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(Stroke. 2002;33:2053.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Assessment of Functioning and Disability After Ischemic Stroke

Christian Weimar, MD; Tobias Kurth, MD; Klaus Kraywinkel, MD; Markus Wagner, MD; Otto Busse, MD; Roman Ludwig Haberl, MD Hans-Christoph Diener, MD for the German Stroke Data Bank Collaborators

From the Department of Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany (C.W., T.K., K.K., H.-C.D.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston Mass (T.K.); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass (T.K.); German Stroke Foundation, Gütersloh, Germany (M.W.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Minden, Minden, Germany (O.B.); and Department of Neurology, Krankenhaus München-Harlaching, Munich, Germany (R.L.H.).

Correspondence to Tobias Kurth, MD, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Preventive Medicine, 900 Commonwealth Ave E, Boston, MA 02215-1204. E-mail tkurth{at}rics.bwh.harvard.edu

Background and Purpose— Functioning and disability after ischemic stroke are clinically meaningful and of major relevance to patients. Despite many instruments available to assess these outcomes, little is known about their interrelation and predictive factors.

Methods— We prospectively identified 4264 patients with acute ischemic stroke from 30 hospitals in Germany during a 1-year period between 1998 and 1999 and registered them in a common data bank. The patients were centrally followed up via telephone interview after 100 days and 1 year to assess various scales such as the Barthel Index (BI), modified Rankin Scale (MRS), extended Barthel Index (EBI), Short Form-36 Physical Functioning (SF-36 PF), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression short form (CES-D).

Results— Outcome status could be assessed in 67.2% of patients 100 days after hospital admission. Of these, 13.9% had died, 53.7% had regained functional independence (BI <95), 46.3% had no or mild residual symptoms (MRS 1), and 44.6% had no higher cognitive deficits on the EBI. Of the patients who personally answered the follow-up questions, 67% had no major physical disability (SF-36 PF <60), and 32.9% reported symptoms classified as depression (CES-D 10). The high percentage of patients reaching the maximum score (ceiling effect) in the BI was less pronounced in the MRS and SF-36 PF. The predictive factors for dichotomized outcomes on each scale were similar for adverse functioning and disability but varied considerably for depression.

Conclusions— To avoid ceiling effects in outcome distribution of patients treated in specialized stroke centers, the MRS and SF-36 PF instruments are preferable to the BI. Parametric use of the SF-36 PF could further improve outcome measurement by considering individual treatment effects.

Key Words: cerebral ischemia • depression • disability evaluation • outcome • stroke

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