(Stroke. 1997;28:491-499.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Comparable Studies of the Incidence of Stroke and its Pathological Types
Results From an International Collaboration
From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh (Scotland).
Correspondence to Dr Cathie Sudlow, Registrar in Medical Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Rd, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland.
Background and Purpose Comparing stroke rates in different parts of the world may increase our understanding of both etiology and prevention. However, comparisons are meaningful only if studies use standard definitions and methods, with comparably presented data. We compared the incidence of stroke and its pathological types (cerebral infarction, primary intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage) in recent studies from around the world.
Methods Studies with a midyear of 1984 or later, fulfilling standard criteria for a comparable, community-based study, provided original data for comparative analyses.
Results By mid-1995, data were available from 11 studies in Europe, Russia, Australasia, and the United States, comprising approximately 3.5 million person-years and 5575 incident strokes. Age- and sex-standardized annual incidence rates for subjects aged 45 to 84 years were similar (between approximately 300/100 000) and 500/100 000) in most places but were significantly lower in Dijon, France (238/100 000), and higher in Novosibirsk, Russia (627/100 000). In subjects aged 75 to 84 years, however, Novosibirsk no longer ranked higher than the other studies. The distribution of pathological types, when these were reliably distinguished, did not differ significantly between studies.
Conclusions The similarities in stroke incidence and pathological types are perhaps not surprising given that all the populations were westernized and mainly white. The higher rates in Novosibirsk, disappearing in the elderly, and the lower rates in Dijon have several potential explanations. These include methodological artifact and different patterns of population risk factors. Further work is needed to explore these possibilities and to extend our knowledge of stroke incidence to other parts of the world, especially developing countries.
Key Words: epidemiology • incidence • stroke, acute
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  L. Sela, Y. Sacher, C. Serfaty, Y. Yeshurun, N. Soroker, and N. Sobel Spared and Impaired Olfactory Abilities after Thalamic Lesions J. Neurosci., September 30, 2009; 29(39): 12059 - 12069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N L Cabral, A R R Goncalves, A L Longo, C H C Moro, G Costa, C H Amaral, L A M Fonseca, and J Eluf-Neto Incidence of stroke subtypes, prognosis and prevalence of risk factors in Joinville, Brazil: a 2 year community based study J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, July 1, 2009; 80(7): 755 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. W. Crowley, H. K. Yeoh, G. J. Stukenborg, R. Medel, N. F. Kassell, and A. S. Dumont Influence of Weekend Hospital Admission on Short-Term Mortality After Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke, July 1, 2009; 40(7): 2387 - 2392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Liang, A. H. Lee, C. W. Binns, R. Huang, D. Hu, and Q. Zhou Tea Consumption and Ischemic Stroke Risk: A Case-Control Study in Southern China Stroke, July 1, 2009; 40(7): 2480 - 2485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. Bailey, J. McCulloch, C. Sudlow, and J. M. Wardlaw Potential Animal Models of Lacunar Stroke: A Systematic Review Stroke, June 1, 2009; 40(6): e451 - e458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. N. Doubal, T. J. MacGillivray, P. E. Hokke, B. Dhillon, M. S. Dennis, and J. M. Wardlaw Differences in retinal vessels support a distinct vasculopathy causing lacunar stroke Neurology, May 19, 2009; 72(20): 1773 - 1778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Appelros, B. Stegmayr, and A. Terent Sex Differences in Stroke Epidemiology: A Systematic Review Stroke, April 1, 2009; 40(4): 1082 - 1090. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F N Doubal, P E Hokke, and J M Wardlaw Retinal microvascular abnormalities and stroke: a systematic review J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 2009; 80(2): 158 - 165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. McManus, A. Craig, C. McAlpine, P. Langhorne, and G. Ellis Does behaviour modification affect post-stroke risk factor control? Three-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial Clinical Rehabilitation, February 1, 2009; 23(2): 99 - 105. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sacco, C. Marini, D. Toni, L. Olivieri, and A. Carolei Incidence and 10-Year Survival of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Population-Based Registry Stroke, February 1, 2009; 40(2): 394 - 399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. N. Doubal, B. Dhillon, M. S. Dennis, and J. M. Wardlaw Retinopathy in Ischemic Stroke Subtypes Stroke, February 1, 2009; 40(2): 389 - 393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ali, S. Atula, P. M.W. Bath, J. Grotta, W. Hacke, P. Lyden, J. R. Marler, R. L. Sacco, K. R. Lees, and for the VISTA Investigators Stroke Outcome in Clinical Trial Patients Deriving From Different Countries Stroke, January 1, 2009; 40(1): 35 - 40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Manobianca, S. Zoccolella, A. Petruzzellis, A. Miccoli, and G. Logroscino Low Incidence of Stroke in Southern Italy: A Population-Based Study Stroke, November 1, 2008; 39(11): 2923 - 2928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Covic, A. Schiller, N.-G. Mardare, L. Petrica, M. Petrica, A. Mihaescu, and N. Posta The impact of acute kidney injury on short-term survival in an Eastern European population with stroke Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., July 1, 2008; 23(7): 2228 - 2234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Md. S. Islam, C. S. Anderson, G. J. Hankey, K. Hardie, K. Carter, R. Broadhurst, and K. Jamrozik Trends in Incidence and Outcome of Stroke in Perth, Western Australia During 1989 to 2001: The Perth Community Stroke Study Stroke, March 1, 2008; 39(3): 776 - 782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. Chaichana, A. P. Levy, R. Miller-Lotan, S. Shakur, and R. J. Tamargo Haptoglobin 2-2 Genotype Determines Chronic Vasospasm After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Stroke, December 1, 2007; 38(12): 3266 - 3271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Strom Moller, J. Haggstrom, B. Zethelius, B. Wiberg, J. Sundstrom, and L. Lind Age and follow-up time affect the prognostic value of the ECG and conventional cardiovascular risk factors for stroke in adult men J Epidemiol Community Health, August 1, 2007; 61(8): 704 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Arnold, L. Kappeler, K. Nedeltchev, C. Brekenfeld, U. Fischer, B. Keserue, L. Remonda, G. Schroth, and H. P. Mattle Recanalization and Outcome After Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis in Middle Cerebral Artery and Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion: Does Sex Matter? Stroke, April 1, 2007; 38(4): 1281 - 1285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Bondanelli, M. R. Ambrosio, A. Onofri, A. Bergonzoni, S. Lavezzi, M. C. Zatelli, D. Valle, N. Basaglia, and E. C. degli Uberti Predictive Value of Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Levels in Ischemic Stroke Outcome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2006; 91(10): 3928 - 3934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. El-Saed, L. H. Kuller, A. B. Newman, O. Lopez, J. Costantino, K. McTigue, M. Cushman, and R. Kronmal Geographic Variations in Stroke Incidence and Mortality Among Older Populations in Four US Communities Stroke, August 1, 2006; 37(8): 1975 - 1979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kubo, Y. Kiyohara, T. Ninomiya, Y. Tanizaki, K. Yonemoto, Y. Doi, J. Hata, Y. Oishi, K. Shikata, and M. Iida Decreasing incidence of lacunar vs other types of cerebral infarction in a Japanese population Neurology, May 23, 2006; 66(10): 1539 - 1544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Foerch, I Curdt, B Yan, F Dvorak, M Hermans, J Berkefeld, A Raabe, T Neumann-Haefelin, H Steinmetz, and M Sitzer Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for intracerebral haemorrhage in patients with acute stroke J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 2006; 77(2): 181 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.O. McCarron, G. Davey Smith, and P. McCarron Secular stroke trends: early life factors and future prospects QJM, February 1, 2006; 99(2): 117 - 122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Choi, B. T. Bateman, S. Mangla, R. S. Marshall, S. Prabhakaran, J. Chong, J. P. Mohr, H. Mast, and J. Pile-Spellman Endovascular Recanalization Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 419 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. I. Suarez, R. W. Tarr, and W. R. Selman Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage N. Engl. J. Med., January 26, 2006; 354(4): 387 - 396. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M J Ariesen, A Algra, C P Warlow, P M Rothwell, and on behalf of the Cerebrovascular Cohort Studies Co Predictors of risk of intracerebral haemorrhage in patients with a history of TIA or minor ischaemic stroke J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2006; 77(1): 92 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Steiner, J. Rosand, and M. Diringer Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated With Oral Anticoagulant Therapy: Current Practices and Unresolved Questions Stroke, January 1, 2006; 37(1): 256 - 262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Musolino, P. La Spina, S. Serra, P. Postorino, S. Calabro, R. Savica, G. Salemi, and G. Gallitto First-Ever Stroke Incidence and 30-Day Case Fatality in the Sicilian Aeolian Archipelago, Italy Stroke, December 1, 2005; 36(12): 2738 - 2741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Razmara, D. N. Krause, and S. P. Duckles Testosterone augments endotoxin-mediated cerebrovascular inflammation in male rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): H1843 - H1850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Stirone, S. P. Duckles, D. N. Krause, and V. Procaccio Estrogen Increases Mitochondrial Efficiency and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Cerebral Blood Vessels Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 2005; 68(4): 959 - 965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. C. Kim, C. M. Nam, S. H. Jee, and I. Suh Comparison of Blood Pressure-Associated Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study Hypertension, August 1, 2005; 46(2): 393 - 397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. L. Tosi, B. D. Boyan, and A. L. Boskey Does Sex Matter in Musculoskeletal Health? The Influence of Sex and Gender on Musculoskeletal Health J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., July 1, 2005; 87(7): 1631 - 1647. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J M Wardlaw What causes lacunar stroke? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, May 1, 2005; 76(5): 617 - 619. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Ritter, D. W. Droste, K. Hegedus, R. Szepesi, D. G. Nabavi, L. Csiba, and E. B. Ringelstein Role of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in intracerebral hemorrhage in hypertensive patients Neurology, April 12, 2005; 64(7): 1233 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. van der Gaag, L. Smith, S. Davis, B. Moss, V. Cornelius, S. Laing, and C. Mowles Therapy and support services for people with long-term stroke and aphasia and their relatives: a six-month follow-up study Clinical Rehabilitation, April 1, 2005; 19(4): 372 - 380. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. B. Springborg, H.-J. Frederiksen, V. Eskesen, and N. V. Olsen Trends in monitoring patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage Br. J. Anaesth., March 1, 2005; 94(3): 259 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. D. Hurn, S. J. Vannucci, and H. Hagberg Adult or Perinatal Brain Injury: Does Sex Matter? Stroke, February 1, 2005; 36(2): 193 - 195. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Kitamura, H. Iso, H. Imano, T. Ohira, T. Okada, S. Sato, M. Kiyama, T. Tanigawa, K. Yamagishi, and T. Shimamoto Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque Characteristics as a Risk Factor for Stroke in Japanese Elderly Men Stroke, December 1, 2004; 35(12): 2788 - 2794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Tsiskaridze, M. Djibuti, G. van Melle, G. Lomidze, S. Apridonidze, I. Gauarashvili, B. Piechowski-Jozwiak, R. Shakarishvili, and J. Bogousslavsky Stroke Incidence and 30-Day Case-Fatality in a Suburb of Tbilisi: Results of the First Prospective Population-Based Study in Georgia Stroke, November 1, 2004; 35(11): 2523 - 2528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. T. Pendlebury, P. M. Rothwell, A. Algra, M.-J. Ariesen, G. Bakac, A. Czlonkowska, A. Dachenhausen, Y. Krespi, J. Korv, K. Krolikowski, et al. Underfunding of Stroke Research: A Europe-Wide Problem Stroke, October 1, 2004; 35(10): 2368 - 2371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Correia, M. R. Silva, I. Matos, R. Magalhaes, J. C. Lopes, J. M. Ferro, and M. C. Silva Prospective Community-Based Study of Stroke in Northern Portugal: Incidence and Case Fatality in Rural and Urban Populations Stroke, September 1, 2004; 35(9): 2048 - 2053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-D. Niesen, M. Rosenkranz, W. Schummer, C. Weiller, and U. Sliwka Cerebral Venous Flow Velocity Predicts Poor Outcome in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Stroke, August 1, 2004; 35(8): 1873 - 1878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. J Hankey Informal care giving for disabled stroke survivors BMJ, May 8, 2004; 328(7448): 1085 - 1086. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ham, N. York, R. Shaw, and S. Sutch Hospital bed utilisation in the NHS and Kaiser Permanente: Authors' reply BMJ, March 6, 2004; 328(7439): 584 - 584. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Launois, M. Giroud, A.C. Megnigbeto, K. Le Lay, G. Presente, M.H. Mahagne, I. Durand, and A.F. Gaudin Estimating the Cost-Effectiveness of Stroke Units in France Compared With Conventional Care Stroke, March 1, 2004; 35(3): 770 - 775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L Morris, K. J Dodd, and M. E Morris Outcomes of progressive resistance strength training following stroke: a systematic review Clinical Rehabilitation, January 1, 2004; 18(1): 27 - 39. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Kelly, B.J. Hunt, R.R. Lewis, and A. Rudd Anticoagulation or Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement for Patients With Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Developing Venous Thromboembolism? Stroke, December 1, 2003; 34(12): 2999 - 3005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. A. Gregson and A. D. Mendelow International Variations in Surgical Practice for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke, November 1, 2003; 34(11): 2593 - 2597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.-F. Zhang, J. Yang, Z. Hong, G.-G. Yuan, B.-F. Zhou, L.-C. Zhao, Y.-N. Huang, J. Chen, and Y.-F. Wu Proportion of Different Subtypes of Stroke in China Stroke, September 1, 2003; 34(9): 2091 - 2096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.G.R. Schulz and P.M. Rothwell Differences in Vascular Risk Factors Between Etiological Subtypes of Ischemic Stroke: Importance of Population-Based Studies Stroke, August 1, 2003; 34(8): 2050 - 2059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Thrift Editorial Comment--Minor Risk Factors for Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Jury Is Still Out Stroke, August 1, 2003; 34(8): 2065 - 2066. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. W. E. Weverling-Rijnsburger, I. J. A. M. Jonkers, E. van Exel, J. Gussekloo, and R. G. J. Westendorp High-Density vs Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as the Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease and Stroke in Old Age Arch Intern Med, July 14, 2003; 163(13): 1549 - 1554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M R Law, N J Wald, and A R Rudnicka Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ, June 25, 2003; 326(7404): 1423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Ospina, S. P. Duckles, and D. N. Krause 17{beta}-Estradiol decreases vascular tone in cerebral arteries by shifting COX-dependent vasoconstriction to vasodilation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H241 - H250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Y. Liu, A. K. Death, and D. J. Handelsman Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2003; 24(3): 313 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Terent Trends in Stroke Incidence and 10-Year Survival in Soderhamn, Sweden, 1975-2001 Stroke, June 1, 2003; 34(6): 1353 - 1358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Pessah-Rasmussen, G. Engstrom, I. Jerntorp, and L. Janzon Increasing Stroke Incidence and Decreasing Case Fatality, 1989-1998: A Study From the Stroke Register in Malmo, Sweden Stroke, April 1, 2003; 34(4): 913 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J M Wardlaw Recent developments in imaging of stroke Imaging, October 1, 2002; 14(5): 409 - 419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. G. Thrift and G. A. Donnan RE: "DOES TEA AFFECT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE? A META-ANALYSIS" Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2002; 156(5): 490 - 490. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. S. Field, M. D. Hill, and M. D. Connor Weather, Chinook, and Stroke Occurrence * Editorial Comment Stroke, July 1, 2002; 33(7): 1751 - 1758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. F. Meschia, D. A. Miller, and T. G. Brott Thrombolytic Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke Mayo Clin. Proc., June 1, 2002; 77(6): 542 - 551. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Hankey, K. Jamrozik, R. J. Broadhurst, S. Forbes, and C. S. Anderson Long-Term Disability After First-Ever Stroke and Related Prognostic Factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study, 1989-1990 Stroke, April 1, 2002; 33(4): 1034 - 1040. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C D A Wolfe, A G Rudd, R Howard, C Coshall, J Stewart, E Lawrence, C Hajat, and T Hillen Incidence and case fatality rates of stroke subtypes in a multiethnic population: the South London Stroke Register J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 2002; 72(2): 211 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Thrift, G. A. Donnan, and J. J. McNeil Reduced Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage With Dynamic Recreational Exercise but Not With Heavy Work Activity Stroke, February 1, 2002; 33(2): 559 - 564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Ospina, D. N. Krause, and S. P. Duckles 17{beta}-Estradiol Increases Rat Cerebrovascular Prostacyclin Synthesis by Elevating Cyclooxygenase-1 and Prostacyclin Synthase Stroke, February 1, 2002; 33(2): 600 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. W. Albers, L. B. Goldstein, D. Hall, L. M. Lesko, and for the Aptiganel Acute Stroke Investigators Aptiganel Hydrochloride in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, December 5, 2001; 286(21): 2673 - 2682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Milhaud, J. Bogousslavsky, G. van Melle, and P. Liot Ischemic stroke and active migraine Neurology, November 27, 2001; 57(10): 1805 - 1811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Al-Shahi and C. Warlow A systematic review of the frequency and prognosis of arteriovenous malformations of the brain in adults Brain, October 1, 2001; 124(10): 1900 - 1926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Mihalka, V. Smolanka, B. Bulecza, S. Mulesa, and D. Bereczki A Population Study of Stroke in West Ukraine: Incidence, Stroke Services, and 30-Day Case Fatality Stroke, October 1, 2001; 32(10): 2227 - 2231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Thrift, H. M. Dewey, R. A.L. Macdonell, J. J. McNeil, and G. A. Donnan Incidence of the Major Stroke Subtypes: Initial Findings From the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS) Stroke, August 1, 2001; 32(8): 1732 - 1738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. van Gijn and G. J. E. Rinkel Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management Brain, February 1, 2001; 124(2): 249 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Leys Atherothrombosis - the neurologist's point of view Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2001; 6(1_suppl): 17 - 19. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Saloheimo, S. Juvela, and M. Hillbom Use of Aspirin, Epistaxis, and Untreated Hypertension as Risk Factors for Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Middle-Aged and Elderly People Stroke, February 1, 2001; 32(2): 399 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K N Vemmos, M L Bots, P K Tsibouris, V P Zis, C E Takis, D E Grobbee, and S Stamatelopoulos Prognosis of stroke in the south of Greece: 1 year mortality, functional outcome and its determinants: the Arcadia Stroke Registry J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, November 1, 2000; 69(5): 595 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Tanizaki, Y. Kiyohara, I. Kato, H. Iwamoto, K. Nakayama, N. Shinohara, H. Arima, K. Tanaka, S. Ibayashi, and M. Fujishima Incidence and Risk Factors for Subtypes of Cerebral Infarction in a General Population : The Hisayama Study Stroke, November 1, 2000; 31(11): 2616 - 2622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D.A. Wolfe, M. Giroud, P. Kolominsky-Rabas, R. Dundas, M. Lemesle, P. Heuschmann, and A. Rudd Variations in Stroke Incidence and Survival in 3 Areas of Europe Stroke, September 1, 2000; 31(9): 2074 - 2079. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Thrift, H. M. Dewey, R. A. L. Macdonell, J. J. McNeil, and G. A. Donnan Stroke Incidence on the East Coast of Australia : The North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS) Stroke, September 1, 2000; 31(9): 2087 - 2092. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Moncayo, G. Devuyst, G. Van Melle, and J. Bogousslavsky Coexisting Causes of Ischemic Stroke Arch Neurol, August 1, 2000; 57(8): 1139 - 1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ingall, K. Asplund, M. Mahonen, and R. Bonita A Multinational Comparison of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Epidemiology in the WHO MONICA Stroke Study Stroke, May 1, 2000; 31(5): 1054 - 1061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. R. Williams, J. G. Jiang, D. B. Matchar, and G. P. Samsa Incidence and Occurrence of Total (First-Ever and Recurrent) Stroke Stroke, December 1, 1999; 30(12): 2523 - 2528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Hankey Stroke: How Large a Public Health Problem, and How Can the Neurologist Help? Arch Neurol, June 1, 1999; 56(6): 748 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-G. Bousser Stroke in Women : The 1997 Paul Dudley White International Lecture Circulation, February 2, 1999; 99(4): 463 - 467. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. P. Samsa, J. Bian, J. Lipscomb, and D. B. Matchar Epidemiology of Recurrent Cerebral Infarction : A Medicare Claims–Based Comparison of First and Recurrent Strokes on 2-Year Survival and Cost Stroke, February 1, 1999; 30(2): 338 - 349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. N. Vemmos, M. L. Bots, P. K. Tsibouris, V. P. Zis, D. E. Grobbee, G. S. Stranjalis, and S. Stamatelopoulos Stroke Incidence and Case Fatality in Southern Greece : The Arcadia Stroke Registry Stroke, February 1, 1999; 30(2): 363 - 370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Lemesle, C. Milan, J. Faivre, T. Moreau, M. Giroud, and R. Dumas Incidence Trends of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attacks in a Well-Defined French Population From 1985 Through 1994 Stroke, February 1, 1999; 30(2): 371 - 377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|