This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Busch, E. Articles by Muizelaar, J. P. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Busch, E. Articles by Muizelaar, J. P. Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Hazardous Substances DB HEPARIN Medline Plus Health Information MRI Scans

(Stroke. 1998;29:2155-2161.)
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Diffusion MR Imaging During Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats

Elmar Busch, MD; Christian Beaulieu, PhD; Alex de Crespigny, PhD; Michael E. Moseley, PhD

From the Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (C.B., A. d C., M.E.M.), and Neurologische Universitaetsklinik, Essen, Germany (E.B.).

Correspondence to Dr Elmar Busch, Neurologie, Universitaetsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany. E-mail elmar.busch{at}uni-essen.de

Background and Purpose—We analyzed the temporal and spatial pattern of water diffusion changes during acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rat brain to identify factors contributing to the acute pathophysiology of SAH.

Methods—Subarachnoid hemorrhage was remotely induced via perforation of the circle of Willis with an endovascular suture during MR imaging. A fast echo-planar imaging technique was used to acquire 60 maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) beginning 1 min before and continuing for 11 min after induction of SAH. A high-resolution spin-echo diffusion sequence was used to follow diffusion changes over 6 h after SAH. Sham-operated control (n=3), nonheparinized (n=6), and heparinized (n=5) groups were studied.

Results—Sham-operated control animals did not show ADC changes over time. In both SAH groups, however, a sharp decline of ADC within 2 min of SAH was consistently observed in the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex. These decreases in diffusion then spread within minutes over the ipsilateral hemisphere. Similar ADC decreases on the contralateral side started with a further time delay of 1 to 3 min. From 30 min onward, the extent of the diffusion abnormality decreased progressively in the nonheparinized animals. No recovery was observed in heparinized rats.

Conclusions—MR diffusion imaging allows new insight into the pathophysiology of acute SAH: The spatial and temporal pattern of diffusion changes suggests the initial occurrence of acute vasospasm and subsequently "spreading depolarization" of brain tissue. Persistent hemorrhage in heparinized animals was reflected by early decline of ADC values throughout the entire brain.

Editorial Comment

J. Paul Muizelaar, MD, PhD, Guest Editor

Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. P. Dreier, J. Woitzik, M. Fabricius, R. Bhatia, S. Major, C. Drenckhahn, T.-N. Lehmann, A. Sarrafzadeh, L. Willumsen, J. A. Hartings, et al. Delayed ischaemic neurological deficits after subarachnoid haemorrhage are associated with clusters of spreading depolarizations Brain, December 1, 2006; 129(12): 3224 - 3237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. C. Petzold, O. Windmuller, S. Haack, S. Major, K. Buchheim, D. Megow, S. Gabriel, T.-N. Lehmann, C. Drenckhahn, O. Peters, et al. Increased Extracellular K+ Concentration Reduces the Efficacy of N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonists to Block Spreading Depression-Like Depolarizations and Spreading Ischemia Stroke, June 1, 2005; 36(6): 1270 - 1277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. F Lythgoe, N. R Sibson, and N. G Harris Neuroimaging of animal models of brain disease Br. Med. Bull., March 1, 2003; 65(1): 235 - 257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. P. Dreier, O. W. Sakowitz, A. W. Unterberg, G. Benndorf, K. M. Einhaupl, and J. M. Valdueza Migrainous aura starting several minutes after the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurology, October 9, 2001; 57(7): 1344 - 1345. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Ishikawa, K. Yokoyama, T. Kuroiwa, and K. Makita Evolution of cerebral ischaemia induced by thromboembolism in rats detected by early sequential MR imaging Br. J. Anaesth., September 1, 2001; 87(3): 469 - 476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Condette-Auliac, S. Bracard, R. Anxionnat, E. Schmitt, J. C. Lacour, M. Braun, J. Meloneto, A. Cordebar, L. Yin, and L. Picard Vasospasm After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Interest in Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging Stroke, August 1, 2001; 32(8): 1818 - 1824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. D. Schellinger, O. Jansen, J. B. Fiebach, S. Heiland, T. Steiner, S. Schwab, O. Pohlers, H. Ryssel, K. Sartor, and W. Hacke Monitoring Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke With Diffusion and Perfusion MRI Stroke, June 1, 2000; 31(6): 1318 - 1328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. C. Tong, G. W. Albers, M. A. Yenari, M. P. Marks, P. D. Schellinger, O. Jansen, J. B. Fiebach, and K. Sartor A Standardized MRI Stroke Protocol: Comparison with CT in Hyperacute Intracerebral Hemorrhage • Response Stroke, September 1, 1999; 30 (9): 1974a - 1981. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. D. Schellinger, O. Jansen, J. B. Fiebach, W. Hacke, and K. Sartor A Standardized MRI Stroke Protocol : Comparison with CT in Hyperacute Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke, April 1, 1999; 30(4): 765 - 768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]