Radiological Correlation Study Stroke, October 1, 1999; 30(10): 2066 - 2069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. N. Bryan, J. Cai, G. Burke, R. G. Hutchinson, D. Liao, J. F. Toole, A. P. Dagher, and L. Cooper Prevalence and Anatomic Characteristics of Infarct-like Lesions on MR Images of Middle-Aged Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., August 1, 1999; 20(7): 1273 - 1280. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nakamura, Y. Saku, S. Ibayashi, and M. Fujishima Progressive motor deficits in lacunar infarction Neurology, January 1, 1999; 52(1): 29 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Gorman, R. Dafer, and S. R. Levine Ataxic Hemiparesis : Critical Appraisal of a Lacunar Syndrome Stroke, December 1, 1998; 29(12): 2549 - 2555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. T. Longstreth Jr, C. Bernick, T. A. Manolio, N. Bryan, C. A. Jungreis, T. R. Price, and for the Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Lacunar Infarcts Defined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging of 3660 Elderly People: The Cardiovascular Health Study Arch Neurol, September 1, 1998; 55(9): 1217 - 1225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Prencipe, F. Culasso, M. Rasura, A. Anzini, M. Beccia, M. Cao, F. Giubilei, and C. Fieschi Long-term Prognosis After a Minor Stroke : 10-Year Mortality and Major Stroke Recurrence Rates in a Hospital-Based Cohort Stroke, January 1, 1998; 29(1): 126 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. van Straten, R. J. de Haan, M. Limburg, J. Schuling, P. M. Bossuyt, and G. A. M. van den Bos A Stroke-Adapted 30-Item Version of the Sickness Impact Profile to Assess Quality of Life (SA-SIP30) Stroke, November 1, 1997; 28(11): 2155 - 2161. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Lammie, F. Brannan, J. Slattery, and C. Warlow Nonhypertensive Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease : An Autopsy Study Stroke, November 1, 1997; 28(11): 2222 - 2229. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. C. A. Sneeuw, N. K. Aaronson, R. J. de Haan, and M. Limburg Assessing Quality of Life After Stroke : The Value and Limitations of Proxy Ratings Stroke, August 1, 1997; 28(8): 1541 - 1549. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Lyrer, S. Engelter, E. W. Radu, and A. J. Steck Cerebral Infarcts Related to Isolated Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis Stroke, May 1, 1997; 28(5): 1022 - 1027. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Samuelsson, B. Soderfeldt, and G. B. Olsson Functional Outcome in Patients With Lacunar Infarction Stroke, May 1, 1996; 27(5): 842 - 846. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Salgado, J. M. Ferro, and A. Gouveia-Oliveira Long-term Prognosis of First-Ever Lacunar Strokes : A Hospital-Based Study Stroke, April 1, 1996; 27(4): 661 - 666. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Wetterling, R.-D. Kanitz, and K.-J. Borgis Comparison of Different Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Dementia (ADDTC, DSM-IV, ICD-10, NINDS-AIREN) Stroke, January 1, 1996; 27(1): 30 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Toni, M. Fiorelli, M. De Michele, S. Bastianello, M. L. Sacchetti, E. Montinaro, E. M. Zanette, and C. Argentino Clinical and Prognostic Correlates of Stroke Subtype Misdiagnosis Within 12 Hours From Onset Stroke, October 1, 1995; 26(10): 1837 - 1840. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R.J. de Haan, M. Limburg, J.H.P. Van der Meulen, H.M. Jacobs, and N.K. Aaronson Quality of Life After Stroke : Impact of Stroke Type and Lesion Location Stroke, March 1, 1995; 26(3): 402 - 408. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|