Stroke, Vol 22, 312-318, Copyright © 1991 by American Heart Association
PA Wolf, RB D'Agostino, AJ Belanger and WB Kannel
A health risk appraisal function has been developed for the prediction of
stroke using the Framingham Study cohort. The stroke risk factors included
in the profile are age, systolic blood pressure, the use of
antihypertensive therapy, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, prior
cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, cardiac failure, or
intermittent claudication), atrial fibrillation, and left ventricular
hypertrophy by electrocardiogram. Based on 472 stroke events occurring
during 10 years' follow-up from biennial examinations 9 and 14, stroke
probabilities were computed using the Cox proportional hazards model for
each sex based on a point system. On the basis of the risk factors in the
profile, which can be readily determined on routine physical examination in
a physician's office, stroke risk can be estimated. An individual's risk
can be related to the average risk of stroke for persons of the same age
and sex. The information that one's risk of stroke is several times higher
than average may provide the impetus for risk factor modification. It may
also help to identify persons at substantially increased stroke risk
resulting from borderline levels of multiple risk factors such as those
with mild or borderline hypertension and facilitate multifactorial risk
factor modification.
ARTICLES
Probability of stroke: a risk profile from the Framingham Study
Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Mass.
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L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation, June 20, 2006; 113(24): e873 - e923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1583 - 1633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Thom, N. Haase, W. Rosamond, V. J. Howard, J. Rumsfeld, T. Manolio, Z.-J. Zheng, K. Flegal, C. O'Donnell, S. Kittner, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2006 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): e85 - e151. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Au, J. M. Massaro, P. A. Wolf, M. E. Young, A. Beiser, S. Seshadri, R. B. D'Agostino, and C. DeCarli Association of White Matter Hyperintensity Volume With Decreased Cognitive Functioning: The Framingham Heart Study Arch Neurol, February 1, 2006; 63(2): 246 - 250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Seshadri, A. Beiser, M. Kelly-Hayes, C. S. Kase, R. Au, W. B. Kannel, and P. A. Wolf The Lifetime Risk of Stroke: Estimates From the Framingham Study Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 345 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. A. Gaziano, K. Steyn, D. J. Cohen, M. C. Weinstein, and L. H. Opie Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Hypertension Guidelines in South Africa: Absolute Risk Versus Blood Pressure Level Circulation, December 6, 2005; 112(23): 3569 - 3576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. F. Elias, L. M. Sullivan, R. B. D'Agostino, P. K. Elias, P. F. Jacques, J. Selhub, S. Seshadri, R. Au, A. Beiser, and P. A. Wolf Homocysteine and Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Offspring Study: Age Is Important Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2005; 162(7): 644 - 653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Man-Son-Hing, B. F. Gage, A. A. Montgomery, A. Howitt, R. Thomson, P. J. Devereaux, J. Protheroe, T. Fahey, D. Armstrong, and A. Laupacis Preference-Based Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation: Implications for Clinical Decision Making Med Decis Making, September 1, 2005; 25(5): 548 - 559. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 Q. J. Durward, T. S. Ragnarsson, R. F. Reeder, J. L. Case, and C. A. Hughes Carotid Endarterectomy in Nonagenarians Arch Surg, July 1, 2005; 140(7): 625 - 628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. Boyajian, S. M. Otis, B. F. Gage, C. van Walraven, L. Pearce, R. G. Hart, P. J. Koudstaal, B.S.P. Boode, and P. Petersen Letter Regarding Article by Gage et al, "Selecting Patients With Atrial Fibrillation for Anticoagulation: Stroke Risk Stratification in Patients Taking Aspirin" * Response Circulation, June 28, 2005; 111(25): e455 - e456. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kurth, J. M. Gaziano, K. M. Rexrode, C. S. Kase, N. R. Cook, J. E. Manson, and J. E. Buring Prospective Study of Body Mass Index and Risk of Stroke in Apparently Healthy Women Circulation, April 19, 2005; 111(15): 1992 - 1998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Sacco, J. Sivenius, and H.-C. Diener Efficacy of Aspirin Plus Extended-Release Dipyridamole in Preventing Recurrent Stroke in High-Risk Populations Arch Neurol, March 1, 2005; 62(3): 403 - 408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Djousse, D. K. Arnett, J. S. Pankow, P. N. Hopkins, M. A. Province, and R. C. Ellison Dietary Linolenic Acid Is Associated With a Lower Prevalence of Hypertension in the NHLBI Family Heart Study Hypertension, March 1, 2005; 45(3): 368 - 373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. I. Scher, G. M. Terwindt, H. S.J. Picavet, W. M.M. Verschuren, M. D. Ferrari, and L. J. Launer Cardiovascular risk factors and migraine: The GEM population-based study Neurology, February 22, 2005; 64(4): 614 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. S.J. Miller, F. L. Andersson, and L. Kalra Are Cost Benefits of Anticoagulation for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Underestimated? Stroke, February 1, 2005; 36(2): 360 - 366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. F. Moore, H. Li, N. Jeffries, V. Wright, R. A. Cooper Jr, A. Elkahloun, M. P. Gelderman, E. Zudaire, G. Blevins, H. Yu, et al. Using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Determine a Gene Expression Profile of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot Investigation Circulation, January 18, 2005; 111(2): 212 - 221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Mason, N. Freemantle, J. M. Gibson, and J. P. New Specialist Nurse-Led Clinics to Improve Control of Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia in Diabetes: Economic analysis of the SPLINT trial Diabetes Care, January 1, 2005; 28(1): 40 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Scholten, A. S. Thornton, J. M. Mekel, P. J. Koudstaal, and L. J. Jordaens Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation and flutter Europace, January 1, 2005; 7(5): 492 - 499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Cellek, P. N. Anderson, and N. A. Foxwell Nitrergic Neurodegeneration in Cerebral Arteries of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats: A New Insight into Diabetic Stroke Diabetes, January 1, 2005; 54(1): 212 - 219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Alamowitch, M. Eliasziw, H. J.M. Barnett, and for the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarte The Risk and Benefit of Endarterectomy in Women With Symptomatic Internal Carotid Artery Disease Stroke, January 1, 2005; 36(1): 27 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Seshadri, P. A. Wolf, A. Beiser, M. F. Elias, R. Au, C. S. Kase, R. B. D'Agostino, and C. DeCarli Stroke risk profile, brain volume, and cognitive function: The Framingham Offspring Study Neurology, November 9, 2004; 63(9): 1591 - 1599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Marshall, A. R. Levy, H. Vidaillet, E. Fenwick, A. Slee, G. Blackhouse, H. L. Greene, D. G. Wyse, G. Nichol, B. J. O'Brien, et al. Cost-Effectiveness of Rhythm versus Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation Ann Intern Med, November 2, 2004; 141(9): 653 - 661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. E. K. Klein, R. Klein, P. E. McBride, K. J. Cruickshanks, M. Palta, M. D. Knudtson, S. E. Moss, and J. O. Reinke Cardiovascular Disease, Mortality, and Retinal Microvascular Characteristics in Type 1 Diabetes: Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy Arch Intern Med, September 27, 2004; 164(17): 1917 - 1924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Meissner, B. K. Khandheria, S. G. Sheps, G. L. Schwartz, D. O. Wiebers, J. P. Whisnant, J. L. Covalt, T. M. Petterson, T. J.H. Christianson, and Y. Agmon Atherosclerosis of the aorta: Risk factor, risk marker, or innocent bystander?: A prospective population-based transesophageal echocardiography study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2004; 44(5): 1018 - 1024. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. E. Chambless, G. Heiss, E. Shahar, M. J. Earp, and J. Toole Prediction of Ischemic Stroke Risk in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Am. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2004; 160(3): 259 - 269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Jeerakathil, P. A. Wolf, A. Beiser, J. Massaro, S. Seshadri, R. B. D'Agostino, and C. DeCarli Stroke Risk Profile Predicts White Matter Hyperintensity Volume: The Framingham Study Stroke, August 1, 2004; 35(8): 1857 - 1861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Bessant, A. Hingorani, L. Patel, A. MacGregor, D. A. Isenberg, and A. Rahman Risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in a large British cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Rheumatology, July 1, 2004; 43(7): 924 - 929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. J. Lloyd, I. N. Ferrier, R. Barber, A. Gholkar, A. H. Young, and J. T. O'brien Hippocampal volume change in depression: late- and early-onset illness compared The British Journal of Psychiatry, June 1, 2004; 184(6): 488 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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