(Stroke. 1996;27:1479-1486.)
© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Short-term Predictors of Incident Stroke in Older Adults
The Cardiovascular Health Study
the Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md (T.A.M.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington (Seattle) (R.A.K.); the Department of Public Health Sciences, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.L.B.); the Department of Radiology, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, Mass (D.H.O'L.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Maryland (Baltimore) (T.R.P.).
Correspondence to Teri Manolio, MD, MHS, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 6701 Rockledge Dr, Rm 8160, Bethesda, MD 20892-7934.
Background and Purpose Risk factors for incident stroke have been examined in middle-aged persons, but less is known about stroke precursors in the elderly, who suffer the highest rates of stroke. Short-term risk factors for incident stroke were examined in a longitudinal, population-based study including extensive measures of subclinical disease.
Methods Prospective study of 5201 women and men aged 65 years and older was undertaken in the multicenter Cardiovascular Health Study.
Results During an average 3.31-year follow-up, 188 incident strokes occurred. Stroke incidence increased significantly with age and was similar in women and men. Factors associated with increased stroke risk in multivariate analysis included age, aspirin use, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, higher systolic blood pressure, increased time needed to walk 15 ft, frequent falls, elevated creatinine level, abnormal left ventricular (LV) wall motion and increased LV mass on echocardiography, ultrasound-defined carotid stenosis, and atrial fibrillation. Increased LV mass and carotid stenosis were associated with twofold and threefold increases in incidences of stroke, respectively (P<.001). Aspirin users had a 52% higher risk of stroke (relative risk, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.0; P<.007) after adjustment for other factors. This association was present only among aspirin users without prior coronary disease, atrial fibrillation, claudication, or transient ischemic attack, who had an 84% higher risk (relative risk, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.8).
Conclusions Short-term risk of stroke has a complex relationship with aspirin use and is strongly related to subclinical disease in this sample of older adults. These relationships should be considered in assessing stroke risk in the elderly, in whom recognized and subclinical cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent.
Key Words: aged • stroke, cerebrovascular disorders • epidemiology • risk factors
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. Bineau, C. Dufouil, C. Helmer, K. Ritchie, J.-P. Empana, P. Ducimetiere, A. Alperovitch, M. G. Bousser, and C. Tzourio Framingham Stroke Risk Function in a Large Population-Based Cohort of Elderly People: The 3C Study Stroke, May 1, 2009; 40(5): 1564 - 1570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Glymour and M. Avendano Can Self-Reported Strokes Be Used to Study Stroke Incidence and Risk Factors?: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study Stroke, March 1, 2009; 40(3): 873 - 879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Howard and R. L. Sacco High-Risk Populations: Introduction Stroke, March 1, 2009; 40(3_suppl_1): S71 - S72. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kamalesh, J. Shen, and G. J. Eckert Long Term Postischemic Stroke Mortality in Diabetes: A Veteran Cohort Analysis Stroke, October 1, 2008; 39(10): 2727 - 2731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Tanaka, Y. Ishikawa, M. Yokoyama, H. Origasa, M. Matsuzaki, Y. Saito, Y. Matsuzawa, J. Sasaki, S. Oikawa, H. Hishida, et al. Reduction in the Recurrence of Stroke by Eicosapentaenoic Acid for Hypercholesterolemic Patients: Subanalysis of the JELIS Trial Stroke, July 1, 2008; 39(7): 2052 - 2058. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P. McGinn, R. C. Kaplan, J. Verghese, D. M. Rosenbaum, B. M. Psaty, A. E. Baird, J. K. Lynch, P. A. Wolf, C. Kooperberg, J. C. Larson, et al. Walking Speed and Risk of Incident Ischemic Stroke Among Postmenopausal Women Stroke, April 1, 2008; 39(4): 1233 - 1239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Prabhakaran, C. B. Wright, M. Yoshita, R. Delapaz, T. Brown, C. DeCarli, and R. L. Sacco Prevalence and determinants of subclinical brain infarction: The Northern Manhattan Study Neurology, February 5, 2008; 70(6): 425 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Daly Is early chronic kidney disease an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease?: A Background Paper prepared for the UK Consensus Conference on Early Chronic Kidney Disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2007; 22(suppl_9): ix19 - ix25. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. E. Weiner, H. Tighiouart, A. S. Levey, E. Elsayed, J. L. Griffith, D. N. Salem, and M. J. Sarnak Lowest Systolic Blood Pressure Is Associated with Stroke in Stages 3 to 4 Chronic Kidney Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2007; 18(3): 960 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Crouse III Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Imaging atherosclerosis: state of the art J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 1677 - 1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation, June 20, 2006; 113(24): e873 - e923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1583 - 1633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. S.M. Tsang, W. P. Abhayaratna, M. E. Barnes, Y. Miyasaka, B. J. Gersh, K. R. Bailey, S. S. Cha, and J. B. Seward Prediction of Cardiovascular Outcomes With Left Atrial Size: Is Volume Superior to Area or Diameter? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 7, 2006; 47(5): 1018 - 1023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Seliger, W.T. Longstreth Jr, R. Katz, T. Manolio, L. F. Fried, M. Shlipak, C. O. Stehman-Breen, A. Newman, M. Sarnak, D. L. Gillen, et al. Cystatin C and Subclinical Brain Infarction J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., December 1, 2005; 16(12): 3721 - 3727. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Vanholder, Z. Massy, A. Argiles, G. Spasovski, F. Verbeke, N. Lameire, and for the European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox) Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2005; 20(6): 1048 - 1056. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Tirschwell, N. L. Smith, S. R. Heckbert, R. N. Lemaitre, W. T. Longstreth Jr., and B. M. Psaty Association of cholesterol with stroke risk varies in stroke subtypes and patient subgroups Neurology, November 23, 2004; 63(10): 1868 - 1875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Elkins, E. S. O'Meara, W. T. Longstreth Jr., M. C. Carlson, T. A. Manolio, and S. C. Johnston Stroke risk factors and loss of high cognitive function Neurology, September 14, 2004; 63(5): 793 - 799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Barnes, Y. Miyasaka, J. B. Seward, B. J. Gersh, A. G. Rosales, K. R. Bailey, G. W. Petty, D. O. Wiebers, and T. S. M. Tsang Left Atrial Volume in the Prediction of First Ischemic Stroke in an Elderly Cohort Without Atrial Fibrillation Mayo Clin. Proc., August 1, 2004; 79(8): 1008 - 1014. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Seliger, D. S. Siscovick, C. O. Stehman-Breen, D. L. Gillen, A. Fitzpatrick, A. Bleyer, and L. H. Kuller Moderate Renal Impairment and Risk of Dementia among Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2004; 15(7): 1904 - 1911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Th. Karapanayiotides, B. Piechowski-Jozwiak, G. van Melle, J. Bogousslavsky, and G. Devuyst Stroke patterns, etiology, and prognosis in patients with diabetes mellitus Neurology, May 11, 2004; 62(9): 1558 - 1562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Arboix, M. Tarruella, L. Garcia-Eroles, M. Oliveres, C. Miquel, M. Balcells, and C. Targa Ischemic stroke in patients with intermittent claudication: a clinical study of 142 cases Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2004; 9(1): 13 - 17. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Scuteri, T. A. Manolio, E. K. Marino, A. M. Arnold, and E. G. Lakatta Prevalence of specific variant carotid geometric patterns and incidence of cardiovascular events in older persons: The cardiovascular health study (CHS E-131) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 21, 2004; 43(2): 187 - 193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Sarnak, A. S. Levey, A. C. Schoolwerth, J. Coresh, B. Culleton, L. L. Hamm, P. A. McCullough, B. L. Kasiske, E. Kelepouris, M. J. Klag, et al. Kidney Disease as a Risk Factor for Development of Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement From the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention Hypertension, November 1, 2003; 42(5): 1050 - 1065. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Sarnak, A. S. Levey, A. C. Schoolwerth, J. Coresh, B. Culleton, L. L. Hamm, P. A. McCullough, B. L. Kasiske, E. Kelepouris, M. J. Klag, et al. Kidney Disease as a Risk Factor for Development of Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement From the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention Circulation, October 28, 2003; 108(17): 2154 - 2169. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J J Santopinto, K A A Fox, R J Goldberg, A Budaj, G Pinero, A Avezum, D Gulba, J Esteban, J M Gore, J Johnson, et al. Creatinine clearance and adverse hospital outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes: findings from the global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE) Heart, September 1, 2003; 89(9): 1003 - 1008. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R.L. Cardoso, G. F. Salles, and W. Deccache QTc Interval Prolongation Is a Predictor of Future Strokes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Stroke, September 1, 2003; 34(9): 2187 - 2194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. van Walraven, R. G. Hart, G. A. Wells, P. Petersen, P. J. Koudstaal, A. L. Gullov, B. S. P. Hellemons, B. G. Koefed, and A. Laupacis A Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and a Low Risk for Stroke While Taking Aspirin Arch Intern Med, April 28, 2003; 163(8): 936 - 943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Arnold and R. A. Kronmal Multiple Imputation of Baseline Data in the Cardiovascular Health Study Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2003; 157(1): 74 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.T. Longstreth Jr, C. Dulberg, T. A. Manolio, M. R. Lewis, N. J. Beauchamp Jr, D. O'Leary, J. Carr, and C. D. Furberg Incidence, Manifestations, and Predictors of Brain Infarcts Defined by Serial Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study Stroke, October 1, 2002; 33(10): 2376 - 2382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Gotto Jr and J. A. Farmer Reducing the Risk for Stroke in Patients With Myocardial Infarction: A Myocardial Ischemia Reduction With Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Substudy Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(13): 1595 - 1598. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. S. Kinsinger, R. Harris, S. H. Woolf, H. C. Sox, and K. N. Lohr Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer: A Summary of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Ann Intern Med, July 2, 2002; 137(1): 59 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Ospina, D. N. Krause, and S. P. Duckles 17{beta}-Estradiol Increases Rat Cerebrovascular Prostacyclin Synthesis by Elevating Cyclooxygenase-1 and Prostacyclin Synthase Stroke, February 1, 2002; 33(2): 600 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Bernick, L. Kuller, C. Dulberg, W.T. L. Jr., T. Manolio, N. Beauchamp, and T. Price Silent MRI infarcts and the risk of future stroke: The cardiovascular health study Neurology, October 9, 2001; 57(7): 1222 - 1229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. G. Shlipak, J. A. Simon, D. Grady, F. Lin, N. K. Wenger, C. D. Furberg, and for the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement S Renal insufficiency and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2001; 38(3): 705 - 711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.T. Longstreth Jr., C. Bernick, A. Fitzpatrick, M. Cushman, L. Knepper, J. Lima, and C.D. Furberg Frequency and predictors of stroke death in 5,888 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study Neurology, February 13, 2001; 56(3): 368 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Frost, G. Engholm, S. Johnsen, H. Moller, E. W. Henneberg, and S. Husted Incident Thromboembolism in the Aorta and the Renal, Mesenteric, Pelvic, and Extremity Arteries After Discharge From the Hospital With a Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation Arch Intern Med, January 22, 2001; 161(2): 272 - 276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Engstrom, B. Hedblad, S. Juul-Moller, P. Tyden, and L. Janzon Cardiac Arrhythmias and Stroke : Increased Risk in Men With High Frequency of Atrial Ectopic Beats Stroke, December 1, 2000; 31(12): 2925 - 2929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Eigenbrodt, K. M. Rose, D. J. Couper, D. K. Arnett, R. Smith, and D. Jones Orthostatic Hypotension as a Risk Factor for Stroke : The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987-1996 Stroke, October 1, 2000; 31(10): 2307 - 2313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. Psaty, C. D. Furberg, M. Pahor, M. Alderman, and L. H. Kuller National Guidelines, Clinical Trials, and Quality of Evidence Arch Intern Med, September 25, 2000; 160(17): 2577 - 2580. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. R. Cook, P. R. Hebert, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, and C. H. Hennekens Self-Selected Posttrial Aspirin Use and Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in the Physicians' Health Study Arch Intern Med, April 10, 2000; 160(7): 921 - 928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. H. Kuller, P. Velentgas, J. Barzilay, N. J. Beauchamp, D. H. O’Leary, and P. J. Savage Diabetes Mellitus : Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2000; 20(3): 823 - 829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Tanne, M. J. Gorman, V. E. Bates, S. E. Kasner, P. Scott, P. Verro, J. R. Binder, J. M. Dayno, L. R. Schultz, and S. R. Levine Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients Aged 80 Years and Older : The tPA Stroke Survey Experience Stroke, February 1, 2000; 31(2): 370 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. H. Klungel, R. C. Kaplan, S. R. Heckbert, N. L. Smith, R. N. Lemaitre, W. T. Longstreth Jr, H. G. M. Leufkens, A. de Boer, and B. M. Psaty Control of Blood Pressure and Risk of Stroke Among Pharmacologically Treated Hypertensive Patients Stroke, February 1, 2000; 31(2): 420 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Makino, Y. Kawano, J. Minami, T. Yamaguchi, and S. Takishita Risk of Stroke in Relation to Level of Blood Pressure and Other Risk Factors in Treated Hypertensive Patients Stroke, January 1, 2000; 31(1): 48 - 52. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Voko, M. L. Bots, A. Hofman, P. J. Koudstaal, J. C. M. Witteman, and M. M. B. Breteler J-Shaped Relation Between Blood Pressure and Stroke in Treated Hypertensives Hypertension, December 1, 1999; 34(6): 1181 - 1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. H. Gail, J. P. Costantino, J. Bryant, R. Croyle, L. Freedman, K. Helzlsouer, and V. Vogel Weighing the Risks and Benefits of Tamoxifen Treatment for Preventing Breast Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, November 3, 1999; 91(21): 1829 - 1846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Hart, D. J. Hole, and G. D. Smith Risk Factors and 20-Year Stroke Mortality in Men and Women in the Renfrew/Paisley Study in Scotland Stroke, October 1, 1999; 30(10): 1999 - 2007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Bostom, I. H. Rosenberg, H. Silbershatz, P. F. Jacques, J. Selhub, R. B. D'Agostino, P. W.F. Wilson, and P. A. Wolf Nonfasting Plasma Total Homocysteine Levels and Stroke Incidence in Elderly Persons: The Framingham Study Ann Intern Med, September 7, 1999; 131(5): 352 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. Psaty, C. D. Furberg, L. H. Kuller, D. E. Bild, P. M. Rautaharju, J. F. Polak, E. Bovill, and J. S. Gottdiener Traditional Risk Factors and Subclinical Disease Measures as Predictors of First Myocardial Infarction in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study Arch Intern Med, June 28, 1999; 159(12): 1339 - 1347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. V. Howard, E. T. Lee, L. D. Cowan, R. B. Devereux, J. M. Galloway, O. T. Go, W. J. Howard, E. R. Rhoades, D. C. Robbins, M. L. Sievers, et al. Rising Tide of Cardiovascular Disease in American Indians : The Strong Heart Study Circulation, May 11, 1999; 99(18): 2389 - 2395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Manolio, G. L. Burke, D. H. O'Leary, G. Evans, N. Beauchamp, L. Knepper, and B. Ward Relationships of Cerebral MRI Findings to Ultrasonographic Carotid Atherosclerosis in Older Adults : The Cardiovascular Health Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 1999; 19(2): 356 - 365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Bhadelia, M. Anderson, J. F. Polak, T. A. Manolio, N. Beauchamp, L. Knepper, and D. H. O'Leary Prevalence and Associations of MRI-Demonstrated Brain Infarcts in Elderly Subjects With a History of Transient Ischemic Attack : The Cardiovascular Health Study Stroke, February 1, 1999; 30(2): 383 - 388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D. Furberg Natural Statins and Stroke Risk Circulation, January 19, 1999; 99(2): 185 - 188. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. T. Longstreth Jr, L. Shemanski, D. Lefkowitz, D. H. O'Leary, J. F. Polak, and S. K. Wolfson Jr Asymptomatic Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Defined by Ultrasound and the Risk of Subsequent Stroke in the Elderly : The Cardiovascular Health Study Stroke, November 1, 1998; 29(11): 2371 - 2376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Davis, T. Vogt, P. H. Frost, A. Burlando, J. Cohen, A. Wilson, L. M. Brass, W. Frishman, T. Price, and J. Stamler Risk Factors for Stroke and Type of Stroke in Persons With Isolated Systolic Hypertension Stroke, July 1, 1998; 29(7): 1333 - 1340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Kronmal, R. G. Hart, T.A. Manolio, R.L. Talbert, N.J. Beauchamp, and A. Newman Aspirin Use and Incident Stroke in the Cardiovascular Health Study Stroke, May 1, 1998; 29(5): 887 - 894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Mosca, J. E. Manson, S. E. Sutherland, R. D. Langer, T. Manolio, E. Barrett-Connor, and E. Barrett-Connor Cardiovascular Disease in Women : A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association Circulation, October 7, 1997; 96(7): 2468 - 2482. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. D. Michaels, G. Gambassi, P. Carbonin, R. Bernabei, E. Loh, L. A. Moye, and M. A. Pfeffer Risk of Stroke after Myocardial Infarction N. Engl. J. Med., June 26, 1997; 336(26): 1916 - 1917. [Full Text]
|
|