on November 5, 2009
Published online before print November 5, 2009, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.562983
Submitted on July 15, 2009
From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (M.N., S.T., G.Y., C.E.Y., D.N.G.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport; the Cardiovascular Biology Research Program (C.T.E.), Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City; and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; and the Department of Neurosurgery (E.W.), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dgrang{at}lsuhsc.edu.
Background and Purpose—Increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, brain edema, and hemorrhage are important consequences of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). The objective of this study was to define the role of the protein C pathway in the BBB permeability and edema elicited by experimental CVST. The role of neutrophil recruitment was also evaluated. Methods—Edema, BBB permeability, leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion (LECA) and inflammatory cytokine levels were monitored in a murine model of CVST. The role of activated protein C (APC) was assessed in wild type mice (WT) receiving APC neutralizing antibody and in endothelial protein C receptor overexpressing mice (EPCR-tg). Neutrophil involvement was evaluated using an anti-CD18 antibody (Ab) and antineutrophil serum. Results—Brain edema and increases in BBB permeability and LECA were noted 48 hours after CVST. APC immunoblockade exacerbated these responses, while EPCR-tg exhibited blunted responses, as did WT treated with either antineutrophil serum or the CD18 Ab. Conclusions—The protein C pathway protects the brain against the deleterious microvascular responses to CVST, a response that appears to be linked to the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
Revised on September 2, 2009
Accepted on September 9, 2009
Roles of Inflammation and the Activated Protein C Pathway in the Brain Edema Associated With Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Mutsumi Nagai MD, PhD;
Key words: endothelial protein C receptor • activated protein C • brain edema • blood–brain barrier • leukocyte adhesion