(Stroke. 1999;30:924-929.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Use of Nursing Home After Stroke and Dependence on Stroke Severity
A Population-Based Analysis
From the Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Department of Neurology (R.D.B., G.W.P., J.P.W.) and Department of Health Sciences Research (J.R., W.M.O'F., J.P.W., C.L.L.), Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minn; and Upjohn and Pharmacia Pharmaceuticals, Kalamazoo, Mich (S.H.).
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Background and Purpose—There are few population-based data available regarding nursing home use after stroke. This study clarifies the use of a nursing home after stroke, as well as its dependence on stroke severity, in a defined population.
Methods—All first stroke events among residents of Rochester, Minn, during 1987–1989 were ascertained, subtyped, and assigned Rankin disability scores (RS) before the event, at maximal deficit, and at specified intervals after stroke. Persons were followed from the date of stroke event to death, emigration from Rochester, or December 31, 1994, in complete community-based medical records and Minnesota Case Mix Review Program data tapes to determine nursing home residency before stroke and at 90 days and 1 year after stroke, proportion of survival days in a nursing home, and cumulative risk of admission to a nursing home.
Results—There were 251 cases of first cerebral infarction, 24 intracerebral hemorrhages, and 15 subarachnoid hemorrhages among residents of Rochester during 1987–1989. The maximal deficit RS was 1 or 2 for 62 (25%), RS 3 for 72 (29%), and RS 4 or 5 for 117 (47%) of the cerebral infarct patients. Among patients surviving to 90 days or 1 year after cerebral infarction, 25% were in nursing home at 90 days and 22% at 1 year, respectively. Within these maximal deficit RS categories, the percentages of follow-up time spent in a nursing home during the first post–cerebral infarction year are as follows: RS 1 to 2, 4%; RS 3, 10%; and RS 4 to 5, 54%. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that increasing age and RS 4 to 5 at maximal deficit were independent predictors (P<0.0001) of nursing home residency at 90 days and 1 year after stroke, whereas stroke type was not an independent predictor. At 1 year after cerebral infarction, the Kaplan-Meier estimates of proportion of people with at least 1 nursing home admission were 11% for RS 1 to 2, 22% for RS 3, and 68% for RS 4 to 5.
Conclusions—This study provides unique population-based data regarding the short- and long-term use of a nursing home after stroke and its dependence on stroke severity. More than 50% of people with a severe cerebral infarction are in a nursing home 90 days and 1 year after the stroke, and by 1 year, nearly 70% will have required some nursing home stay. Age and stroke severity are independent predictors of nursing home residency after stroke.
Key Words: cerebral infarction • intracerebral hemorrhage • nursing homes • quality of life • stroke outcome
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Stroke is the third highest cause of death in the United States, resulting in 150 000 deaths per year. In addition to mortality, the social and economic impacts of stroke are striking. Recently published data have clarified the impact of acute care services after first stroke,1 2 3 4 5 and population-based estimates of the impact of all stroke have been published.6 However, the importance of stroke type and severity on nursing home use is poorly defined.
Currently available nursing home utilization data primarily obtained from administrative databases2 5 or from sites outside the United States4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 may not be valid for generalization to all episodes of stroke in the US population. In addition, estimates of the dependency of nursing home use on stroke type and severity have not been previously available on a population basis. This study uses the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project16 to evaluate the use of nursing homes after stroke and to clarify the dependence of such use on stroke type and disability level in a defined population. These data can be used to assess the impact of medical or surgical interventions on short- and long-term nursing home use. They can also be used to clarify the effect of stroke prevention strategies on nursing home use. Because acute stroke treatments do not alter the occurrence of stroke but instead may lessen stroke severity, the severity-dependent nursing home use data will allow impact of these treatments to be estimated.
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Subjects and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The Rochester Epidemiology Project Medical Records Linkage System provides resources to identify nearly all cases of stroke in a community.17 18 Virtually all medical care in the community is supplied by Mayo Clinic and its 2 affiliated hospitals or by Olmsted Medical Center, a smaller group practice that includes an outpatient and inpatient facility. All medical diagnoses made for a resident of Rochester are entered on a master sheet in the provider linked medical record, which is then entered into a central computer index. The index includes Rochester residents who have been seen in other medical practices in surrounding communities, the University of Minnesota, and the Veteran's Administration Hospital in Minneapolis. Previously reported studies have demonstrated the completeness of case ascertainment for stroke with the use of the medical records linkage system compared with a prospective cohort study.19
The medical records of all residents of Rochester who had a diagnosis of stroke or a diagnosis that could be mistaken for stroke or transient ischemic attack during the 3-year period from January 1, 1987, through December 31, 1989, were screened by a neurologist or trained nurse abstractor under the supervision of a neurologist to determine whether the case met the criteria for a stroke.19 The medical record includes all inpatient and outpatient visits, including urgent care and emergency department visits, nursing home care, and autopsy or death certificate information. The clinical record was reviewed to determine whether there were any clinical symptoms consistent with stroke. Death certificates and autopsy protocols were also reviewed to identify those with diagnosis of stroke. Cases diagnosed on radiological imaging alone without any associated clinical symptoms were not included. The type of stroke19 was determined with the use of imaging studies and autopsy results when available. In summary, all patients had clinical symptoms consistent with cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
All confirmed cases then had verification of Rochester residence based on information from city and county directories and medical records. To exclude persons who may have moved to Rochester to facilitate treatment or diagnosis of an existing disorder, subjects were eligible only if they were residents of Rochester for at least 1 year before stroke. Level of disability before stroke, at maximal deficit, and at specified intervals after stroke was obtained from comprehensive review of the medical record and was defined according to the Rankin disability scale,20 a 6-point scale of functional disability. Grade 0 indicates no symptoms; grade 1, no significant disability; grade 2, slight disability with inability to perform previous activities; grade 3, moderate disability but able to walk without assistance; grade 4, moderate to severe disability with inability to walk without assistance and inability to attend to own needs; and grade 5, severe disability with bedridden status requiring constant nursing care.
This study was approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board.
Determination of Nursing Home Use
All individuals were followed for nursing home activity from
date of stroke until emigration, death, or December 31, 1994. The
community-based medical record, which includes inpatient and
outpatient data, with hospital discharge disposition, location and
cause of death, nursing home visit notes, and correspondence, was
comprehensively reviewed. Additional data regarding nursing home use
were provided by the State of Minnesota Department of Health Case Mix
Review public research files. This large data set includes detailed
periodic nursing home resident assessment, including demographic data,
medical diagnoses, and dates of entry and discharge for all residents
of all Medicaid-certified nursing homes in the community. It is
important to note that the case mix review data included information on
all nursing home residents, regardless of payment source. A single
continuing care retirement center owned by Mayo Foundation is not
included in the case mix review files. The number of nursing home
admissions and days for the 24 stroke cases admitted to that facility
was available with comprehensive review of the Mayo Clinic medical
record.
During the period of this study, nursing home beds in the community were relatively readily available. There is a large inpatient physical medicine and rehabilitation facility at Saint Mary's Hospital in Rochester, making admission to a nursing home for temporary rehabilitation purposes uncommon.
Statistical Analysis
All cases were followed for at least 1 year after stroke, and
the proportion of individuals in the nursing home among those surviving
was determined at 90 days and 1 year after stroke, by stroke type and
severity at maximal deficit. Among those surviving, the proportion of
survival days spent in a nursing home was estimated. Logistic
regression analysis was used to assess the influence of such
factors as sex, age, stroke type, stroke severity, and their
interactions on the odds of residency in nursing home at 90 days and 1
year after stroke. Significance was defined as P<0.05 in
the final model. Among persons not in the nursing home at stroke onset,
survival free of nursing home use was estimated for cerebral infarction
cases with Rankin score at maximal deficit 1 to 2, 3, and 4 to 5 with
the use of the Kaplan-Meier product-limit
method.21
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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There were 301 confirmed cases of first stroke among residents of Rochester, Minn, for the period January 1, 1987, through December 31, 1989. Eleven people were identified as having been hospitalized out of the region or as residing at a local convent that provides nursing home care. Nursing home use for the 11 individuals could not be reliably established, and they were excluded from the analysis. For the remaining 290 cases, the distribution by stroke type was as follows: cerebral infarction, n=251; ICH, n=24; and SAH, n=15. The mean age at stroke onset was 73.5 years, and 63% were women. The mean Rankin score before the stroke event was 1.7. The distribution of Rankin disability score at maximal deficit for cerebral infarction is outlined in Table 1
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Among stroke cases who survived to 90 and 365 days, the proportion in a
nursing home at each of these times was calculated and is displayed by
stroke type and Rankin score at maximal deficit in Table 1
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Thirty-three patients were in the nursing home at the time of cerebral
infarction. None of the SAHs or ICHs occurred among nursing home
residents. Of the 33 cerebral infarction cases occurring in nursing
home residents, 1 was Rankin 1 and 32 were Rankin 4 to 5 at maximal
deficit. Most of these 33 people had significant disability before the
stroke, with prestroke Rankin scores of 4 or 5 in 22 (67%), Rankin 3
in 9 (27%), and Rankin 1 or 2 in 2 people (6%). Eighteen of the 33
had died by 90 days after the cerebral infarction, and 15 survived (1
with Rankin 3 at maximal deficit and 14 with Rankin 4 or 5 at maximal
deficit). One year after cerebral infarction, 6 more of these 33 had
died.
Overall, 25% of surviving cerebral infarction cases were in a nursing home at 90 days (95% CI, 20% to 32%) and 22% (95% CI, 16% to 29%) at 365 days. At 90 days, 5% of surviving cerebral infarction patients with maximal deficit Rankin score of 1 to 2 resided in a nursing home compared with 10% of those with maximal deficit Rankin score of 3 and 59% of those with maximal deficit Rankin score of 4 to 5 (P<0.0001). At 1 year these proportions were 5%, 11%, and 56% (P<0.0001), respectively. Although the numbers were quite small, it was noted that 22% of ICH patients and 10% of SAH patients surviving to 90 days resided in a nursing home. When we excluded the 33 people in the nursing home at the time of stroke, 19% of surviving cerebral infarction cases were in the nursing home at 90 days (95% CI, 14% to 26%) and 18% (95% CI, 12% to 24%) at 1 year.
The impact of stroke recurrence on nursing home use among
people with cerebral infarction was studied. Sixty-one people had
recurrent cerebral infarction within 5 years of first cerebral
infarction, among 218 cases that were not in a nursing home at the time
of the first cerebral infarction. Twenty-eight (46%) of these had no
nursing home use after the recurrence, up to 5 years after
first cerebral infarction. Fourteen (23%) were already in the nursing
home at recurrence. For the remaining 19 people (31%), there
were 362 days of nursing home use during days 0 to 90 after first
stroke, 849 days during days 91 to 365 after first stroke, and 7084
days from 1 to 5 years after first stroke. These nursing home use
figures after recurrent stroke made up 13% of all nursing home days
among cerebral infarction cases from days 0 to 90 (362/2817; Table 2), 10% from days 91 to 365 (849/8334),
and 22% from 1 to 5 years (7084/32 302).
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To evaluate the effect of Rankin score on nursing home residency at 90 days and 1 year after stroke (cerebral infarction, ICH, or SAH) while adjusting for other potential predictors of nursing home residency (sex, age, stroke type), stepwise logistic regression was used. In the final model, in the analysis of the cohort that includes the 33 people in a nursing home at the time of stroke, increasing age (P<0.0001; odds ratio [OR], 11.7 for each 10-year increase) and a Rankin disability score at maximal deficit of 4 or 5 were independent predictors of nursing home residence at 90 days after the stroke. The OR for maximal Rankin score of 4 to 5, compared with maximal Rankin of 1 to 2, was 11.8 (P<0.0001). Similarly, among patients surviving 365 days, increasing age and Rankin score at maximal deficit were independent predictors of nursing home residency (P<0.0001) with an OR=13.8 for severe stroke (maximal Rankin 4 to 5) compared with minor stroke (maximal Rankin 1 to 2). Stroke type, sex, and interactions were not significant in either analysis. The results of the analyses were similar when we excluded the 33 cases in the nursing home at the time of stroke, except that the OR for severe stroke was slightly lower at 90 days (OR=8.9) and at 1 year (OR=10.8).
Among cerebral infarction cases not in a nursing home at the time of
the cerebral infarction, survival free of nursing home use was
estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. At 1 year after cerebral
infarction, the estimated proportions with at least 1 nursing home
admission were as follows: 11% for Rankin score 1 to 2, 22% for
Rankin score 3, and 68% for Rankin score 4 to 5
(Figure). Survival free of
admission to a nursing home was significant between the 3 groups of
maximal deficit Rankin scores (P<0.0001, log-rank
test).
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The number of nursing home and follow-up days by 90 days, 1 year, and 5
years after stroke by stroke type and severity are presented in
Table 2. Among the 251 persons with cerebral infarction,
the mean number of nursing home days during the first year was 64 days.
The mean number differed as a function of stroke severity. Among those
with minor stroke, defined as a Rankin score at maximal deficit of 1 to
2, 55 of 62 (88.7%) did not have any nursing home days, and among the
7 that had a nursing home stay during the year after the stroke, the
mean was 14 days, and the median was 96 days (range, 13 to 346 days).
For those with a major stroke (Rankin score at maximal deficit of 4 to
5), 38 of 117 (33%) did not have any nursing home days during the year
after the cerebral infarction, and among the 79 that did have any
nursing home stays during the year, the median was 121 days (range, 2
to 365 days). For all patients, including those in a nursing home at
the time of cerebral infarction, the percentage of person-days of
survival spent in a nursing home was 23% during the first year after
cerebral infarction (17% when those in a nursing home at the time of
cerebral infarction were excluded). There was a strong dependence on
severity at maximal deficit, with 54% of all survival days during the
first year spent in a nursing home among patients with Rankin 4 to 5,
compared with 10% with Rankin 3 and 4% with Rankin 1 to 2 at maximal
deficit (43%, 8%, and 4% respectively, when people in a nursing home
at the time of cerebral infarction were excluded).
There were few cases of ICH and SAH. The proportion of all survival days spent in the nursing home among those with SAH was 10% during the first year compared with 30.2% in persons with ICH. Because of the small number of cases, the relative impact of age on nursing home use in the people with hemorrhage for a comparison of ICH and SAH could not be determined with certainty, nor could conclusive estimates of long-term nursing home use. It was noted that people with ICH are older, with mean age of onset at 65.4 years compared with 54.1 years for SAH.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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This is the first US study to provide unique population-based data regarding nursing home use as a function of stroke type and severity. This study confirms the widely recognized morbidity and mortality after stroke and the striking effect of cerebral infarction and other types of stroke on nursing home use, with its associated social and economic cost. After first cerebral infarction, the most common type of stroke, nearly 25% of patients were in a nursing home at 90 days, including 5% of those with minor cerebral infarctions and 59% of those with severe cerebral infarctions. At 1 year, the figures were quite similar, with 22% of all surviving cerebral infarction survivors, 5% of minor cerebral infarction survivors, and 56% of major cerebral infarction survivors in a nursing home at 1 year after the event. These figures were not markedly different when we excluded people in the nursing home at the time of stroke occurrence. Small numbers in the hemorrhage subgroups precluded precise estimates of nursing home use. However, it is apparent that should a patient with SAH survive the event, the likelihood of nursing home admission is quite low. Among the 10 survivors of SAH at 1 year after the event, only 1 was still in the nursing home. Only 7 of 24 cases of ICH survived 1 year; the 42% of patients using a nursing home in that group was an imprecise estimate.
The effect of stroke severity on the proportion of days spent in the nursing home after the event was similar to its effect on residency at 90 and 365 days. In the 5 years after a cerebral infarction, 21% of all survival days were spent in a nursing home, ranging from 9% for minor cerebral infarction to 51% for a severe cerebral infarction. In a logistic regression analysis, increasing age and severe cerebral infarction were predictors of being in a nursing home at 90 days and 1 year after stroke event.
Temporary nursing home stays were also occasionally noted, as indicated
by a number of new nursing home admissions between 90 and 365 days
after the stroke (Table 1). There is a large inpatient
rehabilitation facility in Rochester, making temporary nursing home
stays for physical rehabilitation relatively uncommon. Temporary
placement may be used for inability to care for the patient at home
because of caregiver availability issues, other social factors, or
transient nonneurological or neurological related functional
disability.
There are few other population-based studies of nursing home use after stroke. These have largely come from Europe, however, and comparisons are problematic because of differences in patterns of care delivery. In a Swedish study of cerebral infarction patients, at 3 months after the event 27% of all surviving patients were in a nursing home compared with 25.4% in the present study, and at 1 year, 14% of survivors were in a nursing home compared with 21.8% in the present study.14 In that study, the mean use of "geriatric beds" during the first poststroke year was 59 days compared with a mean of 63.7 nursing home days among all persons with cerebral infarction during the first year in the present study. The definitions of minor stroke and major stroke were also different from those used in the present study. In the Swedish study, patients with minor stroke included those who had complete remission of symptoms within 1 to 3 weeks, whereas patients with a more severe residual were classified as having major stroke.
The present data may also be compared with a study evaluating discharge placement after stroke unit admission in Denmark.4 8 9 In that study, it was noted that patients with initially mild strokes as defined by a Scandinavian neurological scale score were less likely to be admitted to a nursing home than those with moderate strokes, and those with moderate strokes were less likely to be admitted than those with severe strokes. However, since the Danish data were presented on the basis of hospital discharge disposition, they are not comparable to the 90- and 365-day nursing home residency and use after stroke in this study, which included nonhospitalized cases. Another study that only considered hospitalized cases of stroke was based on the Lehigh Valley stroke cohort.3 In that cohort based on patients hospitalized during 1987–1989, older age was a predictor of not being discharged to home from the hospital, whereas sex and living with a spouse were not predictors of discharge other than to home. Data regarding long-term nursing home use were not reported.
During the 12 months after stroke, the mean number of nursing home days among persons with a mild cerebral infarction was 21.9 days per person; among those with severe cerebral infarction, the mean was 188 days. The charges for nursing home days are quite variable and dependent on acuity and Medicaid reimbursement; the mean Medicaid reimbursement for 1988 and 1989 stroke cases in Rochester, Minn, was $67 (State of Minnesota, unpublished data, 1988, 1989). Assuming a mean nursing home reimbursement of $67 per day, the Medicaid reimbursement for those with mild cerebral infarction would be $1474. This would add an additional 16% to the acute care services charges in the 12 months after stroke as reported for mild cerebral infarctions in a previous publication of acute care charges for Rochester, Minn, stroke incidence cases.1 Among those with severe cerebral infarction, the 188 days (at $67 per day) would contribute $12 596, or a 79% addition to the acute care services charges during the 12 months after stroke for severe cerebral infarction.1 The mean Medicaid reimbursement for 1994, the most recent year for which this information is available, was $92, indicating that the updated nursing home charges in the year after mild cerebral infarction would be $2024 and after severe cerebral infarction would be $17 296. It is apparent that the relative contribution of nursing home charges to overall medical care charges in the year after stroke is high for those with major cerebral infarction.
The generalizability of the Rochester data must be considered. The
frequency of nursing home admission after hospitalization is somewhat
higher for the West/North Central region of the United States than for
other sites.22 However, age- and sex-specific rates
of nursing home use from the present study applied to the 1990
Minnesota census demonstrated a number of persons aged 
65 years in
nursing homes (C. Leibson, PhD, unpublished data) that was
essentially similar to that reported by the state.
The present study has other limitations. Data regarding some potential predictors of nursing home use were not available. These include presence of a spouse, socioeconomic status, and presence of medical and neurological comorbid conditions. However, gender, which is a correlate of spousal support, was not a predictor of being in a nursing home at either 90 or 365 days. This is in agreement with others who have reported that gender or living with a spouse were not predictive of discharge to a nursing home after hospitalization for stroke, whereas age, severity of deficit, and length of hospital stay were predictive.3
This study clarifies the impact of the occurrence of stroke on one's ability to independently live at home. It also shows that the contribution of minor strokes to nursing home use is relatively small. An intervention that could either prevent stroke or lessen the severity of stroke could have a marked impact on nursing home use. The relative contribution of nursing home care to the economic impact of stroke is also striking, particularly among those with more severe cerebral infarctions. Further study will be necessary to define the benefit of acute stroke therapy, such as intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, and of medical and surgical stroke prevention management techniques on nursing home use after stroke when used on a more widespread basis, outside the setting of clinical trials.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported in part by Pharmacia and Upjohn Pharmaceuticals and research grants NS06663 from the National Institutes of Health. The authors thank James B. Sims and the Minnesota Department of Health, Facility and Provider Compliance Division, Case Mix Review Program for providing nursing home data used in this study.
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Footnotes |
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Reprint requests to Robert D. Brown, Jr, MD, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905.
Received January 11, 1999; revision received February 22, 1999; accepted February 22, 1999.
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References |
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