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(Stroke. 2005;36:1388.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Stroke Presentation and Outcome in Developing Countries

A Prospective Study in The Gambia

Johanne M. Garbusinski, MD; Marianne A.B. van der Sande, MD, PhD; Emmanuel J. Bartholome, MD; Michèle Dramaix, PhD; Alieu Gaye, MD; Rosalind Coleman, MRCP; Ousman A. Nyan, MD; Richard W. Walker, FRCP; Keith P.W.J. McAdam, FRCP, FWACP Gys E. Walraven, MD, PhD

From the Medical Research Council Laboratories (J.M.G., M.A.B.v.d.S., O.A.N., R.C., K.P.W.J.M., G.E.W.), Fajara, The Gambia; Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Erasme (E.J.B.), Laboratoire de Statistique Médicale, Ecole de Santé Publique (M.D.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital (A.G.), Banjul, The Gambia; Department of Medicine (R.W.W.), North Tyneside General Hospital, Tyne and Wear, UK.

Correspondence to Dr J. Garbusinski, 130 Rue des Alliés 1190 Brussels, Belgium. E-mail jgarbusinski{at}hotmail.com

Background and Purpose— Despite increasing burden of stroke in Africa, prospective descriptive data are rare. Our objective was to describe, in The Gambia, the clinical outcome of stroke patients admitted to the Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital in the capital Banjul, to assess mortality and morbidity, and propose preventive and therapeutic measures.

Methods— Prospective data were collected on consecutive patients older than 15 years old admitted between February 2000 and February 2001 with the diagnosis of nonsubarachnoid stroke. Risk factors, clinical characteristics, and social consequences were assessed using a modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (mNIHSS), the Barthel Activity in Daily Living scale, the Siriraj score for subtypes, and the Bamford criteria for location/extension. Patients were followed-up at home up to 1 year after discharge.

Results— Ninety-one percent (148/162) of eligible patients were enrolled and followed-up. Hypertension and smoking were the most prevalent risk factors. Severity was high at admission, especially in women, and was strongly correlated to the outcome. mNIHSS and consciousness level on admission were strong predictors of the mortality risk. Swallowing difficulties at admission, fever, lung infection, and no aspirin treatment were, independently, risk factors for a lethal outcome susceptible to being addressed by treatment. Mortality was 41% in-hospital and 62% after 1 year. In survivors, autonomy levels improved over time. Drug compliance was poor. At home, family members provided care. Long-term socioeconomic and cultural activities were affected in most patients.

Conclusions— Case-fatality was high compared with Western cohorts. Preventive measures can be developed. Rational treatment, in the absence of head imaging for initial assessment, requires adapted protocols. Providers should be trained, both at hospital and community levels.

Key Words: Africa • developing countries • prognosis • recovery of function • social support • stroke • stroke outcome

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