Stroke, Vol 24, 117-121, Copyright © 1993 by American Heart Association
TN Lin, YY He, G Wu, M Khan and CY Hsu
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Infarct volume is one of the common indexes for
assessing the extent of ischemic brain injury following focal cerebral
ischemia. Accuracy in the measurement of infarct volume is compounded by
postischemic brain edema that may increase brain volume in the infarcted
region. We evaluated the effect of brain edema on infarct volume determined
by triphenyltetrazolium chloride and hematoxylin and eosin stains in a
focal cerebral ischemia model in rats. METHODS: In a middle cerebral artery
occlusion model in rats, infarction is confined to the cerebral cortex. The
infarct was delineated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride stain and, in
selected samples, by hematoxylin and eosin stain. We determined infarct
size at different times after the ischemic insult (6 hours to 7 days) in
relation to the evolution of brain edema by the direct measurement of
infarct volume. Indirect measurement to reduce the effect of edema on
infarct volume was also conducted in the same brain samples. RESULTS:
Direct measurement showed that infarct volume fluctuated with the evolution
of brain edema (one-way analysis of variance, p < 0.0001). Infarct
volume determined by indirect measurement was independent of the extent of
brain edema and remained stable from 6 hours to 3 days after ischemia.
There was a good correlation between triphenyltetrazolium chloride and
hematoxylin and eosin stains in delineating infarct volume with both direct
and indirect measurement. CONCLUSION: Traditional direct measurement of
infarct volume is associated with an overestimation of infarct volume
during the development of brain edema in the first 3 days after ischemia.
This artifact can be reduced with indirect measurement, which is based on
noninfarcted cortex volume.
ARTICLES
Effect of brain edema on infarct volume in a focal cerebral ischemia model in rats
Division of Restorative Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.
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T. J. Toung, A. Bhardwaj, V. L. Dawson, T. M. Dawson, R. J. Traystman, P. D. Hurn, and P. H. Chan Neuroprotective FK506 Does Not Alter In Vivo Nitric Oxide Production During Ischemia and Early Reperfusion in Rats • Editorial Comment Stroke, June 1, 1999; 30(6): 1279 - 1285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Martin-Villalba, I. Herr, I. Jeremias, M. Hahne, R. Brandt, J. Vogel, J. Schenkel, T. Herdegen, and K.-M. Debatin CD95 Ligand (Fas-L/APO-1L) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Mediate Ischemia-Induced Apoptosis in Neurons J. Neurosci., May 15, 1999; 19(10): 3809 - 3817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Iadecola, C. A. Salkowski, F. Zhang, T. Aber, M. Nagayama, S. N. Vogel, and M. Elizabeth Ross The Transcription Factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Is Expressed after Cerebral Ischemia and Contributes to Ischemic Brain Injury J. Exp. Med., February 15, 1999; 189(4): 719 - 727. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. R. Schabitz, F. Li, K. Irie, B. W. Sandage Jr, K. W. Locke, M. Fisher, and P. D. Hurn Synergistic Effects of a Combination of Low-Dose Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Citicoline After Temporary Experimental Focal Ischemia • Editorial Comment Stroke, February 1, 1999; 30(2): 427 - 432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.-Z. Lin, B. J. Hoffer, P. Kaplan, Y. Wang, and C. Y. Hsu Osteogenic Protein-1 Protects Against Cerebral Infarction Induced by MCA Ligation in Adult Rats • Editorial Comment Stroke, January 1, 1999; 30(1): 126 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. G. Soriano, A. Coxon, Y. F. Wang, M. P. Frosch, S. A. Lipton, P. R. Hickey, T. N. Mayadas, and P. H. Chan Mice Deficient in Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) Are Less Susceptible to Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury • Editorial Comment Stroke, January 1, 1999; 30(1): 134 - 139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. C. Barone, R. F. White, P. A. Spera, J. Ellison, R. W. Currie, X. Wang, G. Z. Feuerstein, and N. J. Rothwell Ischemic Preconditioning and Brain Tolerance: Temporal Histological and Functional Outcomes, Protein Synthesis Requirement, and Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist and Early Gene Expression • Editorial Comment Stroke, September 1, 1998; 29(9): 1937 - 1951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Tatlisumak, K. Takano, R. A. D. Carano, L. P. Miller, A. C. Foster, M. Fisher, C. Y. Hsu, and W. Lin Delayed Treatment With an Adenosine Kinase Inhibitor, GP683, Attenuates Infarct Size in Rats With Temporary Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion • Editorial Comment Stroke, September 1, 1998; 29(9): 1952 - 1958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-J. Yeh, Y. Y. He, J. Xu, C. Y. Hsu, and T. F. Deuel Upregulation of Pleiotrophin Gene Expression in Developing Microvasculature, Macrophages, and Astrocytes after Acute Ischemic Brain Injury J. Neurosci., May 15, 1998; 18(10): 3699 - 3707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Romanic, R. F. White, A. J. Arleth, E. H. Ohlstein, F. C. Barone, and V. L. Dawson Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression Increases After Cerebral Focal Ischemia in Rats : Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Reduces Infarct Size • Editorial Comment: Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Reduces Infarct Size Stroke, May 1, 1998; 29(5): 1020 - 1030. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Tatlisumak, R. A. D. Carano, K. Takano, T. J. Opgenorth, C. H. Sotak, M. Fisher, C. Y. Hsu, and W. Lin A Novel Endothelin Antagonist, A-127722, Attenuates Ischemic Lesion Size in Rats With Temporary Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion : A Diffusion and Perfusion MRI Study • Editorial Comment: A Diffusion and Perfusion MRI Study Stroke, April 1, 1998; 29(4): 850 - 858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Tatlisumak, K. Takano, M. R. Meiler, M. Fisher, and W. D. Dietrich A Glycine Site Antagonist, ZD9379, Reduces Number of Spreading Depressions and Infarct Size in Rats With Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion • Editorial Comment Stroke, January 1, 1998; 29(1): 190 - 195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Iadecola, F. Zhang, R. Casey, M. Nagayama, and M. E. Ross Delayed Reduction of Ischemic Brain Injury and Neurological Deficits in Mice Lacking the Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene J. Neurosci., December 1, 1997; 17(23): 9157 - 9164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Zhang, C. Eckman, S. Younkin, K. K. Hsiao, and C. Iadecola Increased Susceptibility to Ischemic Brain Damage in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing the Amyloid Precursor Protein J. Neurosci., October 15, 1997; 17(20): 7655 - 7661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. Paczynski, Y. Y. He, M. N. Diringer, and C. Y. Hsu Multiple-Dose Mannitol Reduces Brain Water Content in a Rat Model of Cortical Infarction Stroke, July 1, 1997; 28(7): 1437 - 1444. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. Takano, T. Tatlisumak, J. E. Formato, R. A. D. Carano, A. G. Bergmann, L. M. Pullan, T. M. Bare, C. H. Sotak, and M. Fisher Glycine Site Antagonist Attenuates Infarct Size in Experimental Focal Ischemia : Postmortem and Diffusion Mapping Studies Stroke, June 1, 1997; 28(6): 1255 - 1263. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Z. Onal, F. Li, T. Tatlisumak, K. W. Locke, B. W. Sandage Jr, and M. Fisher Synergistic Effects of Citicoline and MK-801 in Temporary Experimental Focal Ischemia in Rats Stroke, May 1, 1997; 28(5): 1060 - 1065. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Nogawa, F. Zhang, M. E. Ross, and C. Iadecola Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 Gene Expression in Neurons Contributes to Ischemic Brain Damage J. Neurosci., April 15, 1997; 17(8): 2746 - 2755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T.N. Lin, J. Te, H.C. Huang, S.I. Chi, C.Y. Hsu, and P. H. Chan Prolongation and Enhancement of Postischemic c-fos Expression After Fasting Stroke, February 1, 1997; 28(2): 412 - 418. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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I. Loubinoux, A. Volk, J. Borredon, S. Guirimand, B. Tiffon, J. Seylaz, P. Meric, and G. A. Rosenberg Spreading of Vasogenic Edema and Cytotoxic Edema Assessed by Quantitative Diffusion and T2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Stroke, February 1, 1997; 28(2): 419 - 427. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. Kawai, R. F. Keep, A. L. Betz, and W. D. Dietrich Hyperglycemia and the Vascular Effects of Cerebral Ischemia Stroke, January 1, 1997; 28(1): 149 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. J. Goldlust, R. P. Paczynski, Y. Y. He, C. Y. Hsu, M. P. Goldberg, and M. Fisher Automated Measurement of Infarct Size With Scanned Images of Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride–Stained Rat Brains Stroke, September 1, 1996; 27(9): 1657 - 1662. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C. Iadecola, F. Zhang, R. Casey, H. B. Clark, M. E. Ross, and R. C Kukreja Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Expression in Vascular Cells After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia Stroke, August 1, 1996; 27(8): 1373 - 1380. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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F. Zhang, R. M. Casey, M. E. Ross, and C. Iadecola Aminoguanidine Ameliorates and L-Arginine Worsens Brain Damage From Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Stroke, February 1, 1996; 27(2): 317 - 323. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. M. Roda, F. Carceller, E. Diez-Tejedor, and C. Avendano Reduction of Infarct Size by Intra-Arterial Nimodipine Administered at Reperfusion in a Rat Model of Partially Reversible Brain Focal Ischemia Stroke, October 1, 1995; 26(10): 1888 - 1892. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H. Lin, T.-N. Lin, W.-M. Cheung, G.-M. Nian, P.-H. Tseng, S.-F. Chen, J.-J. Chen, S.-K. Shyue, J.-Y. Liou, C.-W. Wu, et al. Cyclooxygenase-1 and Bicistronic Cyclooxygenase-1/Prostacyclin Synthase Gene Transfer Protect Against Ischemic Cerebral Infarction Circulation, April 23, 2002; 105(16): 1962 - 1969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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