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(Stroke. 1996;27:1304-1305.)
© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
The ABCs of Measuring Intracerebral Hemorrhage Volumes
the Departments of Emergency Medicine (R.U.K.), Neurology (T.B., J.P.B., L.R.S.), Neurosurgery (M.Z.), and Environmental Health (J.K.), University of Cincinnati (Ohio), and the Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.G.B.).
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix References |
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Background and Purpose Hemorrhage volume is a powerful predictor of 30-day mortality after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We compared a bedside method of measuring CT ICH volume with measurements made by computer-assisted planimetric image analysis.
Methods The formula ABC/2 was used, where A is the greatest hemorrhage diameter by CT, B is the diameter 90° to A, and C is the approximate number of CT slices with hemorrhage multiplied by the slice thickness.
Results The ICH volumes for 118 patients were evaluated in a mean of 38 seconds and correlated with planimetric measurements (R2=.96). Interrater and intrarater reliability were excellent, with an intraclass correlation of .99 for both.
Conclusions We conclude that ICH volume can be accurately estimated in less than 1 minute with the simple formula ABC/2.
Key Words: blood volume • computed tomography • intracerebral hemorrhage
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix References |
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The 30-day mortality rate of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is approximately 44%, with almost half of the patients dying within the first 48 hours.1 There is no proven effective treatment, and the ability to rapidly determine a patient's prognosis at the bedside would be a powerful tool in selecting and stratifying patients in future trials of surgical intervention. Hemorrhage volume, level of consciousness, and the presence of intraventricular extension have all been documented as predictors of ICH outcome.2 The latter two can be easily evaluated. We compare a bedside method of ICH volume measurement3 with a computerized planimetric measurement.
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Subjects and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix References |
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One hundred eighteen patients with spontaneous ICH were assessed prospectively with CT within 3 hours of symptom onset. Exclusion criteria included (1) CT evidence of a subarachnoid hemorrhage, (2) history of recent trauma, (3) isolated intraventricular hemorrhage, and (4) ICH due to aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. Hemorrhage volumes were measured by a computerized planimetric method and a simplified formula for the volume of an ellipsoid, ABC/2 (see "Appendix"). Measurement by planimetrics is an established and accurate method of measuring ICH volume that uses computer-assisted image analysis.2 4 5
For the bedside ABC/2 method, the CT slice with the largest area of hemorrhage was identified. The largest diameter (A) of the hemorrhage on this slice was measured. The largest diameter 90° to A on the same slice was measured next (B). Finally, the approximate number of 10-mm slices on which the ICH was seen was calculated (C). C was calculated by a comparison of each CT slice with hemorrhage to the CT slice with the largest hemorrhage on that scan. If the hemorrhage area for a particular slice was greater than 75% of the area seen on the slice where the hemorrhage was largest, the slice was considered 1 hemorrhage slice for determining C. If the area was approximately 25% to 75% of the area, the slice was considered half a hemorrhage slice; and if the area was less than 25% of the largest hemorrhage, the slice was not considered a hemorrhage slice. These CT hemorrhage slice values were then added to determine the value for C. All measurements for A and B were made with the use of the centimeter scale on the CT scan to the nearest 0.5 cm. A, B, and C were then multiplied and the product divided by 2, which yielded the volume of hemorrhage in cubic centimeters. The time required for the measurements and calculations was recorded. Hemorrhage volumes determined by the two techniques were then compared by regression analysis.
Twenty CT scans were randomly selected from the study population of 118, and hemorrhage volumes were measured by four individuals (a neurosurgery faculty member [M.Z.], a third-year neurosurgery resident, an emergency medicine faculty member [R.U.K], and a registered nurse [L.R.S.]) with the ABC/2 technique.
We evaluated intrarater reliability for a single reader by comparing initial measurements of these 20 CT scans using the ABC/2 method with repeated measurements by the same investigator using the same technique.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix References |
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Of the 118 patients evaluated, 83 (70%) were deep hemorrhages, 21 (18%) were lobar, 8 (7%) were brain stem, and 6 (5%) were cerebellar. The correlation between measurements by planimetric and ABC/2 methods was very high (R2=.96). Measurements by a single reader using the ABC/2 method correlated well with planimetric measurements for all hemorrhage locations (Table 1
). The ABC/2 method overestimated hemorrhage volume by 1.5±1.3 cm3. The ABC/2 method required a mean time of 38 seconds (range, 70 to 210 seconds). In the subset of 20 CT scans measured by four different readers, we noted excellent interrater (intraclass correlation=.99) and intrarater (intraclass correlation=.99) reliability when the ABC/2 technique was used (Table 2). The mean time per measurement for the readers ranged from 31 to 40 seconds.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix References |
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A number of techniques have been developed to measure hemorrhage volume.2 6 7 8 Unfortunately, these methods often involve complicated formulas, require specialized equipment, or cannot be performed rapidly at the patient's bedside. We found that the simple formula ABC/2 can accurately estimate intraparenchymal hemorrhage volume and requires less than 1 minute for measurement and calculation. The measurements correlate highly with the volumes calculated by planimetric methods for all hemorrhage locations.
Rapid calculation of ICH volume at the time of initial patient presentation has clinical utility. For prognosis, a model of 30-day mortality that used the Glasgow Coma Scale and hemorrhage volume in patients with ICH correctly predicted outcome with a sensitivity and specificity of 97%.2 The ABC/2 technique may also be used to identify appropriate patients with ICH suitable for randomization into therapeutic trials.3 For example, the technique is the measurement method used for patient eligibility assessment in the multicenter Surgical Trial of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (J. Grotta, unpublished data, 1996). In this trial, patients with ICH and anticipated good outcome are not eligible for surgery. Thus, patients with hemorrhage volumes of less than 10 cm3 and patients with lobar hemorrhage volumes of 10 to 20 cm3 with minimal or no neurological deficits are excluded.
The ABC/2 and other bedside techniques of calculating hemorrhage volumes have been described previously.3 5 6 Lisk and colleagues3 demonstrated the ease and power of the ABC/2 method of volume measurement in a model of outcome after ICH but did not correlate this technique with other methods of volume measurement. The ABC/2 formula can be adjusted for CT slices of varying thickness by multiplying the number of slices of the different thicknesses on which the hematoma is seen (C of ABC/2) by the slice thickness in centimeters. Other authors have estimated hematoma volume by assuming it to approximate the volume of a sphere, an ellipsoid, or a rectangulopiped.2 7 8 Only estimates of volume that use the formula for an ellipsoid have been shown to correlate with planimetric techniques.5
In conclusion, intraparenchymal hemorrhage volume can be accurately estimated in less than 1 minute with the simple formula ABC/2. This rapid method of measuring hemorrhage volume may allow physicians to quickly select and stratify patients in future treatment trials.
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Footnotes |
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Reprint requests to Rashmi Kothari, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, PO Box 670769, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0769. E-mail Rashmikant.Kothari@uc.edu.
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Appendix |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix References |
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The derivation of the ABC/2 formula is as follows: The volume of an ellipsoid is 4/3
(A/2)(B/2)(C/2), where A, B, and C are the three diameters. If is estimated to be 3, then the volume of an ellipsoid becomes ABC/2. Received December 28, 1995; revision received April 17, 1996; accepted April 17, 1996.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix References |
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R. T. F. Cheung and L.-Y. Zou Use of the Original, Modified, or New Intracerebral Hemorrhage Score to Predict Mortality and Morbidity After Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke, July 1, 2003; 34(7): 1717 - 1722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. D. Schellinger, J. B. Fiebach, K. Hoffmann, K. Becker, B. Orakcioglu, R. Kollmar, E. Juttler, P. Schramm, S. Schwab, K. Sartor, et al. Stroke MRI in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Is There a Perihemorrhagic Penumbra? Stroke, July 1, 2003; 34(7): 1674 - 1679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O.P.M. Teernstra, S.M.A.A. Evers, J. Lodder, P. Leffers, C.L. Franke, and G. Blaauw Stereotactic Treatment of Intracerebral Hematoma by Means of a Plasminogen Activator: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial (SICHPA) Stroke, April 1, 2003; 34(4): 968 - 974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. S. Kidwell, J. L. Saver, J. Mattiello, S. Warach, D. S. Liebeskind, S. Starkman, P. M. Vespa, J. P. Villablanca, N. A. Martin, J. Frazee, et al. Diffusion-perfusion MR evaluation of perihematomal injury in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage Neurology, November 13, 2001; 57(9): 1611 - 1617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B Fimm, R Zahn, M Mull, S Kemeny, F Buchwald, F Block, and M Schwarz Asymmetries of visual attention after circumscribed subcortical vascular lesions J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, November 1, 2001; 71(5): 652 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kobayashi, H. Takayama, S. Suga, B. Mihara, G. A. Rosenberg, and W. M. Brooks Longitudinal Changes of Metabolites in Frontal Lobes After Hemorrhagic Stroke of Basal Ganglia: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study Editorial Comment: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study Stroke, October 1, 2001; 32(10): 2237 - 2245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Claassen, G. L. Bernardini, K. Kreiter, J. Bates, Y. E. Du, D. Copeland, E. S. Connolly, and S. A. Mayer Effect of Cisternal and Ventricular Blood on Risk of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage:: The Fisher Scale Revisited Stroke, September 1, 2001; 32(9): 2012 - 2020. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Kissela, J. Broderick, D. Woo, R. Kothari, R. Miller, J. Khoury, T. Brott, A. Pancioli, E. Jauch, J. Gebel, et al. Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study : Volume of First-Ever Ischemic Stroke Among Blacks in a Population-Based Study Editorial Comment : The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: Volume of First-Ever Ischemic Stroke Among Black Americans in a Population-Based Study Stroke, June 1, 2001; 32(6): 1285 - 1290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Reporting Terminology for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Clinical and Radiographic Features for Use in Clinical Trials Stroke, June 1, 2001; 32(6): 1430 - 1442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L.B. Morgenstern, A.M. Demchuk, D.H. Kim, R.F. Frankowski, and J.C. Grotta Rebleeding leads to poor outcome in ultra-early craniotomy for intracerebral hemorrhage Neurology, May 22, 2001; 56(10): 1294 - 1299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P.-C. Liliang, C.-L. Liang, C.-H. Lu, H.-W. Chang, C.-H. Cheng, T.-C. Lee, and H.-J. Chen Hypertensive Caudate Hemorrhage Prognostic Predictor, Outcome, and Role of External Ventricular Drainage Stroke, May 1, 2001; 32(5): 1195 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Derex, T. A. Tomsick, T. G. Brott, C. A. Lewandowski, M. R. Frankel, W. Clark, S. Starkman, J. Spilker, G. J. Udsten, J. Khoury, et al. Outcome of Stroke Patients without Angiographically Revealed Arterial Occlusion within Four Hours of Symptom Onset AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., April 1, 2001; 22(4): 685 - 690. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. C. Hemphill III, D. C. Bonovich, L. Besmertis, G. T. Manley, S. C. Johnston, and S. Tuhrim The ICH Score : A Simple, Reliable Grading Scale for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Editorial Comment: A Simple, Reliable Grading Scale for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke, April 1, 2001; 32(4): 891 - 897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K.J. Becker, A.B. Baxter, W.A. Cohen, H.M. Bybee, D.L. Tirschwell, D.W. Newell, H.R. Winn, and W.T. Longstreth Jr. Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies Neurology, March 27, 2001; 56(6): 766 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. P.N. Forbes, J. G. Pipe, and J. E. Heiserman Evidence for Cytotoxic Edema in the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Venous Infarction AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., March 1, 2001; 22(3): 450 - 455. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H. B. van der Worp, S. P. Claus, P. R. Bar, L. M. P. Ramos, A. Algra, J. van Gijn, and L. J. Kappelle Reproducibility of Measurements of Cerebral Infarct Volume on CT Scans Stroke, February 1, 2001; 32(2): 424 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. G. Phan, M. Koh, R. A. Vierkant, and E. F.M. Wijdicks Hydrocephalus Is a Determinant of Early Mortality in Putaminal Hemorrhage Stroke, September 1, 2000; 31(9): 2157 - 2162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. M. Perry Jr, B. R. Davis, T. R. Price, W. B. Applegate, W. S. Fields, J. M. Guralnik, L. Kuller, S. Pressel, J. Stamler, J. L. Probstfield, et al. Effect of Treating Isolated Systolic Hypertension on the Risk of Developing Various Types and Subtypes of Stroke: The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) JAMA, July 26, 2000; 284(4): 465 - 471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. H. Rhoney, L. B. Tipps, K. R. Murry, M. C. Basham, D. B. Michael, and W. M. Coplin Anticonvulsant prophylaxis and timing of seizures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurology, July 25, 2000; 55(2): 258 - 265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Derex, N. Nighoghossian, F. Turjman, M. Hermier, J. Honnorat, P. Neuschwander, J. C. Froment, and P. Trouillas Intravenous tPA in acute ischemic stroke related to internal carotid artery dissection Neurology, June 13, 2000; 54(11): 2159 - 2161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Montes, J. H. Wong, P. B. Fayad, and I. A. Awad Stereotactic Computed Tomographic-Guided Aspiration and Thrombolysis of Intracerebral Hematoma : Protocol and Preliminary Experience Stroke, April 1, 2000; 31(4): 834 - 840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Carhuapoma, P. Y. Wang, N. J. Beauchamp, P. M. Keyl, D. F. Hanley, and P. B. Barker Diffusion-Weighted MRI and Proton MR Spectroscopic Imaging in the Study of Secondary Neuronal Injury After Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke, March 1, 2000; 31(3): 726 - 732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Hirano, S. J. Read, D. F. Abbott, J. I. Sachinidis, H. J. Tochon-Danguy, G. F. Egan, C. F. Bladin, A. M. Scott, W. J. McKay, and G. A. Donnan No evidence of hypoxic tissue on 18F-fluoromisonidazole PET after intracerebral hemorrhage Neurology, December 1, 1999; 53(9): 2179 - 2179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. J. Becker, A. B. Baxter, H. M. Bybee, D. L. Tirschwell, T. Abouelsaad, and W. A. Cohen Extravasation of Radiographic Contrast Is an Independent Predictor of Death in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke, October 1, 1999; 30(10): 2025 - 2032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Zuccarello, T. Brott, L. Derex, R. Kothari, L. Sauerbeck, J. Tew, H. Van Loveren, H.-S. Yeh, T. Tomsick, A. Pancioli, et al. Early Surgical Treatment for Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage : A Randomized Feasibility Study Stroke, September 1, 1999; 30(9): 1833 - 1839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. D Flemming, E. F M Wijdicks, E. K S. Louis, and H. Li Predicting deterioration in patients with lobar haemorrhages J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, May 1, 1999; 66(5): 600 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. M. Gebel, C. A. Sila, M. A. Sloan, C. B. Granger, J. P. Weisenberger, C. L. Green, E. J. Topol, and K. W. Mahaffey Comparison of the ABC/2 Estimation Technique to Computer-Assisted Volumetric Analysis of Intraparenchymal and Subdural Hematomas Complicating the GUSTO-1 Trial Stroke, September 1, 1998; 29(9): 1799 - 1801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kazui, K. Minematsu, H. Yamamoto, T. Sawada, and T. Yamaguchi Predisposing Factors to Enlargement of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hematoma Stroke, December 1, 1997; 28(12): 2370 - 2375. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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