(Stroke. 1999;30:1833-1839.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Early Surgical Treatment for Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage
A Randomized Feasibility Study
From the Departments of Neurosurgery (M.Z., J.T., H. Van L., H-S.Y.), Neurology (L.S., J.B.), Emergency Medicine (R.K., A.P.), Radiology (T.T.), and Environmental Health (J.K.), University of Cincinnati Medical Center (Ohio); Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla (T.B.); and Service de Neurologie, Hopitaux de Lyon, Lyon, France (L.D.).
Correspondence to Joseph Broderick, MD, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Department of Neurology, 231 Bethesda Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0525. E-mail broderjp{at}ucsm
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Abstract |
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Background and Purpose—The safety and the effectiveness of the surgical treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain controversial. To investigate the feasibility of urgent surgical evacuation of ICH, we conducted a small, randomized feasibility study of early surgical treatment versus current nonoperative management in patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH.
Methods—Patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH who presented to 1 university and 2 community hospitals were randomized to surgical treatment or best medical treatment. Principal eligibility criteria were ICH volume >10 cm3 on baseline CT scan with a focal neurological deficit, Glasgow Coma Scale score >4 at the time of enrollment, randomization and therapy within 24 hours of symptom onset, surgery within 3 hours of randomization, and no evidence for ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. The primary end point was the 3-month Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). A good outcome was defined as a 3-month GOS score >3.
Results—Twenty patients were randomized over 24 months, 9 to surgical intervention and 11 to medical treatment. The median time from onset of symptoms to presentation at the treating hospitals was 3 hours and 17 minutes, the time from randomization to surgery was 1 hour and 20 minutes, and the time from onset of symptoms to surgery was 8 hours and 35 minutes. The likelihood of a good outcome (primary outcome measure: GOS score >3) for the surgical treatment group (56%) did not differ significantly from the medical treatment group (36%). There was no significant difference in mortality at 3 months. Analysis of the secondary 3-month outcome measures showed a nonsignificant trend toward a better outcome in the surgical treatment group versus the medical treatment group for the median GOS, Barthel Index, and Rankin Scale and a significant difference in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (4 versus 14; P=0.04).
Conclusions—Very early surgical treatment for acute ICH is difficult to achieve but feasible at academic medical centers and community hospitals. The trend toward less 3-month morbidity with surgical intervention in patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH warrants further investigation of very early clot removal in larger randomized clinical trials.
Key Words: craniotomy • intracerebral hemorrhage • medical management • stereotaxic aspiration • surgical treatment
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Despite major advances in early CT diagnosis, improvements in neurosurgical critical care, and refinements in microsurgical techniques, there is no treatment that has been shown to be effective for the estimated 37 000 patients who have an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the United States each year.1 In the CT era, the 30-day mortality for ICH has been reported in the range of 35% to 52% in population studies.2 3 4 5 One fifth of the survivors are independent at 6 months.4 Only 9 randomized surgical6 7 8 9 10 or medical trials11 12 13 14 for ICH have been reported. The 4 randomized medical trials for ICH, 2 testing steroids,12 13 1 glycerol,14 and 1 hemodilution,11 did not show significant benefit for any therapy. The efficacy of surgical treatment for primary ICH is still controversial. Consequently, the management of ICH varies throughout the world.15 16 This randomized feasibility study compares the outcome of patients with spontaneous parenchymal supratentorial ICH who are treated surgically with those who are given the best medical treatment.
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Subjects and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Selection of Patients
Patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH who presented to 1 university and 2 community hospitals from March 29, 1994, through April 9, 1996, were randomized to surgical treatment or best medical treatment.
A history and examination, including an assessment of the baseline level of consciousness by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)17 and of the neurological status by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS),18 were obtained at the time of admission. The time of onset of symptoms was determined on the basis of interview of the patient, family, and witnesses. If the onset was unobserved, it was considered to be at the last time the patient was definitely normal. The diagnosis of spontaneous ICH was made on acute onset of neurological symptoms and signs in the absence of trauma and confirmed by CT scan. Supratentorial ICH was classified according to the location of the hemorrhage into lobar, putaminal, thalamic, or basal ganglia (larger ICH in deep areas of the brain that involved >1 structure and did not clearly originate from the putamen or the thalamus). The baseline volume of the ICH was measured according to a bedside method of measuring CT ICH volume. The formula ABC/2 was used, where A is the greatest hemorrhage diameter by CT, B is the diameter 90 degrees to A, and C is the approximate number of 10-mm CT slices with hemorrhage. The measurements by the ABC/2 method have been shown to correlate highly with the volumes calculated by planimetric methods for all ICH locations in a recent study, with excellent interrater and intrarater reliability.19
Inclusion criteria were supratentorial ICH diagnosed by CT scan, ICH volume >10 cm3 with a focal neurological deficit, age >18 years, and GCS score >4 at the time of enrollment; in addition, diagnosis, enrollment and randomization, and therapy were to be instituted within 24 hours of onset of clinical symptoms, and initiation of surgery within 3 hours of randomization was required. An ICH volume of >10 cm3 was chosen because of previous work by the authors demonstrating that many persons with a 10- to 20-cm3 ICH have substantial morbidity at 1 month after onset.20
Patients were excluded from the study for the following reasons: lack of neurological deficit, infratentorial ICH, CT scan suggestive of underlying structural vascular abnormality such as arteriovenous malformation or aneurysm (presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage), terminal medical illness, coagulopathy accounting for the hemorrhage, traumatic ICH, pregnancy, and lack of informed consent.
The operating room and anesthesia staff were notified of possible emergent ICH evacuation at the time of initial diagnosis. A list of random sequential assignment of patients to medical or surgical treatment was generated by the study statistician. Each patient assignment was placed in an individual sequentially numbered opaque envelope that was to be opened by the nurse investigator after she was contacted by the physician investigator and informed that signed informed consent had been obtained. This study was approved by the institutional review board at each of the participating study hospitals. Informed consent was obtained from the patient or, if the patient could not provide informed consent, from the patient's legally designated representative.
Surgical Treatment
After the informed consent process and randomization, those
patients selected for surgical therapy were taken to the operating room
as soon as possible, where the ICH was removed and bleeding was
controlled with the use of standard neurosurgical techniques.
The surgical approach was individualized on the basis of the site and size of the ICH. Allowed techniques included open craniotomy and CT-guided stereotaxic placement of a catheter for evacuation of supratentorial ICH. In a deep-seated ICH, stereotaxic evacuation was the procedure of choice. The intention of surgical treatment was complete removal of the clot.
The protocol for stereotaxic aspiration included the following steps, in order of completion: (1) Placement of stereotaxic frame was performed; (2) the patient had stereotaxic CT to check placement of frame; (3) the patient was taken to operating room; (4) in presence of basal ganglia hemorrhage, a large frontal burr hole was used; (5) in presence of lobar hemorrhage, the burr hole was placed over the affected lobe; (6) local or general anesthesia was administered, and introducer cannula was placed stereotaxically into the center of the clot; (7) initial aspiration and evacuation of hemorrhage were performed; (8) a catheter was placed via an introducer cannula; (9) the patient was taken for repeated CT scan to check catheter placement; (10) 6000 U of urokinase was injected through the catheter to facilitate aspiration, and the catheter was clamped; (11) the CT scan was repeated 12 hours later, and in the presence of residual clot, aspiration through the catheter was repeated, followed by injection of 6000 U of urokinase; (12) this process was repeated every 12 hours until 80% of clot was evacuated or at the discretion of the neurovascular team. Neurological deterioration at any point prompted a safety CT scan.
Medical Treatment
The surgical and medical patients were managed by the same team of
physicians to ensure comparable management in both groups at each
center. At the discretion of the primary team, patients in both groups
might have additional diagnostic tests, such as brain MRI
and cerebral angiography.
All patients, medical and surgical, were cared for in an intensive care unit setting for 24 hours or until they were considered stable enough to move to an intermediate care or general unit. Neurological status was monitored in the intensive care unit by daily NIHSS and hourly neurological evaluation, which included limb strength, level of consciousness, and vital signs. Treatment of ICH was delivered according to current practices at a university hospital, yet treatment was not rigidly regimented, and the primary attending neurosurgeon/neurologist was allowed to use his or her best medical judgment. Therapy included pneumatic compression boots for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, physical therapy, intravenous fluids, H2 blockers, maintenance of normoglycemia, and early nutritional support. Intubation was performed in patients as needed for respiratory depression, airway protection, and/or control of intracranial pressure (ICP). Hyperventilation was used if ICP remained >20 mm Hg despite ventricular drainage, mannitol, and sedation/paralysis. If hyperventilation was used, PCO2 was maintained between 25 and 30 mm Hg. Hyperventilation was weaned when ICP was <15 and was continued for no longer than 24 hours at any one interval. Steroids were discouraged, but their use by an individual physician did not exclude patients from the study. Hypertension was regulated early in the course of therapy. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was maintained between 100 and 130 mm Hg by appropriate antihypertensive therapy. Treatment included invasive monitoring of ICP when indicated. In the presence of an ICP monitor, cerebral perfusion pressure (MAP-ICP) was maintained at 70 to 100 mm Hg.
Crossover and Reoperation
Crossover from the medical treatment group to the surgical
treatment group was discouraged, and repeated surgery was also
discouraged. Ventricular catheterization of
hydrocephalus was allowed and did not constitute a crossover in medical
treatment group patients or reoperation in surgical treatment group
patients.
Adverse Events
Patients were monitored for adverse events and particularly
serious adverse events, which included intraoperative death, all
deaths, crossover or reoperation, rebleeding, surgical wound infection,
and intracranial infection (meningitis, ventriculitis, abscess).
Assessments and End Points
Outcome was measured at the time of discharge from the hospital to
home or rehabilitation facility and at 3 months. The 3-month Glasgow
Outcome Scale (GOS)21 was the major end point. A good
outcome was defined prospectively as a 3-month GOS score >3. Primary
intent-to-treat analysis compared all patients randomized to
medical or surgical treatment. Neurological status was assessed by the
NIHSS. Other outcome measurements included mortality,
GOS,21 Barthel Index (BI),22 and modified
Rankin Scale (RS).23 Patients who died were assigned the
worst possible score on each outcome measure (eg, GOS of 1). The nurse
coordinator, who was not involved in the treatment of patients,
performed the 3-month outcome evaluation.
All baseline, postoperative (in surgical patients), 24-hour, and 3-month CT scans were evaluated by the study neuroradiologist for ICH location, ICH volume, peri-ICH edema, and intraventricular extension.
Statistical Analysis
Data were collected and entered onto forms by the study nurse and
then entered into DataEase, where the data were checked by predefined
criteria. Data were subsequently managed and analyzed with the
use of SAS (SAS Institute). The primary hypothesis to be tested was
that surgical patients have a significantly higher rate of a good
outcome (GOS >3) than medical patients. Wilcoxon rank sum test
and 
2 or Fisher's exact test were used for
univariate comparisons as appropriate for continuous or
categorical variables because of sample size and distribution of
the data. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically
significant. Median values are used to present data because the
data for most variables were not normally distributed. Power
calculations are presented to provide information regarding
further study.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Twenty eligible consenting patients were randomized over 24 months, 9 to surgical intervention (craniotomy [n=5] or stereotaxic evacuation [n=4]) and 11 to best medical therapy. In 24 months the 3 participating hospitals were required to enroll the 20 study patients. We did not prospectively collect data concerning patients with ICH who presented to these hospitals but were not randomized. However, the annual number of patients with ICH seen at these 3 hospitals is approximately 100 per year on the basis of our earlier population-based studies of ICH. Accordingly, only 10% of patients presenting with ICH were enrolled in the study. Most patients were excluded because of failure to meet study inclusion/exclusion criteria, most often because the patient was in extremis, was too mildly affected, or had an ICH <10 cm3. In a few instances, a patient was not entered into the study because of the reluctance of the treating neurosurgeon to randomize the patient.
One crossover from the medical group to craniotomy occurred at day 4. The clinical status of the patient had deteriorated, and the attending neurosurgical physician performed a craniotomy and clot evacuation. As the patient was randomized to the medical treatment group, he was analyzed as such. One reoperation was performed 13 days after craniotomy for an infected scalp incision and cerebral abscess. The patient recovered well initially but died at day 55 from intracerebral rebleeding. Ventricular catheters were placed in 3 of 11 (27%) of the medical patients.
The surgical and the medical groups were comparable with respect to
baseline characteristics (age, sex, race, NIHSS score, GCS score,
median time from onset to admission, ICH volume). The median (25th
percentile, 75th percentile) baseline NIHSS score was 20 (19, 22) in
the surgical treatment group and 21 (13, 26) in the medical treatment
group (P=1.0) (Table 1
). The
median baseline GCS score was 13 (11, 14) in the surgical treatment
group and 11 (6, 13) in the medical treatment group
(P=0.16). The median baseline ICH volume was 35
cm3 (19, 63 cm3) in the
surgical treatment group and 30 cm3 (19, 50
cm3) in the medical treatment group
(P=0.79) (Table 2).
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The median time from onset of symptoms to presentation at the treating hospitals was 3 hours and 17 minutes, the time from admission to randomization was 3 hours and 10 minutes, and the time from randomization to surgery was 1 hour and 20 minutes. The median time from admission to surgery was 4 hours and 3 minutes, and the time from onset of symptoms to surgery was 8 hours and 35 minutes. Surgery was begun >12 hours from symptom onset in only 2 patients. One patient's family could not be reached and interviewed for informed consent for many hours. The other patient's surgery was delayed because of waiting for an available operating room.
Antihypertensive therapy (labetalol and/or nitroprusside) was used in all 20 patients. Mannitol was used in 8 patients (40%): 3 patients in the surgical treatment group and 5 patients in the medical treatment group. Steroids were used in 2 patients in the surgical treatment group. Intubation and mechanical ventilation were performed in 16 patients (80%): 7 patients in the surgical treatment group (2 with stereotaxic surgery and 5 with craniotomy) and 9 patients in the medical treatment group. ICP monitoring was performed in 4 patients (20%): 1 patient in the surgical treatment group (craniotomy group) and 3 patients in the medical treatment group.
For the primary end point, no statistically significant difference of good outcome (3-month GOS score >3) rate was noted in the surgical treatment group (56%) compared with the medical treatment group (36%).
Three-month outcomes by treatment groups, demographic characteristics,
baseline NIHSS, ICH location, baseline ICH volume, and ICH volume
variation between baseline and 24-hour CT are presented in
Tables 1 to 3
. There was no
significant difference in mortality at 3 months (surgical treatment
group, 22% [2/9]; medical treatment group, 27% [3/11]). No
intraoperative death was observed. In the surgical treatment group,
causes of death were cardiorespiratory failure following
intracerebral rebleeding at day 55 and respiratory
failure following pneumonia and renal failure
(craniotomy had been performed in both patients). In
the medical treatment group, causes of death were
cardiopulmonary arrest following pneumonia, sepsis, and
circulatory collapse; respiratory failure following pneumonia; and
brain herniation.
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Analysis of the outcome measures showed a nonsignificant trend
toward a better 3-month outcome (median GOS, BI, and RS) in the
surgical treatment group compared with the best medical treatment group
(Table 3). The median 3-month NIHSS score was the only
statistically significant finding in favor of the surgical treatment
(P=0.04). Although the surgical treatment group and the
medical treatment group were comparable with respect to baseline NIHSS
score, the median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) NIHSS score
improvement from baseline to 3-month score was not significantly better
in the surgical treatment group (-12 [-18, -10]) compared with the
medical treatment group (-2 [-12, +13]), respectively)
(P=0.1). The 4 patients who received stereotaxic
evacuation were independent at 3 months (BI scores=90, 100, 100, 85)
with little or no disability. No significant difference was noted in
either baseline characteristics or 3-month outcome in the subgroup of
lobar ICH patients randomized to the surgical treatment group (n=5) and
to the medical treatment group (n=5).
As expected, clot evacuation resulted in lower ICH volumes. The median ICH volume on the 24-hour CT scan was significantly lower in the surgical treatment group (16 cm3) than in the medical treatment group (43 cm3) (P=0.003). The reduction in median ICH volume from the baseline to the 24-hour CT scan was significantly higher in the surgical treatment group (-26 cm3) compared with the medical treatment group (0 cm3) (P=0.0008). The percent reduction of median ICH volume from the baseline to the 24-hour CT scan was 44% in the surgical treatment group. The reduction of median ICH volume from the baseline to the 24-hour CT scan was significantly higher in the craniotomy group (-29 cm3) compared with the stereotaxic group (-7.5 cm3) (P=0.04), as was the percent reduction of median ICH volume from the baseline to the 24-hour CT scan (-76% in the craniotomy group compared with -39% in the stereotaxic group) (P=0.05).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Our study demonstrates the feasibility of a larger randomized clinical trial of early surgical treatment for acute spontaneous ICH at academic medical centers as well as community hospitals. However, the median time from onset of symptoms to surgery in this pilot study was 8 hours and 35 minutes, well beyond the 3-hour window necessary for the successful use of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke.24 Addressing logistical barriers to very early treatment with thrombolytic therapy was successful in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke t-PA Stroke Trial of acute ischemic stroke. Our data suggest that resolving logistical issues could also substantially decrease the time to operation since the median time from admission to surgery was 4 hours and 3 minutes. Very early and enthusiastic involvement of neurosurgeons and rapid "trauma-like" deployment of the operative team will likely be the critical rate-limiting steps in decreasing the time from symptom onset to surgical treatment.
Only 1 of the 5 previous randomized surgical studies focused on an
early treatment window despite a good rationale for early intervention
(Table 4). For example, ongoing bleeding
commonly occurs within the first several hours after the onset of
spontaneous ICH.25 26 27 In a prospective observational
study of 103 patients with ICH imaged by CT within 3 hours of onset,
26% of patients had substantial growth in the volume of parenchymal
hemorrhage between the baseline CT and a CT 1 hour later. An
additional 12% of patients had substantial growth between the 1- and
20-hour CT scans. Hemorrhage growth between the baseline and
1-hour CT scans was significantly associated with clinical
deterioration, as measured by the change between the baseline and
1-hour GCS and NIHSS scores.28
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In addition, it has been demonstrated that serum proteins originating from the intracerebral hematoma itself accumulate in adjacent white matter and result in early (1 hour) and prolonged (8 hours) edema after experimental lobar ICH in a pig model.29 This interstitial edema likely corresponds to the early CT scan perihematomal hypodensities present in 70% of patients with ICHs studied within 3 hours of symptom onset.30 Clot removal at 3 hours has been proven to markedly reduce mass effect and perihematomal edema at 24 hours in the same pig model of ICH.31 Consequently, we believe that randomized trials of surgical clot evacuation should ideally test the efficacy of clot removal within the first several hours after onset of ICH. If very early surgery can remove most of the original hemorrhage with minimal additional brain tissue damage, physicians may be able to reduce edema development and mass effect, prevent white matter injury, and improve clinical outcome in some patients.32
This small feasibility study was not designed with sufficient statistical power to demonstrate a difference in outcome `between surgery and medical therapy. Feasibility of early surgical intervention, not proof of surgical efficacy, was the primary goal. Accordingly, the lack of a significant difference in good outcome in the surgical group compared with the medical group was expected and does not rule out a benefit for surgical clot removal. For example, a nonsignificant trend toward a better 3-month outcome was observed in all the outcome measures (GOS, BI, RS) in the surgical group compared with the medical group, although the NIHSS score was the only significant finding in favor of surgery (P=0.04). In another small study of 34 patients randomized within 12 hours of onset, Morgenstern and colleagues observed that the 6-month mortality for surgically treated patients (19%) was similar to that for those treated medically (24%).10
The major goal of surgical treatment in patients with an ICH is safe and thorough clot evacuation with maximal preservation of neurological function. Regarding surgical technique, the median percent reduction in the volume of ICH from the baseline to the 24-hour CT scan was significantly higher in the craniotomy group than in the stereotaxic group (P=0.05). Aspiration of the jellylike hyperacute clots through a catheter is more difficult but less invasive than a craniotomy, which provides wider exposure and access to the hematoma. The installation of urokinase through the catheter into the clot helps to accelerate clot removal via stereotaxic aspiration. However, a randomized trial of craniotomy versus stereotaxic surgical clot removal in patients with a superficial ICH would be necessary to compare differences in technical and clinical outcomes.
Although the surgical and medical groups were relatively well balanced
with regard to several baseline variables that are related to
outcome (such as age, NIHSS and GCS scores, and ICH volume), our pilot
study has limitations. For example, the 2 groups were not comparable
with regard to location of ICH. All 3 thalamic ICHs were randomized to
the medical group, 2 of whom died, and the third had a 3-month RS score
of 5 (Table 1). In addition, there was a trend
(P=0.08) toward more intraventricular
extension in the medical treatment group (73%) compared with the
surgical treatment group (33%). None of the stereotaxic
group patients had intraventricular extension of
ICH. Intraventricular extension of ICH was a strong
predictor of poor outcome in previous studies.20 In
our study, 90% of patients with intraventricular
extension of ICH on the 24-hour CT scan (10 of 11) died or had a
3-month RS score of 4 (moderately severe disability) or 5 (severe
disability). All of the study patients who died had
intraventricular extension of ICH. Future
randomized surgical trials should carefully consider whether to include
ICH patients with large volumes of intraventricular
hemorrhage or to stratify randomization by the presence or
absence of intraventricular hemorrhage. A
pilot study of intraventricular administration of
thrombolysis in patients with
intraventricular hemorrhage is currently
under development (Daniel Hanley, MD, personal communication,
1998).
In summary, this pilot randomized trial of early surgical therapy for
spontaneous ICH demonstrates the feasibility of a much larger
randomized treatment trial of very early clot removal in patients with
an ICH. Our results allow estimation of the sample size needed for a
multicenter, randomized trial to test the hypothesis that urgent
surgery improves 3-month outcome in spontaneous
supratentorial ICH. With power of 80%, a 2-sided
significance level of 0.05, and if a 3-month mortality or poor outcome
(GOS of 
3) of 44% in the surgical treatment group and 64% in the
medical treatment group is assumed, a sample size of 107 per group
would be needed. A major challenge of such a study would be whether
surgical treatment can be initiated within 3 to 6 hours of symptom
onset, which is the current therapeutic window for treatment of acute
ischemic stroke.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke grant R-01 NS26933.
Received February 9, 1999; revision received June 8, 1999; accepted June 16, 1999.
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