Stroke, Vol 24, 1297-1304, Copyright © 1993 by American Heart Association
G Howard, AR Sharrett, G Heiss, GW Evans, LE Chambless, WA Riley and GL Burke
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: B-mode ultrasound is a widely used technique for
the clinical and epidemiological assessment of carotid atherosclerosis.
This article provides a description of the distribution of carotid
atherosclerosis in the general population. METHODS: Intimal-medial arterial
wall thickness was measured by B-mode real-time ultrasound as an index of
atherosclerotic involvement in the extracranial carotid arteries as part of
the population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. The
distribution was described by race-sex strata, in which 759 to 4952
individuals were imaged depending on strata and location in the carotid
system. RESULTS: Median wall thickness ranged between 0.5 and 1 mm at all
ages; fewer than 5% of ARIC participants had values exceeding 2 mm.
Individuals tended to have a larger wall thickness in the carotid
bifurcation than in the common carotid artery. Internal carotid artery
values were more variable, with higher proportions of both large and small
wall thicknesses than in the common carotid. The proportion of individuals
with a large wall thickness was greatest at the bifurcation and smallest at
the common carotid artery. Men had uniformly larger wall thickness than
women. Cross-sectional analysis suggests that age- related increases in
wall thickness average approximately 0.015 mm/y in women and 0.018 mm/y in
men in the carotid bifurcation, 0.010 mm/y for women and 0.014 mm/y for men
in the internal carotid artery, and 0.010 mm/y in both sexes in the common
carotid artery. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates provided for wall thickness
percentiles can serve as "nomograms" by age, race, and sex.
ARTICLES
Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. ARIC Investigators
Department of Public Health Sciences, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1063.
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D. Liao, D. K. Arnett, H. A. Tyroler, W. A. Riley, L. E. Chambless, M. Szklo, and G. Heiss Arterial Stiffness and the Development of Hypertension : The ARIC Study Hypertension, August 1, 1999; 34(2): 201 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. J. Teede, Y.-L. Liang, L. M. Shiel, J. J. McNeil, and B. P. McGrath Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women protects against smoking-induced changes in vascular structure and function J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 1, 1999; 34(1): 131 - 137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Pauletto, P. Palatini, S. Da Ros, V. Pagliara, N. Santipolo, S. Baccillieri, E. Casiglia, P. Mormino, and A. C. Pessina Factors Underlying the Increase in Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Borderline Hypertensives Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 1999; 19(5): 1231 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Schmidt-Trucksass, D. Grathwohl, A. Schmid, R. Boragk, C. Upmeier, J. Keul, and M. Huonker Structural, Functional, and Hemodynamic Changes of the Common Carotid Artery With Age in Male Subjects Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 1999; 19(4): 1091 - 1097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ebrahim, O. Papacosta, P. Whincup, G. Wannamethee, M. Walker, A. N. Nicolaides, S. Dhanjil, M. Griffin, G. Belcaro, A. Rumley, et al. Carotid Plaque, Intima Media Thickness, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women : The British Regional Heart Study Stroke, April 1, 1999; 30(4): 841 - 850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. B. Gorelick Cerebrovascular Disease in African Americans Stroke, December 1, 1998; 29(12): 2656 - 2664. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. P. McGrath, Y.-L. Liang, H. Teede, L. M. Shiel, J. D. Cameron, and A. Dart Age-Related Deterioration in Arterial Structure and Function in Postmenopausal Women : Impact of Hormone Replacement Therapy Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 1998; 18(7): 1149 - 1156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J. Lee, P. I. Mowbray, G. D.O. Lowe, A. Rumley, F. G. R. Fowkes, and P. L. Allan Blood Viscosity and Elevated Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Men and Women : The Edinburgh Artery Study Circulation, April 21, 1998; 97(15): 1467 - 1473. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Gariepy, J. Salomon, N. Denarie, F. Laskri, J. L. Megnien, J. Levenson, and A. Simon Sex and Topographic Differences in Associations Between Large-Artery Wall Thickness and Coronary Risk Profile in a French Working Cohort : The AXA Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 1998; 18(4): 584 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Kuller, L. Fisher, R. McClelland, L. Fried, M. Cushman, S. Jackson, and T. Manolio Differences in Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Subclinical Vascular Disease Among Black and White Participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 1998; 18(2): 283 - 293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Wilt, H. B. Rubins, S. J. Robins, W. A. Riley, D. Collins, M. Elam, G. Rutan, and J. W. Anderson Carotid Atherosclerosis in Men With Low Levels of HDL Cholesterol Stroke, October 1, 1997; 28(10): 1919 - 1925. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. Stensland-Bugge, K. H. Bonaa, and O. Joakimsen Reproducibility of Ultrasonographically Determined Intima-Media Thickness Is Dependent on Arterial Wall Thickness : The Tromso Study Stroke, October 1, 1997; 28(10): 1972 - 1980. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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T. Mannami, M. Konishi, S. Baba, N. Nishi, and A. Terao Prevalence of Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerotic Lesions Detected by High-Resolution Ultrasonography and Its Relation to Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the General Population of a Japanese City : The Suita Study Stroke, March 1, 1997; 28(3): 518 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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P. L. Allan, P. I. Mowbray, A. J. Lee, and F. G. R. Fowkes Relationship Between Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease: The Edinburgh Artery Study Stroke, February 1, 1997; 28(2): 348 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Wei, C. Gonzalez, S. M. Haffner, D. H. O'Leary, and M. P. Stern Ultrasonographically Assessed Maximum Carotid Artery Wall Thickness in Mexico City Residents and Mexican Americans Living in San Antonio, Texas: Association With Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 1996; 16(11): 1388 - 1392. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Tonstad, O. Joakimsen, E. Stensland-Bugge, T. P. Leren, L. Ose, D. Russell, and K. H. Bonaa Risk Factors Related to Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque in Children With Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Control Subjects Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 1996; 16(8): 984 - 991. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. L. Muiesan, G. Pasini, M. Salvetti, S. Calebich, R. Zulli, M. Castellano, D. Rizzoni, G. Bettoni, A. Cinelli, E. Porteri, et al. Cardiac and Vascular Structural Changes : Prevalence and Relation to Ambulatory Blood Pressure in a Middle-aged General Population in Northern Italy: The Vobarno Study Hypertension, May 1, 1996; 27(5): 1046 - 1052. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C. Bonithon-Kopp, P.-J. Touboul, C. Berr, C. Leroux, F. Mainard, D. Courbon, and P. Ducimetiere Relation of Intima-Media Thickness to Atherosclerotic Plaques in Carotid Arteries : The Vascular Aging (EVA) Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 1996; 16(2): 310 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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D. H. O'Leary, J. F. Polak, R. A. Kronmal, P. J. Savage, N. O. Borhani, S. J. Kittner, R. Tracy, J. M. Gardin, T. R. Price, and C. D. Furberg Thickening of the Carotid Wall : A Marker for Atherosclerosis in the Elderly? Stroke, February 1, 1996; 27(2): 224 - 231. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. R. Adams, A. Nakagomi, A. Keech, J. Robinson, R. McCredie, B. P. Bailey, S. B. Freedman, and D. S. Celermajer Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Is Only Weakly Correlated With the Extent and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, October 15, 1995; 92(8): 2127 - 2134. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. B. Kritchevsky, T. Shimakawa, G. S. Tell, B. Dennis, M. Carpenter, J. H. Eckfeldt, H. Peacher-Ryan, and G. Heiss Dietary Antioxidants and Carotid Artery Wall Thickness : The ARIC Study Circulation, October 15, 1995; 92(8): 2142 - 2150. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. R. Crouse III, T. E. Craven, A. P. Hagaman, and M. G. Bond Association of Coronary Disease With Segment-Specific Intimal-Medial Thickening of the Extracranial Carotid Artery Circulation, September 1, 1995; 92(5): 1141 - 1147. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. C. Cavallini, M. J. Roman, T. G. Pickering, J. E. Schwartz, R. Pini, and R. B. Devereux Is White Coat Hypertension Associated With Arterial Disease or Left Ventricular Hypertrophy? Hypertension, September 1, 1995; 26(3): 413 - 419. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. J. Roman, T. G. Pickering, R. Pini, J. E. Schwartz, and R. B. Devereux Prevalence and Determinants of Cardiac and Vascular Hypertrophy in Hypertension Hypertension, August 1, 1995; 26(2): 369 - 373. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C. Lemne, T. Jogestrand, and U. de Faire Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque in Borderline Hypertension Stroke, January 1, 1995; 26(1): 34 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 C. Yuan, L. M. Mitsumori, K. W. Beach, and K. R. Maravilla Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque: Noninvasive MR Characterization and Identification of Vulnerable Lesions Radiology, November 1, 2001; 221(2): 285 - 299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Shpilberg, I. Rabi, K. Schiller, R. Walden, D. Harats, K.S. Tyrrell, B. Coller, and U. Seligsohn Patients With Glanzmann Thrombasthenia Lacking Platelet Glycoprotein {alpha}IIb{beta}3 (GPIIb/IIIa) and {alpha}v{beta}3 Receptors Are Not Protected From Atherosclerosis Circulation, March 5, 2002; 105(9): 1044 - 1048. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-H. Wang, J.-S. Jeng, P.-K. Yip, C.-L. Chen, L.-I Hsu, Y.-M. Hsueh, H.-Y. Chiou, M.-M. Wu, and C.-J. Chen Biological Gradient Between Long-Term Arsenic Exposure and Carotid Atherosclerosis Circulation, April 16, 2002; 105(15): 1804 - 1809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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