Published online before print May 20, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000131809.35202.1b
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Stroke. 2004;35:1831.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Cerebral Microbleeds
Prevalence and Associations With Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Framingham Study
From the Division of Neurology (T.J.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton; the Department of Neurology (P.A.W., R.A., C.S.K.), School of Medicine, and Department of Biostatistics (A.B., J.M.M.), School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Mass; the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology (J.K.H.) and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience (C.D.), University of California-Davis, Sacramento, Calif.
Correspondence to Prof. Philip A. Wolf, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, B-608 Boston, MA 02118-2526. E-mail pawolf{at}bu.edu
Background and Purpose— Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are areas of low signal intensity on gradient echo T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2*MRI) corresponding to hemosiderin deposits in the perivascular space. Microangiopathy from atherosclerosis or amyloid angiopathy might lead to the formation of these lesions; therefore, there may be associations between CMBs and cardiovascular risk factors, APOE allele status, and brain morphology. We examined these relationships in the Framingham Study (FHS).
Methods— In 472 subjects from the FHS Offspring and Cohort, we related CMB status to age, sex, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, smoking, diabetes, total hemispheric brain volume, white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), and APOE allele status.
Results— Overall prevalence of CMBs was 4.7%, but CMBs were more prevalent with advanced age and male sex. Blood pressure, brain volume, and WMHV were related to CMBs in crude analysis but not after adjustment for age and sex. There were no significant relationships demonstrated between CMBs and APOE allele status, cholesterol, smoking, or diabetes.
Conclusions— There is a low prevalence of CMBs in the community and a strong relationship with increasing age and male sex. We found no independent relationships with cardiovascular risk factors, APOE status, brain volumes, or WMH.
Key Words: amyloid • angiopathy • intracerebral hemorrhage • risk factors • prevalence
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. M. Gregoire, U. J. Chaudhary, M. M. Brown, T. A. Yousry, C. Kallis, H. R. Jager, and D. J. Werring The Microbleed Anatomical Rating Scale (MARS): Reliability of a tool to map brain microbleeds Neurology, November 24, 2009; 73(21): 1759 - 1766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Klein, B. Iung, J. Labreuche, A. Hess, M. Wolff, D. Messika-Zeitoun, P. Lavallee, J.-P. Laissy, C. Leport, X. Duval, et al. Cerebral Microbleeds Are Frequent in Infective Endocarditis: A Case-Control Study Stroke, November 1, 2009; 40(11): 3461 - 3465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Greenberg, R. N. K. Nandigam, P. Delgado, R. A. Betensky, J. Rosand, A. Viswanathan, M. P. Frosch, and E. E. Smith Microbleeds Versus Macrobleeds: Evidence for Distinct Entities * Supplemental Materials and Methods Stroke, July 1, 2009; 40(7): 2382 - 2386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. W. Vernooij, M. D. M. Haag, A. van der Lugt, A. Hofman, G. P. Krestin, B. H. Stricker, and M. M. B. Breteler Use of Antithrombotic Drugs and the Presence of Cerebral Microbleeds: The Rotterdam Scan Study Arch Neurol, June 1, 2009; 66(6): 714 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R.N.K. Nandigam, A. Viswanathan, P. Delgado, M.E. Skehan, E.E. Smith, J. Rosand, S.M. Greenberg, and B.C. Dickerson MR Imaging Detection of Cerebral Microbleeds: Effect of Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging, Section Thickness, and Field Strength AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., February 1, 2009; 30(2): 338 - 343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-H. Lee, W.-S. Ryu, and J.-K. Roh Cerebral microbleeds are a risk factor for warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage Neurology, January 13, 2009; 72(2): 171 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Cordonnier, G. M. Potter, C. A. Jackson, F. Doubal, S. Keir, C. L.M. Sudlow, J. M. Wardlaw, and R. A.-S. Salman Improving Interrater Agreement About Brain Microbleeds: Development of the Brain Observer MicroBleed Scale (BOMBS) Stroke, January 1, 2009; 40(1): 94 - 99. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Yakushiji, M. Nishiyama, S. Yakushiji, T. Hirotsu, A. Uchino, J. Nakajima, M. Eriguchi, Y. Nanri, M. Hara, E. Horikawa, et al. Brain Microbleeds and Global Cognitive Function in Adults Without Neurological Disorder Stroke, December 1, 2008; 39(12): 3323 - 3328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Eckman, L. K.S. Wong, Y. O.Y. Soo, W. Lam, S. R. Yang, S. M. Greenberg, and J. Rosand Patient-Specific Decision-Making for Warfarin Therapy in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: How Will Screening With Genetics and Imaging Help? * Supplemental Appendix Stroke, December 1, 2008; 39(12): 3308 - 3315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Copenhaver, A. W. Hsia, J. G. Merino, R. E. Burgess, J. T. Fifi, L. Davis, S. Warach, and C. S. Kidwell Racial differences in microbleed prevalence in primary intracerebral hemorrhage Neurology, October 7, 2008; 71(15): 1176 - 1182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Sveinbjornsdottir, S Sigurdsson, T Aspelund, O Kjartansson, G Eiriksdottir, B Valtysdottir, O L Lopez, M A van Buchem, P V Jonsson, V Gudnason, et al. Cerebral microbleeds in the population based AGES-Reykjavik study: prevalence and location J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, September 1, 2008; 79(9): 1002 - 1006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S-H Lee, B-S Kang, N Kim, and J-K Roh Does microbleed predict haemorrhagic transformation after acute atherothrombotic or cardioembolic stroke? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, August 1, 2008; 79(8): 913 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Pettersen, G. Sathiyamoorthy, F.-Q. Gao, G. Szilagyi, N. K. Nadkarni, P. St George-Hyslop, E. Rogaeva, and S. E. Black Microbleed Topography, Leukoaraiosis, and Cognition in Probable Alzheimer Disease From the Sunnybrook Dementia Study Arch Neurol, June 1, 2008; 65(6): 790 - 795. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. W. Vernooij, A. van der Lugt, M. A. Ikram, P. A. Wielopolski, W. J. Niessen, A. Hofman, G. P. Krestin, and M.M.B. Breteler Prevalence and risk factors of cerebral microbleeds: The Rotterdam Scan Study Neurology, April 1, 2008; 70(14): 1208 - 1214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Fiehler, G. W. Albers, J.-M. Boulanger, L. Derex, A. Gass, N. Hjort, J. S. Kim, D. S. Liebeskind, T. Neumann-Haefelin, S. Pedraza, et al. Bleeding Risk Analysis in Stroke Imaging Before ThromboLysis (BRASIL): Pooled Analysis of T2*-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data From 570 Patients Stroke, October 1, 2007; 38(10): 2738 - 2744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Cordonnier, R. Al-Shahi Salman, and J. Wardlaw Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting Brain, August 1, 2007; 130(8): 1988 - 2003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Lemmens, A. Gorner, M. Schrooten, and V. Thijs Association of Apolipoprotein E {epsilon}2 With White Matter Disease but Not With Microbleeds Stroke, April 1, 2007; 38(4): 1185 - 1188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. I. Aguilar, R. G. Hart, C. S. Kase, W. D. Freeman, B. J. Hoeben, R. C. Garcia, J. E. Ansell, S. A. Mayer, B. Norrving, J. Rosand, et al. Treatment of Warfarin-Associated Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Literature Review and Expert Opinion Mayo Clin. Proc., January 1, 2007; 82(1): 82 - 92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Viswanathan, J.-P. Guichard, A. Gschwendtner, F. Buffon, R. Cumurcuic, C. Boutron, E. Vicaut, M. Holtmannspotter, C. Pachai, M.-G. Bousser, et al. Blood pressure and haemoglobin A1c are associated with microhaemorrhage in CADASIL: a two-centre cohort study Brain, September 1, 2006; 129(9): 2375 - 2383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Cordonnier, W. M. van der Flier, J. D. Sluimer, D. Leys, F. Barkhof, and P. Scheltens Prevalence and severity of microbleeds in a memory clinic setting Neurology, May 9, 2006; 66(9): 1356 - 1360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. S. Kim, D. H. Lee, C. W. Ryu, J. H. Lee, C. G. Choi, S. J. Kim, and D. C. Suh Multiple Cerebral Microbleeds in Hyperacute Ischemic Stroke: Impact on Prevalence and Severity of Early Hemorrhagic Transformation After Thrombolytic Treatment. Am. J. Roentgenol., May 1, 2006; 186(5): 1443 - 1449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Viswanathan and H. Chabriat Cerebral Microhemorrhage Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 550 - 555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-C. Koennecke Cerebral microbleeds on MRI: Prevalence, associations, and potential clinical implications Neurology, January 24, 2006; 66(2): 165 - 171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kim, H. J. Bae, J. Lee, L. Kang, S. Lee, S. Kim, J. E. Lee, K. M. Lee, B. W. Yoon, O. Kwon, et al. APOE {varepsilon}2/{varepsilon}4 polymorphism and cerebral microbleeds on gradient-echo MRI Neurology, November 8, 2005; 65(9): 1474 - 1475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Kakuda, V. N. Thijs, M. G. Lansberg, R. Bammer, L. Wechsler, S. Kemp, M. E. Moseley, M. P. Marks, G. W. Albers, and the DEFUSE Investigators Clinical importance of microbleeds in patients receiving IV thrombolysis Neurology, October 25, 2005; 65(8): 1175 - 1178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|