Donate Help Contact The AHA Sign In Home
American Heart Association
Stroke
Search: search_blue_button Advanced Search
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Bernd Ringelstein, E.
Right arrow Articles by Siebler, M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Bernd Ringelstein, E.
Right arrow Articles by Siebler, M.
Related Collections
Right arrow AHA Statements and Guidelines

(Stroke. 1998;29:725-729.)
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.


Special Report

Consensus on Microembolus Detection by TCD

International Consensus Group on Microembolus Detection
E. Bernd Ringelstein, MD, (Chairman); Dirk W. Droste, MD; Viken L. Babikian, MD; David H. Evans, PhD; Donald G. Grosset, MD; Manfred Kaps, MD; Hugh S. Markus, MD; David Russell, MD; Mario Siebler, MD

From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster (Germany) (E.B.R., D.W.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Mass (V.L.B.); Division of Medical Physics, University of Leicester (UK) (D.H.E.); Department of Neurology, Northern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland (D.G.G.); Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck (Germany) (M.K.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry and Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK (H.S.M.); Department of Neurology, University of Oslo (Norway) (D.R.); and Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf (Germany) (M.S.).

Correspondence to E. Bernd Ringelstein, MD, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie der WWU Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany.

Abstract—Transcranial Doppler ultrasound is capable of detecting microembolic material, both gaseous and solid, within the intracranial cerebral arteries. To avoid discrediting this promising and exciting new technique, experts in this field met in January 1997 in Frankfurt, Germany, to discuss the limitations and problems of embolus detection and to determine guidelines for its proper use in clinical practice, as well as in scientific investigations. In particular, the authors suggest that studies report the following parameters: (1) ultrasound device, (2) transducer type and size, (3) insonated artery, (4) insonation depth, (5) algorithms for signal intensity measurement, (6) scale settings, (7) detection threshold, (8) axial extension of sample volume, (9) fast Fourier transform (FFT) size (number of points used), (10) FFT length (time), (11) FFT overlap, (12) transmitted ultrasound frequency, (13) high-pass filter settings, and (14) recording time. There was agreement that no current system of automatic embolus detection has the required sensitivity and specificity for clinical use.


Key Words: embolism • ultrasonography, Doppler




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
L. D. Sauren, M. la Meir, L. de Roy, L. Pison, F. H. van der Veen, W. H. Mess, H. J. Crijns, and J. G. Maessen
Increased number of cerebral emboli during percutaneous endocardial pulmonary vein isolation versus a thoracoscopic epicardial approach
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., November 1, 2009; 36(5): 833 - 837.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
R. E. Latchaw, M. J. Alberts, M. H. Lev, J. J. Connors, R. E. Harbaugh, R. T. Higashida, R. Hobson, C. S. Kidwell, W. J. Koroshetz, V. Mathews, et al.
Recommendations for Imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Stroke, November 1, 2009; 40(11): 3646 - 3678.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Anesth. Analg.Home page
Y.-H. Liu, D.-X. Wang, L.-H. Li, X.-M. Wu, G.-J. Shan, Y. Su, J. Li, Q.-J. Yu, C.-X. Shi, Y.-N. Huang, et al.
The Effects of Cardiopulmonary Bypass on the Number of Cerebral Microemboli and the Incidence of Cognitive Dysfunction After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Anesth. Analg., October 1, 2009; 109(4): 1013 - 1022.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
L. D. Sauren, M. la Meir, G. Bolotin, F. H. van der Veen, J. H. Heijmans, W. H. Mess, and J. G. Maessen
The EmBlocker: Efficiency of a New Ultrasonic Embolic Protection Device Adjunctive to Heart Valve Surgery.
Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 2009; 88(1): 253 - 257.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur Heart JHome page
T. Gerriets, N. Schwarz, G. Sammer, J. Baehr, E. Stolz, M. Kaps, W.-P. Kloevekorn, G. Bachmann, and M. Schonburg
Protecting the brain from gaseous and solid micro-emboli during coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized controlled trial
Eur. Heart J., June 18, 2009; (2009) ehp178v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann.Home page
J. Stygall, S. Suvarna, J. Harrington, M. Hayward, R. K Walesby, and S. P Newman
Effect on the Brain of Two Techniques of Myocardial Protection
Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, June 1, 2009; 17(3): 259 - 265.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
G. Tsivgoulis and A. V. Alexandrov
Response to Letter by Syme
Stroke, May 1, 2009; 40(5): e405 - e405.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
G. Tsivgoulis, B. L. Man, A. Y. Lao, V. K. Sharma, V. Kotsis, K. Vadikolias, and A. V. Alexandrov
A Spectrum of Knock-Type Doppler Signals in the Intracranial Vessels
Stroke, February 1, 2009; 40(2): 644 - 647.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
R. A. Rodriguez, H. J. Nathan, M. Ruel, F. Rubens, D. Dafoe, and T. Mesana
A method to distinguish between gaseous and solid cerebral emboli in patients with prosthetic heart valves
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., January 1, 2009; 35(1): 89 - 95.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
PerfusionHome page
L. Sauren, E. Mooren, E. Severdija, P. Weerwind, and J. Maessen
Emboli occurrence during coronary artery bypass surgery: the influence of a new method of perfusionist blood sampling
Perfusion, September 1, 2008; 23(5): 261 - 265.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
V. K. Sharma, G. Tsivgoulis, A. Y. Lao, M. D. Malkoff, A. W. Alexandrov, and A. V. Alexandrov
Quantification of Microspheres Appearance in Brain Vessels: Implications for Residual Flow Velocity Measurements, Dose Calculations, and Potential Drug Delivery
Stroke, May 1, 2008; 39(5): 1476 - 1481.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. PsychiatryHome page
Y Iguchi, K Kimura, K Kobayashi, Y Ueno, K Shibazaki, and T Inoue
Microembolic signals at 48 hours after stroke onset contribute to new ischaemia within a week
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, March 1, 2008; 79(3): 253 - 259.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
M. Toledo, F. Pujadas, E. Grive, J. Alvarez-Sabin, M. Quintana, and A. Rovira
Lack of Evidence for Arterial Ischemia in Transient Global Amnesia
Stroke, February 1, 2008; 39(2): 476 - 479.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Card Surg AdultHome page
J. W. Hammon
Extracorporeal Circulation: Perfusion System
Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2008; 3(2008): 350 - 370.
[Full Text]


Home page
Br. J. Radiol.Home page
N Purandare, R C Oude Voshaar, C McCollum, A Jackson, and A Burns
Paradoxical embolisation and cerebral white matter lesions in dementia
Br. J. Radiol., January 1, 2008; 81(961): 30 - 34.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
B. Bierbach, M. Meier, W. Kasper-Konig, A. Heimann, B. Alessandri, G. Horstick, H. Oelert, and O. Kempski
Emboli Formation Rather Than Inflammatory Mediators Are Responsible for Increased Cerebral Water Content After Conventional and Assisted Beating-Heart Myocardial Revascularization in a Porcine Model
Stroke, January 1, 2008; 39(1): 213 - 219.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
M. J. Martin, E. M.L. Chung, A. H. Goodall, A. D. Martina, K. V. Ramnarine, L. Fan, S. V. Hainsworth, A. R. Naylor, and D. H. Evans
Enhanced Detection of Thromboemboli With the Use of Targeted Microbubbles
Stroke, October 1, 2007; 38(10): 2726 - 2732.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
F. D. Rubens, M. Boodhwani, T. Mesana, D. Wozny, G. Wells, H. J. Nathan, and on behalf of the Cardiotomy Investigators
The Cardiotomy Trial: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Assess the Effect of Processing of Shed Blood During Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Transfusion and Neurocognitive Function
Circulation, September 11, 2007; 116(11_suppl): I-89 - I-97.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
PerfusionHome page
D.C. Whitaker, A.J.E. Green, J. Stygall, M.J.G. Harrison, and S.P. Newman
Evaluation of an alternative S100b assay for use in cardiac surgery: relationship with microemboli and neuropsychological outcome
Perfusion, July 1, 2007; 22(4): 267 - 272.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
M. Perthel, L. El-Ayoubi, A. Bendisch, J. Laas, and M. Gerigk
Clinical advantages of using mini-bypass systems in terms of blood product use, postoperative bleeding and air entrainment: an in vivo clinical perspective
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., June 1, 2007; 31(6): 1070 - 1075.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
P. Bahrmann, G. S. Werner, G. Heusch, M. Ferrari, T. C. Poerner, A. Voss, and H. R. Figulla
Detection of Coronary Microembolization by Doppler Ultrasound in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Circulation, February 6, 2007; 115(5): 600 - 608.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
R. Motallebzadeh, J. M. Bland, H. S. Markus, J. C. Kaski, and M. Jahangiri
Neurocognitive Function and Cerebral Emboli: Randomized Study of On-Pump Versus Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2007; 83(2): 475 - 482.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. PsychiatryHome page
Y Iguchi, K Kimura, K Kobayashi, Y Ueno, and T Inoue
Ischaemic stroke with malignancy may often be caused by paradoxical embolism
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, December 1, 2006; 77(12): 1336 - 1339.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
PerfusionHome page
R. A Rodriguez and D. Belway
Comparison of two different extracorporeal circuits on cerebral embolization during cardiopulmonary bypass in children
Perfusion, September 1, 2006; 21(5): 247 - 253.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
Br. J. PsychiatryHome page
N. Purandare, R. C. O. Voshaar, J. Hardicre, J. Byrne, C. McCollum, and A. Burns
Cerebral emboli and depressive symptoms in dementia
The British Journal of Psychiatry, September 1, 2006; 189(3): 260 - 263.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
H. Poppert, S. Sadikovic, K. Sander, O. Wolf, and D. Sander
Embolic Signals in Unselected Stroke Patients: Prevalence and Diagnostic Benefit
Stroke, August 1, 2006; 37(8): 2039 - 2043.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. PsychiatryHome page
A Dahl, R Omdal, K Waterloo, O Joakimsen, E A Jacobsen, W Koldingsnes, and S I Mellgren
Detection of cerebral embolic signals in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, June 1, 2006; 77(6): 774 - 779.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
BMJHome page
N. Purandare, A. Burns, K. J Daly, J. Hardicre, J. Morris, G. Macfarlane, and C. McCollum
Cerebral emboli as a potential cause of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: case-control study
BMJ, May 13, 2006; 332(7550): 1119 - 1124.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
R. Dittrich, M. A. Ritter, M. Kaps, M. Siebler, K. Lees, V. Larrue, D. G. Nabavi, E. B. Ringelstein, H. S. Markus, and D. W. Droste
The Use of Embolic Signal Detection in Multicenter Trials to Evaluate Antiplatelet Efficacy: Signal Analysis and Quality Control Mechanisms in the CARESS (Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic carotid Stenosis) Trial
Stroke, April 1, 2006; 37(4): 1065 - 1069.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
PerfusionHome page
D. C Whitaker, J. Stygall, C. Hope-Wynne, R. K Walesby, M. J. Harrison, and S. P Newman
A prospective clinical study of cerebral microemboli and neuropsychological outcome comparing vent-line and auto-venting arterial line filters: both filters are equally safe
Perfusion, March 1, 2006; 21(2): 83 - 86.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
R. Sztajzel, I. Momjian-Mayor, M. Comelli, and S. Momjian
Correlation of Cerebrovascular Symptoms and Microembolic Signals With the Stratified Gray-Scale Median Analysis and Color Mapping of the Carotid Plaque
Stroke, March 1, 2006; 37(3): 824 - 829.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
M. Schoenburg, J. Baer, N. Schwarz, E. Stolz, M. Kaps, G. Bachmann, and T. Gerriets
EmboDop: Insufficient Automatic Microemboli Identification
Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 342 - 343.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
PerfusionHome page
M Perthel, S Kseibi, F Sagebiel, A Alken, and J Laas
Comparison of conventional extracorporeal circulation and minimal extracorporeal circulation with respect to microbubbles and microembolic signals
Perfusion, December 1, 2005; 20(6): 329 - 333.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
J. D. Spence, A. Tamayo, S. P. Lownie, W. P. Ng, and G. G. Ferguson
Absence of Microemboli on Transcranial Doppler Identifies Low-Risk Patients With Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis
Stroke, November 1, 2005; 36(11): 2373 - 2378.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
N. H. Thoennissen, M. Schneider, A. Allroggen, M. Ritter, R. Dittrich, C. Schmid, H. H. Scheld, E. B. Ringelstein, and D. G. Nabavi
High level of cerebral microembolization in patients supported with the DeBakey left ventricular assist device
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2005; 130(4): 1159 - 1166.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ChestHome page
M. Barak and Y. Katz
Microbubbles: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications
Chest, October 1, 2005; 128(4): 2918 - 2932.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ANGIOLOGYHome page
K. I. Paraskevas, S. S. Daskalopoulou, M. E. Daskalopoulos, and C. D. Liapis
Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease. What Is the Evidence?
Angiology, September 1, 2005; 56(5): 539 - 552.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
P Bahrmann, H R Figulla, M Wagner, M Ferrari, A Voss, and G S Werner
Detection of coronary microembolisation by Doppler ultrasound during percutaneous coronary interventions
Heart, September 1, 2005; 91(9): 1186 - 1192.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
H. D. Aronow, M. Shishehbor, D. A. Davis, I. L. Katzan, D. L. Bhatt, C. T. Bajzer, A. Abou-Chebl, K. W. Derk, P. L. Whitlow, and J. S. Yadav
Leukocyte Count Predicts Microembolic Doppler Signals During Carotid Stenting: A Link Between Inflammation and Embolization
Stroke, September 1, 2005; 36(9): 1910 - 1914.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Ultrasound MedHome page
B. Draganski, W. Blersch, S. Holmer, H. Koch, A. May, U. Bogdahn, T. Holscher, and F. Schlachetzki
Detection of Cardiac Right-to-Left Shunts by Contrast-Enhanced Harmonic Carotid Duplex Sonography
J. Ultrasound Med., August 1, 2005; 24(8): 1071 - 1076.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arch NeurolHome page
G. Orlandi, S. Fanucchi, S. Gallerini, C. Sonnoli, M. Cosottini, M. Puglioli, F. Sartucci, and L. Murri
Impaired Clearance of Microemboli and Cerebrovascular Symptoms During Carotid Stenting Procedures
Arch Neurol, August 1, 2005; 62(8): 1208 - 1211.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
H. S. Markus and M. Punter
Can Transcranial Doppler Discriminate Between Solid and Gaseous Microemboli?: Assessment of a Dual-Frequency Transducer System
Stroke, August 1, 2005; 36(8): 1731 - 1734.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
A. D. Mackinnon, R. Aaslid, and H. S. Markus
Ambulatory Transcranial Doppler Cerebral Embolic Signal Detection in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis
Stroke, August 1, 2005; 36(8): 1726 - 1730.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
H. S. Markus, D. W. Droste, M. Kaps, V. Larrue, K. R. Lees, M. Siebler, and E. B. Ringelstein
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy With Clopidogrel and Aspirin in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis Evaluated Using Doppler Embolic Signal Detection: The Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS) Trial
Circulation, May 3, 2005; 111(17): 2233 - 2240.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
PerfusionHome page
M. Perthel, S. Kseibi, A. Bendisch, and J. Laas
Use of a dynamic bubble trap in the arterial line reduces microbubbles during cardiopulmonary bypass and microembolic signals in the middle cerebral artery
Perfusion, May 1, 2005; 20(3): 151 - 156.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
H. S. Markus and A. MacKinnon
Asymptomatic Embolization Detected by Doppler Ultrasound Predicts Stroke Risk in Symptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis
Stroke, May 1, 2005; 36(5): 971 - 975.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
PerfusionHome page
R. A Rodriguez, K. A Williams, A. Babaev, F. Rubens, and H. J Nathan
Effect of perfusionist technique on cerebral embolization during cardiopulmonary bypass
Perfusion, January 1, 2005; 20(1): 3 - 10.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
VASC ENDOVASCULAR SURGHome page
T. Kudo, Y. Inoue, H. Nakamura, M. Hirokawa, N. Sugano, and T. Iwai
Detection of Peripheral Microemboli Through Collateral Circulation by Doppler Ultrasound Monitoring: Report of 2 Cases
Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, January 1, 2005; 39(1): 103 - 108.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
A. Schmidt, K.-W. Diederich, S. Scheinert, S. Braunlich, T. Olenburger, G. Biamino, G. Schuler, and D. Scheinert
Effect of two different neuroprotection systems on microembolization during carotid artery stenting
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 16, 2004; 44(10): 1966 - 1969.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Ultrasound MedHome page
N. Uzuner, S. Horner, G. Pichler, D. Svetina, and K. Niederkorn
Right-to-Left Shunt Assessed by Contrast Transcranial Doppler Sonography: New Insights
J. Ultrasound Med., November 1, 2004; 23(11): 1475 - 1482.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Br J AnaesthHome page
I. K. Moppett and R. P. Mahajan
Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in anaesthesia and intensive care
Br. J. Anaesth., November 1, 2004; 93(5): 710 - 724.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
O. Wolf, P. Heider, M. Heinz, H. Poppert, D. Sander, O. Greil, W. Weiss, M. Hanke, and H.-H. Eckstein
Microembolic Signals Detected by Transcranial Doppler Sonography During Carotid Endarterectomy and Correlation With Serial Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
Stroke, November 1, 2004; 35(11): e373 - e375.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
M. Bendszus, M. Koltzenburg, A. J. Bartsch, R. Goldbrunner, T. Gunthner-Lengsfeld, F. X. Weilbach, K. Roosen, K. V. Toyka, and L. Solymosi
Heparin and Air Filters Reduce Embolic Events Caused by Intra-Arterial Cerebral Angiography: A Prospective, Randomized Trial
Circulation, October 12, 2004; 110(15): 2210 - 2215.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NeurologyHome page
M. A. Sloan, A. V. Alexandrov, C. H. Tegeler, M. P. Spencer, L. R. Caplan, E. Feldmann, L. R. Wechsler, D. W. Newell, C. R. Gomez, V. L. Babikian, et al.
Assessment: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
Neurology, May 11, 2004; 62(9): 1468 - 1481.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
R. T. Higashida, P. M. Meyers, C. C. Phatouros, J. J. Connors III, J. D. Barr, D. Sacks, and for the Technology Assessment Committees of the Am
Reporting Standards for Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stent Placement
Stroke, May 1, 2004; 35(5): e112 - e134.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
G. Devuyst, B. Piechowski-Jozwiak, T. Karapanayiotides, J.-W. Fitting, V. Kemeny, L. Hirt, L. A. Urbano, P. Arnold, G. van Melle, P.-A. Despland, et al.
Controlled Contrast Transcranial Doppler and Arterial Blood Gas Analysis to Quantify Shunt Through Patent Foramen Ovale
Stroke, April 1, 2004; 35(4): 859 - 863.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
J. J. Ferguson
If There's Smoke, Is There Fire?
Circulation, March 30, 2004; 109(12): 1442 - 1444.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
D. A. Payne, C. I. Jones, P. D. Hayes, M. M. Thompson, N. J. London, P. R. Bell, A. H. Goodall, and A. R. Naylor
Beneficial Effects of Clopidogrel Combined With Aspirin in Reducing Cerebral Emboli in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy
Circulation, March 30, 2004; 109(12): 1476 - 1481.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
R. Motallebzadeh, R. Kanagasabay, M. Bland, J. C. Kaski, and M. Jahangiri
S100 protein and its relation to cerebral microemboli in on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., March 1, 2004; 25(3): 409 - 414.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
D. C. Whitaker, S. P. Newman, J. Stygall, C. Hope-Wynne, M. J.G. Harrison, and R. K. Walesby
The effect of leucocyte-depleting arterial line filters on cerebral microemboli and neuropsychological outcome following coronary artery bypass surgery
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., February 1, 2004; 25(2): 267 - 274.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
A. D. Mackinnon, R. Aaslid, and H. S. Markus
Long-Term Ambulatory Monitoring for Cerebral Emboli Using Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound
Stroke, January 1, 2004; 35(1): 73 - 78.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
M. Saqqur, N. Dean, M. Schebel, M. D. Hill, A. Salam, A. Shuaib, and A. M. Demchuk
Improved Detection of Microbubble Signals Using Power M-Mode Doppler
Stroke, January 1, 2004; 35 (1): e14 - e17.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
D. W. Droste, T. Beyna, B. Frye, V. Schulte, E. B. Ringelstein, and R. M. Schaefer
Reduction of circulating microemboli in the subclavian vein of patients undergoing haemodialysis using pre-filled instead of dry dialysers
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., November 1, 2003; 18(11): 2377 - 2381.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ICVTSHome page
M. Misfeld, T. Gerriets, G. Kopiske, M. Kaps, H.-H. Sievers, and E.-G. Kraatz
Quantification of microembolic signals during transmyocardial laser revascularization
Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, September 1, 2003; 2(3): 334 - 338.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
C. Lund, P. K. Hol, R. Lundblad, E. Fosse, K. Sundet, B. Tennoe, R. Brucher, and D. Russell
Comparison of cerebral embolization during off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
Ann. Thorac. Surg., September 1, 2003; 76(3): 765 - 770.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
D. G. Nabavi, J. Stockmann, C. Schmid, M. Schneider, D. Hammel, H. H. Scheld, and E. B. Ringelstein
Doppler microembolic load predicts risk of thromboembolic complications in Novacor patients
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2003; 126(1): 160 - 167.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
U. Junghans and M. Siebler
Cerebral Microembolism Is Blocked by Tirofiban, a Selective Nonpeptide Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonist
Circulation, June 3, 2003; 107(21): 2717 - 2721.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
J. Laas, S. Kseibi, M. Perthel, A. Klingbeil, L'E. El-Ayoubi, and A. Alken
Impact of high intensity transient signals on the choice of mechanical aortic valve substitutes
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., January 1, 2003; 23(1): 93 - 96.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Card Surg AdultHome page
E. A. Hessel II and L. H. Edmunds Jr.
Extracorporeal Circulation: Perfusion Systems
Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 317 - 338.
[Full Text]


Home page
CirculationHome page
Z. Kaposzta, A. Clifton, J. Molloy, J. F. Martin, and H. S. Markus
S-Nitrosoglutathione Reduces Asymptomatic Embolization After Carotid Angioplasty
Circulation, December 10, 2002; 106(24): 3057 - 3062.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
D. Georgiadis, A. Studer, R.W. Baumgartner, and H.R. Zerkowski
Clinical relevance of microembolic signals in patients with prosthetic heart valves
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., September 1, 2002; 22(3): 490 - 491.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
D. W. Droste, S. Lakemeier, T. Wichter, J. Stypmann, R. Dittrich, M. Ritter, M. Moeller, M. Freund, and E. B. Ringelstein
Optimizing the Technique of Contrast Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in the Detection of Right-to-Left Shunts
Stroke, September 1, 2002; 33(9): 2211 - 2216.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
R. Brucher and D. Russell
Automatic Online Embolus Detection and Artifact Rejection With the First Multifrequency Transcranial Doppler
Stroke, August 1, 2002; 33(8): 1969 - 1974.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
D. Russell and R. Brucher
Online Automatic Discrimination Between Solid and Gaseous Cerebral Microemboli With the First Multifrequency Transcranial Doppler
Stroke, August 1, 2002; 33(8): 1975 - 1980.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
E. Kumral, D. Evyapan, K. Aksu, G. Keser, Y. Kabasakal, and K. Balkir
Microembolus Detection in Patients With Takayasu's Arteritis
Stroke, March 1, 2002; 33(3): 712 - 716.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
S.J. Fearn, R. Pole, M. Burgess, S.G. Ray, T.L. Hooper, and C.N. McCollum
Cerebral embolisation during modern cardiopulmonary bypass
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., December 1, 2001; 20(6): 1163 - 1167.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
G. Devuyst, G.A. Darbellay, J.-M. Vesin, V. Kemeny, M. Ritter, D.W. Droste, C. Molina, J. Serena, R. Sztajzel, P. Ruchat, et al.
Automatic Classification of HITS Into Artifacts or Solid or Gaseous Emboli by a Wavelet Representation Combined With Dual-Gate TCD
Stroke, December 1, 2001; 32(12): 2803 - 2809.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
N. Al-Mubarak, G. S. Roubin, J. J. Vitek, S. S. Iyer, G. New, and M. B. Leon
Effect of the Distal-Balloon Protection System on Microembolization During Carotid Stenting
Circulation, October 23, 2001; 104(17): 1999 - 2002.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
C. Arquizan, J. Coste, P.-J. Touboul, and J.-L. Mas
Is Patent Foramen Ovale a Family Trait? : A Transcranial Doppler Sonographic Study
Stroke, July 1, 2001; 32(7): 1563 - 1566.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
Z. Kaposzta, P. A. Baskerville, D. Madge, S. Fraser, J. F. Martin, and H. S. Markus
L-Arginine and S-Nitrosoglutathione Reduce Embolization in Humans
Circulation, May 15, 2001; 103(19): 2371 - 2375.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NeurologyHome page
T. Segura, J. Serena, M. Castellanos, J. Teruel, C. Vilar, and A. Davalos
Embolism in acute middle cerebral artery stenosis
Neurology, February 27, 2001; 56(4): 497 - 501.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NeurologyHome page
C. A. Molina, J. Alvarez-Sabin, W. Schonewille, J. Montaner, A. Rovira, S. Abilleira, and A. Codina
Cerebral microembolism in acute spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection
Neurology, December 12, 2000; 55(11): 1738 - 1741.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ANGIOLOGYHome page
T. J. Tegos, E. Kalodiki, M. M. Sabetai, and A. N. Nicolaides
Stroke: Pathogenesis, Investigations, and Prognosis: Part II of III
Angiology, November 1, 2000; 51(11): 885 - 894.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
RadiologyHome page
C. C. Phatouros, R. T. Higashida, A. M. Malek, P. M. Meyers, T. E. Lempert, C. F. Dowd, and V. V. Halbach
Carotid Artery Stent Placement for Atherosclerotic Disease: Rationale, Technique, and Current Status
Radiology, October 1, 2000; 217(1): 26 - 41.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


Home page
Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
F. Rolle, J. Pengloan, M. Abazza, J. M. Halimi, M. Laskar, L. Pourcelot, and F. Tranquart
Identification of microemboli during haemodialysis using Doppler ultrasound
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2000; 15(9): 1420 - 1424.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
H. Markus
Monitoring Embolism in Real Time
Circulation, August 22, 2000; 102(8): 826 - 828.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
D. W. Droste, K. Silling, J. Stypmann, M. Grude, V. Kemeny, T. Wichter, K. Kuhne, and E. B. Ringelstein
Contrast Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in the Detection of Right-to-Left Shunts : Time Window and Threshold in Microbubble Numbers
Stroke, July 1, 2000; 31(7): 1640 - 1645.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
M. Cullinane, G. Reid, R. Dittrich, Z. Kaposzta, R. Ackerstaff, V. Babikian, D. W. Droste, D. Grossett, M. Siebler, L. Valton, et al.
Evaluation of New Online Automated Embolic Signal Detection Algorithm, Including Comparison With Panel of International Experts
Stroke, June 1, 2000; 31(6): 1335 - 1341.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
D.J. Wheatley, L. Raco, G.M. Bernacca, I. Sim, P.R. Belcher, and J.S. Boyd
Polyurethane: material for the next generation of heart valve prostheses?
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., April 1, 2000; 17(4): 440 - 448.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
T. Rundek, M. R. Di Tullio, R. R. Sciacca, I. V. Titova, J. P. Mohr, S. Homma, and R. L. Sacco
Association Between Large Aortic Arch Atheromas and High-Intensity Transient Signals in Elderly Stroke Patients
Stroke, December 1, 1999; 30(12): 2683 - 2686.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
M. A. Borger, R. L. Taylor, R. D. Weisel, G. Kulkarni, M. Benaroia, V. Rao, G. Cohen, L. Fedorko, and C. M. Feindel
DECREASED CEREBRAL EMBOLI DURING DISTAL AORTIC ARCH CANNULATION: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 1999; 118(4): 740 - 745.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
S. Meairs and M. Hennerici
Four-Dimensional Ultrasonographic Characterization of Plaque Surface Motion in Patients With Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis
Stroke, September 1, 1999; 30(9): 1807 - 1813.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
Z. Kaposzta, E. Young, P. M. W. Bath, and H. S. Markus
Clinical Application of Asymptomatic Embolic Signal Detection in Acute Stroke : A Prospective Study
Stroke, September 1, 1999; 30(9): 1814 - 1818.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
D. W. Droste, J.-U. Kriete, J. Stypmann, M. Castrucci, T. Wichter, R. Tietje, B. Weltermann, P. Young, and E. B. Ringelstein
Contrast Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in the Detection of Right-to-Left Shunts : Comparison of Different Procedures and Different Contrast Agents
Stroke, September 1, 1999; 30(9): 1827 - 1832.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
H. Markus, M. Cullinane, and G. Reid
Improved Automated Detection of Embolic Signals Using a Novel Frequency Filtering Approach
Stroke, August 1, 1999; 30(8): 1610 - 1615.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
D. W. Droste, M. Reisener, V. Kemeny, R. Dittrich, G. Schulte-Altedorneburg, J. Stypmann, T. Wichter, and E. B. Ringelstein
Contrast Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in the Detection of Right-to-Left Shunts : Reproducibility, Comparison of 2 Agents, and Distribution of Microemboli
Stroke, May 1, 1999; 30(5): 1014 - 1018.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
V. Kemeny, D. W. Droste, S. Hermes, D. G. Nabavi, G. Schulte-Altedorneburg, M. Siebler, and E. B. Ringelstein
Automatic Embolus Detection by a Neural Network
Stroke, April 1, 1999; 30(4): 807 - 810.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
M. Goertler, M. Baeumer, R. Kross, T. Blaser, G. Lutze, S. Jost, and C.-W. Wallesch
Rapid Decline of Cerebral Microemboli of Arterial Origin After Intravenous Acetylsalicylic Acid
Stroke, January 1, 1999; 30(1): 66 - 69.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
Z. Kaposzta, J. F. Martin, and H. S. Markus
Switching off Embolization From Symptomatic Carotid Plaque Using S-Nitrosoglutathione
Circulation, March 26, 2002; 105(12): 1480 - 1484.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]