Donate Help Contact The AHA Sign In Home
American Heart Association
Stroke
Search: search_blue_button Advanced Search
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Kaminogo, M.
Right arrow Articles by Shibata, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Kaminogo, M.
Right arrow Articles by Shibata, S.
Related Collections
Right arrow Angiography
Right arrow Computerized tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Right arrow PET and SPECT

(Stroke. 1999;30:407-413.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.


Original Contributions

An Additional Monitoring of Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation to HMPAO SPECT Study During Balloon Test Occlusion

Makio Kaminogo, MD; Makoto Ochi, MD; Masanari Onizuka, MD; Hideaki Takahata, MD Shobu Shibata, MD

From the Departments of Neurosurgery (M.K., M. Onizuka, H.T., S.S.) and Radiology (M. Ochi), Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan.


*    Abstract
up arrowTop
*Abstract
down arrowIntroduction
down arrowSubjects and Methods
down arrowResults
down arrowDiscussion
down arrowReferences
 
Background and Purpose—To increase the reliability of 99mTc–hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study in the evaluation of hemodynamic change with balloon test occlusion (BTO) of the internal carotid artery, we attempted to clarify the usefulness of additional monitoring of regional oxygen saturation of the brain (rSO2).

Methods—During BTO, rSO2 monitoring with transcranial near infrared spectroscopy was performed 17 times on 16 patients. Asymmetrical distribution of the tracer was classified visually as follows: group 1, little or no asymmetry, and group 2, moderate or severe asymmetry. Seven regions of interest (ROI) were defined in the middle cerebral artery area of each hemisphere, and the asymmetry index (AI)=200x(Cnon-Coccl)/(Cnon+Coccl)), where Cnon=mean counts on the nonoccluded side, and Coccl=mean counts on the occluded side were also calculated. Then, mean AI (MAI) was obtained from AI of 7 ROIs for each study.

Results—Of the 17 procedures, 10 BTOs were in group 1 and 5 BTOs were in group 2. Two patients did not undergo SPECT study because of the immediate appearance of a neurological deficit with BTO; they were defined as group 3. The MAI in group 1 was 2.6±3.3%, which was significantly smaller than the MAI in group 2 (25.6±5.0%, P<0.02). The {Delta}rSO2 (baseline rSO2-rSO2 during ICA occlusion) with BTO in group 1 was 1.5±1.4% (n=10), which was statistically smaller than that in group 2 (5.5±1.3%, n=4, P<0.05). The {Delta}rSO2 in group 3 was 9.0±0.0% (n=2). In group 1, however, rSO2 began to decline when the stump pressure fell to 45 mm Hg and always declined when the stump pressure fell below 40 mm Hg. Furthermore, in group 1, a significant correlation was observed between the {Delta}rSO2 and stump pressure (r=0.85, P<0.0001).

Conclusions—This preliminary study reveals that an obvious asymmetrical SPECT pattern always accompanies a profound decrease in rSO2 and that rSO2 parallels a severe reduction in stump pressure in cases exhibiting a symmetrical SPECT pattern. Thus, the cerebral oximetry sensitively reflects the cerebral oxygenation, and simultaneous measurements of rSO2 and stump pressure with 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT study apparently are useful in evaluating hemodynamic integrity with BTO.


Key Words: balloon dilatation • cerebral arteries • oximetry • tomography, emission computed


*    Introduction
up arrowTop
up arrowAbstract
*Introduction
down arrowSubjects and Methods
down arrowResults
down arrowDiscussion
down arrowReferences
 
Temporary or permanent occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is often required in the surgical treatment of patients with cerebral aneurysms, skull base tumors, or cervical tumors. Measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during balloon test occlusion (BTO) has been used increasingly to raise the procedure's reliability to predict high-risk patients.1 2 3 4 Among several methods of CBF study, 99mTc–hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) SPECT is used widely in clinical BTO because it is readily available and simple.5 6 7 8 9 Because 99mTc-HMPAO rapidly distributes in the brain tissue and is kept constant for a long time after intravenous injection,10 11 12 the CBF pattern during transient ICA occlusion can be evaluated by intravenous injection of 99mTc-HMPAO during BTO, followed by SPECT study after the completion of all BTO procedures. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT provides fair tomographic resolution of CBF and detects focal flow defects or asymmetrical CBF distribution during BTO. However, because 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT reveals only relative CBF distribution, CBF changes with BTO compared with the baseline have not been evaluated using this method.

During skull base surgery and carotid endarterectomy, regional oxygen saturation of the brain (rSO2) monitoring with transcranial near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used and proven to provide reliable information about changes in cerebral perfusion during these procedures.13 14 Therefore, even with a bilateral symmetrical decrease of CBF, rSO2 monitoring can detect the relative CBF changes with BTO compared with baseline. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility and usefulness of additional rSO2 monitoring during BTO with 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT to estimate the hemodynamic changes with ICA occlusion.


*    Subjects and Methods
up arrowTop
up arrowAbstract
up arrowIntroduction
*Subjects and Methods
down arrowResults
down arrowDiscussion
down arrowReferences
 
Prior to ICA manipulation or ICA ligation, 16 patients (7 with cervical tumors, 5 with skull base tumors, and 4 with inaccessible aneurysms of the ICA) were examined with BTO of the ICA under rSO2 monitoring with NIRS (TableDown). Informed consent was obtained from the patients or their guardians. In these patients, 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT study was also attempted after balloon occlusion. However, if any neurological symptoms or signs developed after inflation, the balloon was immediately deflated to restore blood flow without SPECT study.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Table 1. Summary of Patient Characteristics and Data

BTO
All procedures were performed under local anesthesia with the patients in a fully awake state. After a neurological examination and 3- or 4-vessel angiogram, cross-filling via the communicating arteries was examined by contralateral carotid angiogram or vertebral angiogram under manual compression of the objective carotid artery. Then, a 7F balloon catheter was introduced into the carotid artery and placed at the C1 or C2 level. Systemic heparinization (5000 IU) was routinely used. In principle, a trial BTO was first performed for 5 minutes to obtain an outline of symptomatic tolerance or changes in stump pressure and rSO2 level. The complete occlusion of ICA was confirmed by a drop in the stump pressure and changes in the arterial pulse wave. After the trial BTO, patients were transferred from the angiography suite to radioisotope suite with the balloon deflated but still in place. In the radioisotope suite, mean systemic pressure was reduced by approximately 20% with the continuous intravenous infusion of trimetaphan camsilate, a ganglion blocking agent.15 The balloon was inflated after stabilization of the systemic blood pressure. Neurological status, stump pressure, and rSO2 were evaluated every 30 seconds. Five minutes after inflation, 740 MBq of 99mTc-HMPAO was injected intravenously. After the tracer injection, the ICA occlusion was maintained for an additional 15 minutes. Finally, protamine sulfate was used to reverse the effect of heparin.

SPECT Studies
SPECT imaging was performed after removal of the catheter and stabilization of the patients, usually 30 to 60 minutes after injection. SPECT was performed using a triple-head gamma camera (PRISM 3000; Picker International, Cleveland, OH) equipped with a low-energy high-resolution fan beam collimator. A 20% window was centered on the 140 keV photopeak of 99mTc. One hundred twenty 30-second frames were acquired using the elliptical contour rotation mode into a 128x128 image matrix. The images were prefiltered using a Butterworth filter (cutoff frequency=0.266 to 0.302 cycles/cm, order=8.1). The attenuation correction was set at 0.09. The reconstructed slice thicknesses were 3.91 mm for the transaxial planes and 7.81 mm for coronal and sagittal planes.

The SPECT images were analyzed both visually and semiquantitatively. For visual analysis, 3 experienced neurosurgeons (coauthors of this manuscript) ranked the asymmetrical distribution of the tracer as little or none or moderate or severe based on the color codes of the computer and the defined group 1 (Figure 1Down) or group 2 (Figure 2Down), respectively. Relative quantification by means of region of interest (ROI) analysis was performed retrospectively. A total of 7 ROIs were defined on each side of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) area in 2 transaxial slices parallel to the orbitomeatal line (Figure 3Down). The slices were selected by 2 observers and were at the level of the temporal and caudoputaminal region, and the mid-parietal region. The round-shaped ROI consisting of 55 to 60 pixels was used, and the mean count of tracer from the 7 ROIs in each hemisphere was calculated. The degree of side-to-side asymmetry (AI) in the MCA territory was then obtained using the equation AI=200x(Cnon-Coccl)/(Cnon+Coccl), where Cnon is the mean tracer count on the nonoccluded side and Coccl is the mean tracer count on the occluded side. Then, mean AI (MAI) was calculated from 7 ROIs in each SPECT study.



View larger version (129K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Figure 1. HMPAO SPECT images for group 1. Left, No perfusion defect during temporary occlusion of left ICA was depicted on 64-year-old man. The stump pressure at 5 minutes after occlusion was 45 mm Hg and MAI was -1.3%. Right, Although BTO reduced stump pressure markedly (to 22 mm Hg) and decreased rSO2 by 4%, only mild hypoperfusion was observed on the left side in a 68 year-old man. MAI on this patient was 6.0%.



View larger version (77K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Figure 2. HMPAO SPECT images for group 2. Left, Moderate asymmetry during balloon occlusion of the right ICA was revealed on a 73-year-old man. Stump pressure was kept higher at 52 mm Hg; however, MAI reached 25.1%. Right, Severely asymmetrical distribution was depicted when stump pressure fell to 22 mm Hg, and rSO2 decreased by 7% with right ICA occlusion on 63-year-old woman.



View larger version (62K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Figure 3. Two transaxial slices with placement of ROIs. Seven ROIs (red circle) were placed symmetrically on the MCA territory.

Monitoring of rSO2, Systemic Blood Pressure, and Stump Pressure
Using a cerebral oximeter (INVOS 3100; Somanetics Corp), rSO2 was continuously monitored on the forehead of the occluded side. Continuous monitoring of the arterial pressure was performed with the sheath introducer placed in the femoral artery and the balloon catheter placed in the ICA. In principle, the rSO2, systemic blood pressure and stump pressure at 5 minutes of ICA occlusion when the tracer was injected were used for analysis.

Statistical Analysis
Values are expressed as mean±SD. The statistical differences of MAI, stump pressure, and {Delta}rSO2 (baseline rSO2-rSO2 during ICA occlusion) between the groups were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney test. Correlation between the stump pressure and {Delta}rSO2 was evaluated by a simple regression analysis. A significant difference in the statistical results was defined as P<0.05.


*    Results
up arrowTop
up arrowAbstract
up arrowIntroduction
up arrowSubjects and Methods
*Results
down arrowDiscussion
down arrowReferences
 
Asymmetry in SPECT Images
Two patients exhibited right hemiparesis and aphasia immediately after left ICA occlusion; SPECT study could not be performed in these patients, and they were classified as group 3. Therefore, for those patients, the rSO2 and blood pressure just before the deflation of the balloon were used in the following studies. In the remaining 14 patients, 15 BTOs were performed without the appearance of focal neurological deficits and the occlusions examined with SPECT study. These 15 SPECT studies during BTO consisted of 10 from group 1 and 5 from group 2. An AI could not be obtained from 2 of the BTOs in group 1 because raw data were not recorded for these 2 patients. The mean MAI in group 1 was 2.6±3.3% (n=8), which was significantly lower than that in group 2 (25.6±5.0%, n=5, P<0.02). No patient in group 1 had a MAI exceeding 10%, whereas all MAIs in group 2 reached above 19%. A resting SPECT study was performed in 7 patients. The MAI in the resting SPECT ranged from -3.1% to 4.2%. The mean absolute value of the resting MAI was 2.3±1.5%, which was not statistically different from the MAI in group 1 but was statistically smaller than the MAI in group 2 (P<0.01).

Stump Pressure and Asymmetry Index
The mean stump pressures in group 1, group 2, and group 3 were 41.4±9.8, 31.2±15.3, and 29.0±9.9 mm Hg, respectively. However, there was no statistical difference between them. The mean stump pressure and MAI did not have a significant correlation (r=0.497, P=0.0844, Figure 4Down).



View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Figure 4. The relationship between mean stump pressure and MAI during BTO. An open circle indicates group 1, and a closed circle, group 2. There was no significant correlation between them (r=0.497, P=0.0844).

Monitoring of rSO2
Although the rSO2 was monitored in all 17 BTO procedures, the rSO2 level was unstable during BTO in only 1 patient from group 2, which was then excluded from the subsequent studies. The {Delta}rSO2 in group 1 was 1.5±1.4% (n=10), in group 2 5.5±1.3% (n=4); this difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The {Delta}rSO2 in group 3 (9.0±0.0%, n=2) was also greater than that in group 1 or group 2. Group 3, however, was too small to evaluate statistical significance. In 8 of 10 patients in group 1, the SPECT study with rSO2 monitoring was performed under induced hypotension. In these patients, the preceding 5-minute test occlusion of the ICA with rSO2 monitoring was also performed under no hypotensive provocation in the angiography suite. The rSO2 monitoring in the 18 BTO procedures indicated that even in group 1, the rSO2 started to decrease if the stump pressure fell to 45 mm Hg, and the rSO2 always decreased when the stump pressure fell below 40 mm Hg (Figure 5Down). Furthermore, a significant linear correlation existed in group 1 between the {Delta}rSO2 and the stump pressure during BTO (r=0.85, P<0.0001).



View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Figure 5. The relationship between mean stump pressure and {Delta}rSO2 during BTO in group 1. An open circle indicates BTO without induced hypotension (n=10); closed circle, BTO with induced hypotension (n=8). A significant linear correlation was indicated between mean stump pressure and {Delta}rSO2 (r=0.85, P<0.0001).


*    Discussion
up arrowTop
up arrowAbstract
up arrowIntroduction
up arrowSubjects and Methods
up arrowResults
*Discussion
down arrowReferences
 
Among several methods used to determine CBF distribution in BTO, 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT is used most frequently because of its wide availability. Reportedly, 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT is very useful in detecting unilateral asymmetrical distribution of CBF with BTO.5 6 7 8 9 It is generally accepted that areas of diminished perfusion are abnormal when the interhemispheric differential activity is greater than 10%.5 16 In the present study, visual classification of CBF distribution corresponded well with relative quantitative analysis; no MAI in group 1 exceeded 10%, and all MAIs in group 2 were higher than 19%. The present study also supports the feasibility and usefulness of 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in high-risk patients because in the present study 5 of 15 BTOs showed significant asymmetry (group 2) without the appearance of neurological symptoms. Furthermore, significant asymmetry on 99mTc-HMPAO distribution was also observed in 1 patient, despite a fairly high level of stump pressure (Figure 2Up, left). However, symmetrical distribution of 99mTc-HMPAO does not always indicate negative hemodynamic changes during BTO. Well-developed collateral circulation through the anterior communicating artery or posterior communicating artery possibly leads to a bilateral reduction of CBF with the occlusion of 1 carotid artery. A qualitative CBF study with a stable xenon CT scan indicated that a symmetrical decrease in CBF was frequently observed.17 18 Indeed, a stable xenon CT scan is very useful for the quantitative evaluation of CBF; however, balloon inflation must be performed on the CT table, and inhalation of xenon-mixed gas for several minutes affects the neurological observation during BTO. Furthermore, the stump pressure is not always stable during BTO, especially under provocative hypotension, and the duration of several minutes for a xenon CBF study possibly affects the evaluation of CBF values. Yet, 99mTc-HMPAO is taken up rapidly by the brain with little redistribution, allowing a snapshot of the brain perfusion at the time of injection.10 11 12 CBF imaging during the balloon inflation, thus, can be obtained simply by venous injection of 99mTc-HMPAO during ICA occlusion and scanning, after all the BTO procedures have been completed. Furthermore, it provides a fairly good spatial resolution of CBF compared with a xenon CT study. The timing of the tracer injection may significantly affect the development of perfusion abnormalities. A previous experimental study, in which changes in CBF and tissue oxygen tension with transorbital MCA occlusion were continuously monitored in the MCA area of rabbits, indicated that collateral circulation developed promptly within 5 minutes after the start of ischemia19 ; the tracer was thus injected at 5 minutes after the start of BTO in the present study.

As a simple yet reliable technique for monitoring altered CBF or oxygenation of the brain, rSO2 monitoring by measurement of NIRS with the INVOS 310013 14 20 or other instruments21 has been used during skull base surgery, removal of a cervical tumor involving the carotid artery, and carotid endarterectomy. The sensor for the INVOS 3100 consists of a flexible pad (8.8x4.4 cm) with 1 light source and 2 photodetectors. The distances between the light source and 2 photodetectors were set at 30 and 40 mm to eliminate the interference of blood oxygen saturation from all extracerebral components. The cerebral oximetry used in this experiment reflects the change of cerebral oxygen saturation between the light source and the 40-mm distant photodetector.22 The rSO2 recording became stable within a few minutes except in 1 case, and it could be monitored continuously in 16 of 17 BTOs. Repeated carotid occlusion during a series of tests to verify the reproducibility was not performed in this study. However, 2 sets of BTOs were carried out within a 7-month period in patient 13. The rSO2 decreased by 6% in the first BTO and 7% in the second BTO. The mean stump pressure and MAI were 15 mm Hg and 23.5% in the first BTO and 22 mm Hg and 32.4% in the second BTO. These results might support the good reproducibility in the rSO2 monitoring in the present study.

A critical rSO2 level or {Delta}rSO2 to induce neurological deficit has not been well established. In the present study, we monitored rSO2 in addition to performing 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT to evaluate the change of cerebral perfusion on the occluded hemisphere with BTO. Carlin et al13 reported cases of awake carotid endarterectomy in which the mean {Delta}rSO2 by carotid cross-clamp in patients without the appearance of neurological deficit was 7.2%. Dujovny et al reported14 on 2 patients who exhibited neurological deteriorations with a fall in rSO2 of more than 10% after BTO. Our present results indicate that rSO2 dropped by 9% immediately after balloon occlusion of the left ICA in 2 patients who experienced right hemiparesis and aphasia, whereas rSO2 decreased by 4% to 7% without the appearance of a neurological deficit in patients in group 2. Our previous study on the simultaneous measurement of rSO2 and CBF indicated that 1000 mg acetazolamide increased CBF by 44.4% and rSO2 from 64.2% to 69.6%.23 Holzschuh et al24 also demonstrated similar results. In the present study, {Delta}rSO2 was 5.5±2.1% (n=4) in group 2, which was significantly higher than the {Delta}rSO2 in group 1 (1.5±1.4%, n=10). {Delta}rSO2 in group 3 was 9.0±0.0% (n=2), which was also higher than the {Delta}rSO2 in group 1; however, no statistical difference could be found because group 3 was too small. Although the relationship between rSO2 and CBF is not simply linear but is determined by Fick's equation, the prominent fall of rSO2 in groups 2 and 3 suggests that a fairly profound reduction in CBF develops with BTO in these cases. Furthermore, even in group 1, if stump pressure fell to 45 mm Hg, then rSO2 started to decline, and rSO2 always decreased when stump pressure fell below 40 mm Hg. These results indicate that deterioration of cerebral perfusion develops even in the case of group 1 when the stump pressure falls below 40 mm Hg. The relation between asymmetrical CBF distribution and stump pressure during BTO is still controversial,25 26 and the present study did not determine a significant correlation between them. In our study, stump pressure fell below 40 mm Hg in 9 BTOs. Of these 9 BTOs, a focal neurological deficit appeared immediately in 2 BTOs, and asymmetrical distribution of CBF was observed in 3 BTOs, whereas 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in the remaining 4 BTOs exhibited symmetrical rather than asymmetrical CBF distribution. Our results concerning the relation between {Delta}rSO2, stump pressure, and asymmetrical CBF distribution in SPECT study indicate that a lower stump pressure does not always signify asymmetrical CBF distribution; however, a stump pressure less than 40 mm Hg always accompanies a perfusion disturbance to affect the rSO2 level. Furthermore, in group 1, which exhibited little or no asymmetry with BTO, a significant linear correlation between {Delta}rSO2 and stump pressure was demonstrated (r=0.85, P<0.0001). Lorberboym et al16 reported that 4 of 18 patients in whom 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT study during BTO revealed symmetrical distribution subsequently suffered from cerebral ischemia after the permanent sacrifice of the carotid artery. Although the etiology of their ischemic event was not clearly identified and stump pressure during BTO was not evaluated in these patients, the possible involvement of hemodynamic factors is suggested in their report.

Among the patients in the present study, the following surgical procedures were performed: common carotid ligation in 2, permanent occlusion of the ICA in 1, transient occlusion of the ICA in 1, and resection followed by reconstruction of the common carotid artery in 1. Thromboembolic complications were observed in 1 patient in group 1 after permanent ICA occlusion. Although in the present study we were not able to reveal definitive criteria to predict hemodynamic complication with permanent ICA occlusion, our preliminary study indicates that obvious asymmetrical CBF distribution without the appearance of a neurological deficit always accompanies a profound decrease in rSO2, suggesting the development of a prominent reduction of CBF. Furthermore, even in patients with symmetrical CBF distribution during BTO, a decrease in mean stump pressure below 40 mm Hg always accompanies a decrease in rSO2, and rSO2 parallels a severe reduction in stump pressure in cases in which a symmetrical SPECT pattern is exhibited.

Thus, we verified in this study that rSO2 monitoring is a simple and easily applicable but very sensitive indicator of the cerebral oxygenation, and we deduce that the simultaneous measurement of rSO2 and stump pressure with SPECT study is useful in the evaluation of hemodynamic integrity after BTO. Furthermore, rSO2 monitoring is now applied for intraoperative monitoring in skull base surgery, carotid endarterectomy, and neck surgery involving the carotid artery. It provides useful information for the operative manipulation of carotid artery under rSO2 monitoring to correlate {Delta}rSO2 following BTO with stump pressure and SPECT imaging preoperatively.


*    Acknowledgments
 
The authors thank Hidenori Matsuo for his technical expertise for SPECT study.


*    Footnotes
 
Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.

Received September 4, 1998; revision received November 2, 1998; accepted November 2, 1998.


*    References
up arrowTop
up arrowAbstract
up arrowIntroduction
up arrowSubjects and Methods
up arrowResults
up arrowDiscussion
*References
 
1. Anon VV, Aymard A, Gobin YP, Casasco A, Ruffenacht D, Khayata MH, Abizanda E, Redondo A, Merland JJ. Balloon occlusion of the internal carotid artery in 40 cases of giant intracavernous aneurysm: technical aspects, cerebral monitoring, and results. Neuroradiology. 1992;34:245–251.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

2. Komiyama M, Khosla VK, Tamura K, Nagata Y, Baba M. A provocative internal carotid artery balloon occlusion test with 99 mTc-HMPAO CBF mapping: report of three cases. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1992;32:747–752.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

3. Chen HJ, Chen HY. Use of Tc-99 m HMPAO brain SPECT to evaluate cerebral collateral circulation during Matas test. Clin Nucl Med. 1995;20:346–351.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

4. Nathan MA, Bushnell DL, Kahn TM, Simonson TM, Kirchner PT. Crossed cerebellar diaschisis associated with balloon test occlusion of the carotid artery. Nucl Med Commun. 1994;15:448–454.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

5. Monsein LH, Jeffery PJ, van Heerden BB, Szabo Z, Schwartz JR, Camargo EE, Chazaly J. Assessing adequacy of collateral circulation during balloon test occlusion of the internal carotid artery with 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12:1045–1051.[Abstract]

6. Eckard DA, Purdy PD, Bonte FJ. Temporary balloon occlusion of the carotid artery combined with brain blood flow imaging as a test to predict tolerance prior to permanent carotid sacrifice. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13:1565–1569.[Abstract]

7. Simonson TM, Ryals TJ, Yuh WTC, Farrar GP, Rezail K, Hoffman HT. MR imaging and HMPAO scintigraphy in conjunction with balloon test occlusion: value in predicting sequelae after permanent carotid occlusion. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;159:1063–1068.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

8. Palestro CJ, Sen C, Muzinic M, Afriyie M, Goldsmith SJ. Assessing collateral cerebral perfusion with technetium-99 m-HMPAO SPECT during temporary internal carotid artery occlusion. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:1235–1238.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

9. Mathews D, Walker BS, Purdy PD, Batjer H, Allen BC, Eckard DA, Devous MD, Bonte FJ. Brain blood flow SPECT in temporary balloon occlusion of carotid and intracerebral arteries. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:1239–1243.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10. Holman BL, Devous MD Sr. Functional brain SPECT: the emergence of a powerful clinical method. J Nucl Med. 1992;33:1888–1904.[Free Full Text]

11. Andersen AR, Fribert H, Knudsen KBM, Barry DI, Paulson OB, Schmidt JF, Lassen NA, Neirinckx RD. Extraction of [99 mTc]-d,1-HM-PAO across the blood brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988;8:S44–S51.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

12. Neirinckx RD, Canning LR, Piper IM, Nowotnik DP, Pickett RD, Holmes RA, Volkert WA, Forster AM, Weisner PS, Marriott JA, Chaplin SB. Technetium-99 m-d,1-HM-PAO: a new radiopharmaceutical for SPECT imaging of regional cerebral blood perfusion. J Nucl Med. 1987;28:191–202.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

13. Carlin RE, McGraw DJ, Calimlim JR, Mascia MF. The use of near-infrared cerebral oximetry in awake carotid endoarterectomy. J Clin Ants. 1998;10:109–113.

14. Dujovny M, Slavin KV, Hernandez G, Geremia GK, Ausman JI. Use of cerebral oximetry to monitor brain oxygenation reserves for skull base surgery. Skull Base Surgery. 1994;4:117–121.

15. Tanaka F, Nishizawa S, Yonekura Y, Sadato N, Ishizu K, Okazawa H, Tamaki N, Nakahara I, Taki W, Konishi J. Changes in cerebral blood flow induced by balloon test occlusion of the internal carotid artery under hypotension. J Nucl Med. 1995;22:1268–1273.

16. Lorberboym M, Pandit N, Machac J, Holan V, Sacher M, Segal D, Sen C. Brain perfusion imaging during preoperative temporary balloon occlusion of the internal carotid artery. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:415–419.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

17. Witt JP, Yonas H, Jungreis C. Cerebral blood flow response pattern during balloon test occlusion of the internal carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:847–857.[Abstract]

18. Erba SM, Horton JA, Latchaw RE, Yonas H, Sekhar L, Schramm V, Pentheny S. Balloon test occlusion of the internal carotid artery with stable xenon/CT cerebral blood flow imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1988;9:533–538.[Abstract]

19. Kaminogo M. Haemodynamic changes in pre and post ischaemia following simulated embolic stroke of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurol Res. 1985;7:75–80.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

20. Slavin KV, Dujovny M, Ausman JI, Hernandez G, Pharm ML, Stoddart H. Clinical experience with transcranial cerebral oximetry. Surg Neurol. 1994;42:531–540.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

21. Kuroda S, Houkin K, Abe H, Tamura M. Cerebral hemodynamic changes during carotid artery balloon occlusion monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1996;36:78–86.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

22. Williams IM, Picton A, Farrell A, Mead GE, Mortimer AJ, McCollum CN. Light-reflective cerebral oximetry and jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation during carotid endarterectomy. Br J Surg. 1994;81:1291–1295.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

23. Kaminogo M, Ichikura A, Shibata S, Toba T, Yonekura M. Effect of acetazolamide on regional cerebral oxygen saturation and regional cerebral blood flow. Stroke. 1995;26:2358–2360.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

24. Holzschuh M, Woertgen C, Metz C, Brawanski A. Comparison of changes in cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen saturation measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) after acetazolamide. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1997;139:58–62.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

25. Steed DL, Webster MW, DeVries EJ, Jungreis CA, Horton JA, Schkar L, Yonas H. Clinical observations on the effect of carotid artery occlusion on cerebral blood flow mapped by xenon computed tomography and its correlation with carotid artery back pressure. J Vasc Surg. 1990;11:38–44.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

26. Okudaira Y, Arai H, Sato K. Cerebral blood flow alteration by acetazolamide during carotid balloon occlusion: parameters reflecting cerebral perfusion pressure in the acetazolamide test. Stroke. 1996;27:617–621.[Abstract/Free Full Text]




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
Am. J. Neuroradiol.Home page
S.D. Goode, S. Krishan, C. Alexakis, R. Mahajan, and D.P. Auer
Precision of Cerebrovascular Reactivity Assessment with Use of Different Quantification Methods for Hypercapnia Functional MR Imaging
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2009; 30(5): 972 - 977.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
P. G. Al-Rawi and P. J. Kirkpatrick
Tissue Oxygen Index: Thresholds for Cerebral Ischemia Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Stroke, November 1, 2006; 37(11): 2720 - 2725.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Kaminogo, M.
Right arrow Articles by Shibata, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Kaminogo, M.
Right arrow Articles by Shibata, S.
Related Collections
Right arrow Angiography
Right arrow Computerized tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Right arrow PET and SPECT