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(Stroke. 2009;40:S34.)
© 2009 American Heart Association, Inc.

Imaging and Biomarkers

Inflammation and the Emerging Role of the Toll-Like Receptor System in Acute Brain Ischemia

Brenda J. Marsh, BS; Susan L. Stevens, BS; Brian Hunter, BS Mary P. Stenzel-Poore, PhD

From the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore.

Correspondence to Mary P. Stenzel-Poore, PhD, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, L220, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239. E-mail poorem{at}OHSU.edu

Background and Purpose— Systemic administration of cytosine-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides provides neuroprotection against subsequent cerebral ischemic injury. We examined the genomic response of leukocytes and brain cells after ischemia in the context of CpG preconditioning.

Methods— RNA was isolated from circulating leukocytes and ischemic cortex 3 and 24 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion after CpG or saline pretreatment and subjected to microarray analysis. Genes uniquely upregulated in CpG-pretreated mice were examined for overrepresented transcriptional regulatory elements.

Results— CpG preconditioning induced a novel response to middle cerebral artery occlusion within circulating leukocytes that was dominated by natural killer cell-associated genes and the GATA-3 transcriptional regulatory element. Preconditioning also caused a novel brain response to stroke that was dominated by Type I interferon, interferon-associated genes, and transcriptional regulatory elements.

Conclusion— CpG preconditioning invokes novel leukocyte and brain responses to stroke. In this, CpG may be a unique preconditioning agent, coordinating peripheral and brain responses to protect against ischemic injury.

Key Words: inflammation • hypoxia-ischemia • stroke