Vascular risks of asymptomatic carotid stenosis

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Stroke. 1991;22:1485-1490

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ARTICLES

Vascular risks of asymptomatic carotid stenosis

JW Norris, CZ Zhu, NM Bornstein and BR Chambers
Stroke Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Canada.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to determine the risks of stroke, myocardial ischemia, and vascular death in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. METHODS: Six hundred ninety-six patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis referred to the Doppler laboratory were followed prospectively for a mean time of 41 months. These patients were studied both clinically and by carotid Doppler ultrasound, including evaluation of the effect of stroke risk factors. RESULTS: Transient ischemic attacks occurred in 75 patients and stroke in 29, while 132 had ischemic cardiac events. Five patients died from stroke and 59 from cardiac causes. Annual stroke rate was 1.3% in patients with carotid stenosis less than or equal to 75% and 3.3% in those with stenosis greater than 75%. Ipsilateral stroke rate was 2.5% in patients with greater than 75% carotid stenosis. Annual cardiac event rate was 8.3% and death rate 6.5% in patients with severe carotid stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: With carotid stenosis less than or equal to 75%, the stroke rate is negligible (1.3% annually) whereas the combined risk of cardiac ischemia and vascular death is as high as 9.9%. With stenosis greater than 75%, combined transient ischemic attack and stroke rate is 10.5% per year, with 75% of events ipsilateral to the stenosed artery.

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[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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QJM, May 1, 2002; 95(5): 313 - 319.
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R. L. Sacco
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N. Engl. J. Med., October 11, 2001; 345(15): 1113 - 1118.
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T. J. Tegos, K. J. Kalomiris, M. M. Sabetai, E. Kalodiki, and A. N. Nicolaides
Significance of Sonographic Tissue and Surface Characteristics of Carotid Plaques
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., September 1, 2001; 22(8): 1605 - 1612.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. S. Marshall, R. M. Lazar, J. Pile-Spellman, W. L. Young, D. H. Duong, S. Joshi, and N. Ostapkovich
Recovery of brain function during induced cerebral hypoperfusion
Brain, June 1, 2001; 124(6): 1208 - 1217.
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M. Gaudino, F. Glieca, N. Luciani, C. Cellini, M. Morelli, P. Spatuzza, M. Di Mauro, F. Alessandrini, and G. Possati
Should severe monolateral asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis be treated at the time of coronary artery bypass operation?
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., May 1, 2001; 19(5): 619 - 626.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. S. Wong, H. Li, Y. L. Chan, A. Ahuja, W. W.M. Lam, A. Wong, and R. Kay
Use of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound to Predict Outcome in Patients With Intracranial Large-Artery Occlusive Disease
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				B. M.B. Goessens, F. L.J. Visseren, L. J. Kappelle, A. Algra, Y. van der Graaf, and for the SMART Study Group Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis and the Risk of New Vascular Events in Patients With Manifest Arterial Disease: The SMART Study Stroke, May 1, 2007; 38(5): 1470 - 1475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Fayad Endarterectomy and Stenting for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: A Race at Breakneck Speed Stroke, February 1, 2007; 38(2): 707 - 714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Touze, C. P. Warlow, and P. M. Rothwell Risk of Coronary and Other Nonstroke Vascular Death in Relation to the Presence and Extent of Atherosclerotic Disease at the Carotid Bifurcation Stroke, December 1, 2006; 37(12): 2904 - 2909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Prabhakaran, T. Rundek, R. Ramas, M. S.V. Elkind, M. C. Paik, B. Boden-Albala, and R. L. Sacco Carotid Plaque Surface Irregularity Predicts Ischemic Stroke: The Northern Manhattan Study Stroke, November 1, 2006; 37(11): 2696 - 2701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Chaturvedi and J. S. Yadav The Role of Antiplatelet Therapy in Carotid Stenting for Ischemic Stroke Prevention Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1572 - 1577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				N. C Landgraff, S. L Whitney, E. N Rubinstein, and H. Yonas Use of the Physical Performance Test to Assess Preclinical Disability in Subjects With Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Disease Physical Therapy, April 1, 2006; 86(4): 541 - 548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M Paciaroni, V Caso, M Acciarresi, R W Baumgartner, and G Agnelli Management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis in patients undergoing general and vascular surgical procedures J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, October 1, 2005; 76(10): 1332 - 1336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Kern, W. Steinke, M. Daffertshofer, R. Prager, and M. Hennerici Stroke recurrences in patients with symptomatic vs asymptomatic middle cerebral artery disease Neurology, September 27, 2005; 65(6): 859 - 864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Dick, C. Sherif, S. Sabeti, J. Amighi, E. Minar, and M. Schillinger Gender Differences in Outcome of Conservatively Treated Patients With Asymptomatic High Grade Carotid Stenosis Stroke, June 1, 2005; 36(6): 1178 - 1183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K.M.A. Welch Statins for the prevention of cerebrovascular disease: the rationale for robust intervention Eur. Heart J. Suppl., July 1, 2004; 6(suppl_C): C34 - C42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Creager, D. W. Jones, J. D. Easton, J. L. Halperin, A. T. Hirsch, A. H. Matsumoto, P. T. O'Gara, R. D. Safian, G. L. Schwartz, and J. A. Spittell Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group V: Medical Decision Making and Therapy Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21): 2634 - 2642. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Bertges, V. Muluk, J. Whittle, M. Kelley, D. S. MacPherson, and S. C. Muluk Relevance of Carotid Stenosis Progression as a Predictor of Ischemic Neurological Outcomes Arch Intern Med, October 27, 2003; 163(19): 2285 - 2289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Adams, M. I. Chimowitz, J. S. Alpert, I. A. Awad, M. D. Cerqueria, P. Fayad, and K. A. Taubert Coronary Risk Evaluation in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Circulation, September 9, 2003; 108(10): 1278 - 1290. [Full Text] [PDF]

				References Circulation, December 17, 2002; 106(25): 3373 - 3421. [Full Text]

				H. P. M. van Heesewijk, J. A. Vos, E. S. Louwerse, J. C. van den Berg, T. T. C. Overtoom, S. M. P. G. Ernst, H. W. Mauser, F. L. Moll, and R. G. A. Ackerstaff New Brain Lesions at MR Imaging after Carotid Angioplasty and Stent Placement Radiology, August 1, 2002; 224(2): 361 - 365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. G. Nadareishvili, P. M. Rothwell, V. Beletsky, A. Pagniello, and J. W. Norris Long-term Risk of Stroke and Other Vascular Events in Patients With Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Arch Neurol, July 1, 2002; 59(7): 1162 - 1166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Kelly, B.J. Hunt, A. Rudd, and R.R. Lewis Should patients with lacunar stroke and severe carotid artery stenosis undergo endarterectomy? QJM, May 1, 2002; 95(5): 313 - 319. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Sacco Extracranial Carotid Stenosis N. Engl. J. Med., October 11, 2001; 345(15): 1113 - 1118. [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. J. Tegos, K. J. Kalomiris, M. M. Sabetai, E. Kalodiki, and A. N. Nicolaides Significance of Sonographic Tissue and Surface Characteristics of Carotid Plaques AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., September 1, 2001; 22(8): 1605 - 1612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Marshall, R. M. Lazar, J. Pile-Spellman, W. L. Young, D. H. Duong, S. Joshi, and N. Ostapkovich Recovery of brain function during induced cerebral hypoperfusion Brain, June 1, 2001; 124(6): 1208 - 1217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Gaudino, F. Glieca, N. Luciani, C. Cellini, M. Morelli, P. Spatuzza, M. Di Mauro, F. Alessandrini, and G. Possati Should severe monolateral asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis be treated at the time of coronary artery bypass operation? Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., May 1, 2001; 19(5): 619 - 626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. S. Wong, H. Li, Y. L. Chan, A. Ahuja, W. W.M. Lam, A. Wong, and R. Kay Use of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound to Predict Outcome in Patients With Intracranial Large-Artery Occlusive Disease Stroke, November 1, 2000; 31(11): 2641 - 2647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. J. Tegos, E. Kalodiki, S.-S. Daskalopoulou, and A. N. Nicolaides Stroke: Epidemiology, Clinical Picture, and Risk Factors: Part I of III Angiology, October 1, 2000; 51(10): 793 - 808. [Abstract] [PDF]

				G. B. Anderson, R. Ashforth, D. E. Steinke, R. Ferdinandy, and J. M. Findlay CT Angiography for the Detection and Characterization of Carotid Artery Bifurcation Disease Stroke, September 1, 2000; 31(9): 2168 - 2174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Joakimsen, K. H. Bonaa, E. B. Mathiesen, E. Stensland-Bugge, and E. Arnesen Prediction of Mortality by Ultrasound Screening of a General Population for Carotid Stenosis : The Tromso Study Stroke, August 1, 2000; 31(8): 1871 - 1876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Inzitari, M. Eliasziw, P. Gates, B. L. Sharpe, R. K.T. Chan, H. E. Meldrum, H. J.M. Barnett, and The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterect The Causes and Risk of Stroke in Patients with Asymptomatic Internal-Carotid-Artery Stenosis N. Engl. J. Med., June 8, 2000; 342(23): 1693 - 1701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Silvestrini, F. Vernieri, P. Pasqualetti, M. Matteis, F. Passarelli, E. Troisi, and C. Caltagirone Impaired Cerebral Vasoreactivity and Risk of Stroke in Patients With Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis JAMA, April 26, 2000; 283(16): 2122 - 2127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. J. M. Barnett and H. E. Meldrum Carotid Endarterectomy: A Neurotherapeutic Advance Arch Neurol, January 1, 2000; 57(1): 40 - 45. [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. H Long, M. H Criqui, E. E Vasilevskis, J. O Denenberg, M. R Klauber, and A. Fronek The correlation between the severity of peripheral arterial disease and carotid occlusive disease Vascular Medicine, August 1, 1999; 4(3): 135 - 142. [Abstract] [PDF]