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(Stroke. 2008;39:910.)
© 2008 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Think to Move: a Neuromagnetic Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) System for Chronic Stroke

Ethan Buch, MA^*; Cornelia Weber, MA^*; Leonardo G. Cohen, MD; Christoph Braun, PhD; Michael A. Dimyan, MD; Tyler Ard, BS; Jurgen Mellinger, BS; Andrea Caria, MS; Surjo Soekadar, MD; Alissa Fourkas, PhD Niels Birbaumer, PhD

From the Human Cortical Physiology Section and Stroke Neurorehabilitation Clinic (E.B., C.W., L.G.C., M.A.D., T.A., A.F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Md; Department of Experimental Psychology (E.B.), University of Oxford, UK; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology (C.W., C.B., J.M., A.C., S.S., A.F., N.B.), MEG-Center, University of Tübingen, Germany.

Correspondence to Leonardo G. Cohen, MD, Human Cortical Physiology Section, Stroke Neurorehabilitation Clinic, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1430, USA. E-mail cohenl{at}ninds.nih.gov

Background and Purpose— Stroke is a leading cause of long-term motor disability among adults. Present rehabilitative interventions are largely unsuccessful in improving the most severe cases of motor impairment, particularly in relation to hand function. Here we tested the hypothesis that patients experiencing hand plegia as a result of a single, unilateral subcortical, cortical or mixed stroke occurring at least 1 year previously, could be trained to operate a mechanical hand orthosis through a brain-computer interface (BCI).

Methods— Eight patients with chronic hand plegia resulting from stroke (residual finger extension function rated on the Medical Research Council scale=0/5) were recruited from the Stroke Neurorehabilitation Clinic, Human Cortical Physiology Section of the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (n=5) and the Clinic of Neurology of the University of Tübingen (n=3). Diagnostic MRIs revealed single, unilateral subcortical, cortical or mixed lesions in all patients. A magnetoencephalography-based BCI system was used for this study. Patients participated in between 13 to 22 training sessions geared to volitionally modulate µ rhythm amplitude originating in sensorimotor areas of the cortex, which in turn raised or lowered a screen cursor in the direction of a target displayed on the screen through the BCI interface. Performance feedback was provided visually in real-time. Successful trials (in which the cursor made contact with the target) resulted in opening/closing of an orthosis attached to the paralyzed hand.

Results— Training resulted in successful BCI control in 6 of 8 patients. This control was associated with increased range and specificity of µ rhythm modulation as recorded from sensors overlying central ipsilesional (4 patients) or contralesional (2 patients) regions of the array. Clinical scales used to rate hand function showed no significant improvement after training.

Conclusions— These results suggest that volitional control of neuromagnetic activity features recorded over central scalp regions can be achieved with BCI training after stroke, and used to control grasping actions through a mechanical hand orthosis.

Key Words: brain-computer interface • MEG • motor • plasticity • stroke