From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster (Germany)
(E.B.R., D.W.D.); Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Mass
(V.L.B.); Division of Medical Physics, University of Leicester (UK) (D.H.E.);
Department of Neurology, Northern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
(D.G.G.); Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck (Germany) (M.K.);
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, King's College School of Medicine
and Dentistry and Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK (H.S.M.); Department of
Neurology, University of Oslo (Norway) (D.R.); and Department of Neurology,
University of Düsseldorf (Germany) (M.S.).
Correspondence to E. Bernd Ringelstein, MD, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie der WWU Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany.
Abstract—Transcranial
Doppler ultrasound is capable of detecting
microembolic material, both gaseous and solid, within
the intracranial cerebral arteries. To avoid discrediting this
promising and exciting new technique, experts in this field met in
January 1997 in Frankfurt, Germany, to discuss the limitations and
problems of embolus detection and to determine guidelines for its
proper use in clinical practice, as well as in scientific
investigations. In particular, the authors suggest that studies report
the following parameters: (1) ultrasound device, (2)
transducer type and size, (3) insonated artery, (4) insonation depth,
(5) algorithms for signal intensity measurement, (6) scale settings,
(7) detection threshold, (8) axial extension of sample volume, (9) fast
Fourier transform (FFT) size (number of points used), (10) FFT length
(time), (11) FFT overlap, (12) transmitted ultrasound frequency, (13)
high-pass filter settings, and (14) recording time. There was
agreement that no current system of automatic embolus detection has the
required sensitivity and specificity for clinical use.
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Special Report
Consensus on Microembolus Detection by TCD
Key Words: embolism • ultrasonography, Doppler
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D. Georgiadis, A. Studer, R.W. Baumgartner, and H.R. Zerkowski Clinical relevance of microembolic signals in patients with prosthetic heart valves Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., September 1, 2002; 22(3): 490 - 491. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. W. Droste, S. Lakemeier, T. Wichter, J. Stypmann, R. Dittrich, M. Ritter, M. Moeller, M. Freund, and E. B. Ringelstein Optimizing the Technique of Contrast Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in the Detection of Right-to-Left Shunts Stroke, September 1, 2002; 33(9): 2211 - 2216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Brucher and D. Russell Automatic Online Embolus Detection and Artifact Rejection With the First Multifrequency Transcranial Doppler Stroke, August 1, 2002; 33(8): 1969 - 1974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Russell and R. Brucher Online Automatic Discrimination Between Solid and Gaseous Cerebral Microemboli With the First Multifrequency Transcranial Doppler Stroke, August 1, 2002; 33(8): 1975 - 1980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Kumral, D. Evyapan, K. Aksu, G. Keser, Y. Kabasakal, and K. Balkir Microembolus Detection in Patients With Takayasu's Arteritis Stroke, March 1, 2002; 33(3): 712 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.J. Fearn, R. Pole, M. Burgess, S.G. Ray, T.L. Hooper, and C.N. McCollum Cerebral embolisation during modern cardiopulmonary bypass Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., December 1, 2001; 20(6): 1163 - 1167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Devuyst, G.A. Darbellay, J.-M. Vesin, V. Kemeny, M. Ritter, D.W. Droste, C. Molina, J. Serena, R. Sztajzel, P. Ruchat, et al. Automatic Classification of HITS Into Artifacts or Solid or Gaseous Emboli by a Wavelet Representation Combined With Dual-Gate TCD Stroke, December 1, 2001; 32(12): 2803 - 2809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Al-Mubarak, G. S. Roubin, J. J. Vitek, S. S. Iyer, G. New, and M. B. Leon Effect of the Distal-Balloon Protection System on Microembolization During Carotid Stenting Circulation, October 23, 2001; 104(17): 1999 - 2002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Arquizan, J. Coste, P.-J. Touboul, and J.-L. Mas Is Patent Foramen Ovale a Family Trait? : A Transcranial Doppler Sonographic Study Stroke, July 1, 2001; 32(7): 1563 - 1566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Kaposzta, P. A. Baskerville, D. Madge, S. Fraser, J. F. Martin, and H. S. Markus L-Arginine and S-Nitrosoglutathione Reduce Embolization in Humans Circulation, May 15, 2001; 103(19): 2371 - 2375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Segura, J. Serena, M. Castellanos, J. Teruel, C. Vilar, and A. Davalos Embolism in acute middle cerebral artery stenosis Neurology, February 27, 2001; 56(4): 497 - 501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Molina, J. Alvarez-Sabin, W. Schonewille, J. Montaner, A. Rovira, S. Abilleira, and A. Codina Cerebral microembolism in acute spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection Neurology, December 12, 2000; 55(11): 1738 - 1741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Tegos, E. Kalodiki, M. M. Sabetai, and A. N. Nicolaides Stroke: Pathogenesis, Investigations, and Prognosis: Part II of III Angiology, November 1, 2000; 51(11): 885 - 894. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 C. C. Phatouros, R. T. Higashida, A. M. Malek, P. M. Meyers, T. E. Lempert, C. F. Dowd, and V. V. Halbach Carotid Artery Stent Placement for Atherosclerotic Disease: Rationale, Technique, and Current Status Radiology, October 1, 2000; 217(1): 26 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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F. Rolle, J. Pengloan, M. Abazza, J. M. Halimi, M. Laskar, L. Pourcelot, and F. Tranquart Identification of microemboli during haemodialysis using Doppler ultrasound Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2000; 15(9): 1420 - 1424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Markus Monitoring Embolism in Real Time Circulation, August 22, 2000; 102(8): 826 - 828. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. W. Droste, K. Silling, J. Stypmann, M. Grude, V. Kemeny, T. Wichter, K. Kuhne, and E. B. Ringelstein Contrast Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in the Detection of Right-to-Left Shunts : Time Window and Threshold in Microbubble Numbers Stroke, July 1, 2000; 31(7): 1640 - 1645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Cullinane, G. Reid, R. Dittrich, Z. Kaposzta, R. Ackerstaff, V. Babikian, D. W. Droste, D. Grossett, M. Siebler, L. Valton, et al. Evaluation of New Online Automated Embolic Signal Detection Algorithm, Including Comparison With Panel of International Experts Stroke, June 1, 2000; 31(6): 1335 - 1341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D.J. Wheatley, L. Raco, G.M. Bernacca, I. Sim, P.R. Belcher, and J.S. Boyd Polyurethane: material for the next generation of heart valve prostheses? Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., April 1, 2000; 17(4): 440 - 448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Rundek, M. R. Di Tullio, R. R. Sciacca, I. V. Titova, J. P. Mohr, S. Homma, and R. L. Sacco Association Between Large Aortic Arch Atheromas and High-Intensity Transient Signals in Elderly Stroke Patients Stroke, December 1, 1999; 30(12): 2683 - 2686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Borger, R. L. Taylor, R. D. Weisel, G. Kulkarni, M. Benaroia, V. Rao, G. Cohen, L. Fedorko, and C. M. Feindel DECREASED CEREBRAL EMBOLI DURING DISTAL AORTIC ARCH CANNULATION: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 1999; 118(4): 740 - 745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Meairs and M. Hennerici Four-Dimensional Ultrasonographic Characterization of Plaque Surface Motion in Patients With Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Stroke, September 1, 1999; 30(9): 1807 - 1813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Kaposzta, E. Young, P. M. W. Bath, and H. S. Markus Clinical Application of Asymptomatic Embolic Signal Detection in Acute Stroke : A Prospective Study Stroke, September 1, 1999; 30(9): 1814 - 1818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. W. Droste, J.-U. Kriete, J. Stypmann, M. Castrucci, T. Wichter, R. Tietje, B. Weltermann, P. Young, and E. B. Ringelstein Contrast Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in the Detection of Right-to-Left Shunts : Comparison of Different Procedures and Different Contrast Agents Stroke, September 1, 1999; 30(9): 1827 - 1832. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Markus, M. Cullinane, and G. Reid Improved Automated Detection of Embolic Signals Using a Novel Frequency Filtering Approach Stroke, August 1, 1999; 30(8): 1610 - 1615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. W. Droste, M. Reisener, V. Kemeny, R. Dittrich, G. Schulte-Altedorneburg, J. Stypmann, T. Wichter, and E. B. Ringelstein Contrast Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in the Detection of Right-to-Left Shunts : Reproducibility, Comparison of 2 Agents, and Distribution of Microemboli Stroke, May 1, 1999; 30(5): 1014 - 1018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Kemeny, D. W. Droste, S. Hermes, D. G. Nabavi, G. Schulte-Altedorneburg, M. Siebler, and E. B. Ringelstein Automatic Embolus Detection by a Neural Network Stroke, April 1, 1999; 30(4): 807 - 810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Goertler, M. Baeumer, R. Kross, T. Blaser, G. Lutze, S. Jost, and C.-W. Wallesch Rapid Decline of Cerebral Microemboli of Arterial Origin After Intravenous Acetylsalicylic Acid Stroke, January 1, 1999; 30(1): 66 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Kaposzta, J. F. Martin, and H. S. Markus Switching off Embolization From Symptomatic Carotid Plaque Using S-Nitrosoglutathione Circulation, March 26, 2002; 105(12): 1480 - 1484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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