(Stroke. 2000;31:2578.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Effect of Acute Stroke Unit Care Integrated With Care Continuum Versus Conventional Treatment: A Randomized 1-Year Study of Elderly Patients
The Göteborg 70+ Stroke Study
From the Department of Medicine (B.F.) and the Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurological Disease Section (C.B., L.C., G.G.-H.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, and the Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, College of Health and Caring Science (L.C, G.G.-H.), Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
Correspondence to Prof Christian Blomstrand, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurological Disease Section, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden. E-mail cbl{at}neuro.gu.se
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Background and Purpose—The aim of the study was to compare the effect of conventional treatment with the effect of acute stroke unit care integrated with geriatric stroke unit care continuum.
Methods—A 1-year study was undertaken with 2:1 randomization to
stroke unit care or conventional care, with assessment by an
independent team. The study was composed of 249 elderly patients (aged
70 years) hospitalized for acute stroke, without previous cerebral
lesion and without recognized need of care. Main outcome measures were
patients at home after 1 year, ability in daily living activities,
health-related quality of life score according to questionnaire, death
or institutional care, and death or dependence.
Results—One hundred two patients (61%) in the stroke unit and 49 patients (59%) in the general ward group were alive and at home after 1 year (95% CI -10% to 16%). There were no significant differences in daily life activities or quality of life. In patients with concomitant cardiac disease, there was a reduction in death or institutional care after 3 months in the stroke unit group compared with the group receiving conventional care (28% versus 49%, respectively; 95% CI -40% to -3%). This effect did not remain after 1 year. Patients seeking care after 24 hours often had mild stroke and lived alone.
Conclusions—There was no effect on the number of patients living at home after 1 year, but after 3 months of stroke unit care, a beneficial effect was found on mortality and the need for institutional care among those with concomitant heart disease. This study involved patients who were considerably older than those investigated in previous randomized studies of acute stroke unit care; thus, these findings will contribute to the specialized register of controlled trials in stroke.
Key Words: elderly • stroke management • stroke outcome • stroke units
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The concept of providing care for stroke patients in organized stroke units has been investigated and debated for about 2 decades.1 A number of studies representing a variety in patient selection, stroke management, and experimental design have been published.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 When the present study was planned, it was obvious that more data demonstrating the value of stroke units were needed. In most of the previous studies, the mean age of the patients was <75 years, although half of all first strokes occur above that age23 ; treatment allocation was not carried out on a strictly random basis in several studies1 ; and/or assessment of outcome was often not made independently of the in-study treatment.1 The previous studies examined in principal the long-term effects of care at a dedicated unit, whereas the stroke service in the community is carried out by a number of caregivers, ranging from acute care at the hospital to rehabilitation clinics, primary care, and others.
Accordingly, the present study was planned to study elderly patients with acute stroke. The aim was to compare the effect of conventional treatment with the effect of care at an acute stroke unit integrated with continued geriatric stroke unit care after discharge from the hospital.
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Subjects and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The overall design was a prospective 1-year study with a 2:1 randomization to stroke unit care or to conventional treatment at general wards.
Patients
Sahlgrenska University Hospital is both a secondary care and a
regional hospital. The Departments of Medicine and Neurology provide
residents in the catchment area with acute hospital care for acute
stroke. Patients admitted to the emergency room at the hospital between
February 1, 1993, and May 17, 1994, were consecutively evaluated
regarding their eligibility for participation in the present study,
with the exception of a period of 127 days, during which there were no
available beds in the acute stroke units or there was a summer
intermission.
The inclusion criteria were patients aged 70 years living in the
catchment area with acute focal neurological deficit of no apparent
cause other than that of vascular origin and willingness to participate
in the study. Exclusion criteria were onset of symptoms >7 days before
admission to the stroke unit, known cerebral lesion with recognized
need of care, extracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage
or brain tumor, coma, and indication of specialized management at the
Department of Neurology; patients living in nursing homes or those who
encountered no available beds in the stroke units were also excluded.
Informed consent was obtained after oral and written information was
given to the patient and/or his/her relative.
The internist or neurologist on call completed the inclusion forms and randomized the patients to treatment in a stroke unit or the general ward by opening a serially numbered sealed envelope (randomization in blocks of 10).
Eighty-seven patients with a mean±SD age of 80.4±6.5 years were excluded, and the most frequently occurring exclusion criteria were known cerebral lesion with need of care (53%), coma (20%), and likelihood of diagnoses other than stroke (20%).
Stroke Unit Care
Stroke unit care was organized in a care continuum with 2 acute
stroke units and 2 stroke units at geriatric wards working according to
identical principles that had been agreed on. The acute and geriatric
stroke units collaborated in terms of treatment principles, training,
and work procedures. There were daily contacts between the acute and
geriatric stroke units regarding individual patients in whom prolonged
care was considered. The acute stroke units were located in a medical
ward and in a neurological ward. The 2 acute units were similarly
staffed and run. The management program was based on experience from
previously published studies.10 11 Thus, in principle, all
patients were examined by CT (160 patients [96%]), ECG, and routine
blood tests on admission. All patients underwent a standardized
examination and a systematic observation of neurological deficits,
blood pressure, and cardiac and pulmonary disorders. Body
temperature, glucose levels, and fluid and electrolyte balance were
monitored. Hypertension was not treated during the initial days except
in the case of patients with very high blood pressure
levels.24 Antihypertensive therapy was given at
discharge according to established guidelines (73 patients [44%] in
the acute stroke unit group compared with 26 patients [31%] in the
general ward group, P=0.056). Glucose infusion was avoided
in patients with hyperglycemia during the acute
stage.25 Antiedema agents were not used, but oxygen
therapy was given in patients with decreased oxygen levels.
Anticoagulants were used after careful individual evaluation in
patients with embolic infarction or ischemic stroke in
progress. Subcutaneous low-dose heparin was used to prevent venous
thrombosis in patients with extensive paresis but with no sign of
cerebral hemorrhage.26 Follow-up data showed that
25 patients (15%) had received subcutaneous low-dose heparin in the
acute stroke unit group compared with 3 patients (4%) in the general
ward group (P=0.006).
The members of each stroke unit team were a physician, a stroke nurse (who followed a modified primary nursing approach, including contacts with family members and social institutions), a physiotherapist, and an occupational therapist. A speech therapist was consulted when needed. There was a continuous program of education for all the staff at the ward directed to improve knowledge in the care of stroke patients. Active participation of family members was requested for all patients, and great emphasis was put on information. Each stroke unit was organized with a team approach to patient care and regular team conferences. Diagnostic and functional evaluations were made as soon as possible, and a treatment plan incorporating medical issues and rehabilitation was started immediately.
Careful discharge planning was practiced, and there was no limit to the length of time the patients could stay in the stroke units. However, patients who needed more than a few weeks of rehabilitation were referred to 1 of 2 geriatric stroke units working according to principles similar to those used at the acute stroke units. For patients who were discharged to their homes, the need of assistive devices and home assistance were evaluated and arranged. Contact was also established with primary care representatives.
General Ward Care
The other patients were treated in 6 general medical wards.
There was no standardized program for this treatment, and there were no
extra resources for the management of stroke patients. CT of the brain
was performed in 75 patients (90%). Physiotherapy and occupational
therapy were given if prescribed by the physicians in charge. Follow-up
data showed that physiotherapy and occupational therapy had been
administered in 26 patients (15%) and 47 patients (57%) in the
general ward group compared with 145 patients (88%)
(P<0.001) and 148 patients (90%) (P<0.001),
respectively, in the acute stroke unit care group.
Measurements
The Barthel Index27 and the Sunnaas index of
ADL28 were used to assess the patient’s ability to
perform the activities of daily living. A neurological score developed
by the Scandinavian Stroke Study Group was used to obtain a prognostic
score and measure changes in neurological deficit.29 These
assessments, as well as examinations of vitality status and place of
stay, were performed for all patients within 3 days of admission, after
3 weeks, after 3 months, and after 1 year. Health-related quality of
life was evaluated with the Nottingham Health Profile questionnaire
after 3 months and 1 year.30 31 These measurements were
made by 2 independent occupational therapists (L.C. and G.G.-H.), who
were not employed by the departments in charge and who had not
participated in the original design of the study or the treatment of
the patients. The agreement between the occupational therapists in
evaluation of ADL assessments was 0.94 by Spearman correlation
coefficient for Barthel Index and Sunnaas ADL index and 0.97 for
neurological score. The present study was approved by the ethics
committee of the Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
Statistical Analyses
The calculation of sample size was based on the results of a
previous studies.11 It was expected that 45% of the
patients in the conventional care group would be at home after 1 year.
Because it was assumed that 20% more patients would be at home in the
stroke unit group, each group had to consist of 120 patients (
=0.05,
ß=0.20). A 2:1 randomization to the stroke unit groups was applied to
establish a continuous input of patients to these units. Such a
procedure has only a marginal effect on the power of the
study.32 In the stroke unit group, 75% of the patients
were allocated to the medical stroke unit, and 25% were allocated to
the neurological stroke unit.
The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients alive and at home after 1 year. The end points defined by the Stroke Units Trialists’ Collaboration were also used1 : (1) death or institutional care and (2) death or dependence, with the latter defined as Barthel Index <95. ADL ability and quality of life measures were also compared. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients with mild, moderate, and severe stroke (Barthel Index of 50 to 100, 15 to 45, and 0 to 10, respectively, during the first 3 days) and for patients with cardiac disease.1 33
All results were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat
principle. Differences between groups in the proportion of patients at
home, deceased, or dependent were compared with the use of the Fisher
exact test. The Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated when
examining the agreement in measurements performed by the occupational
therapists. A survival curve was calculated, and the difference was
analyzed with the log-rank test. The Mann-Whitney test was used
for comparing continuous variables, and the
2 test was used for comparing proportions.
When appropriate, 95% CIs were calculated. A value of
P<0.05 (2-sided) was considered significant.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Access to data during follow-up is shown in Figure 1
. Table 1 shows that the groups were comparable
at entry except that a history of angina pectoris was more common in
the stroke unit group. Two patients in each group did not fulfill
criteria for acute cerebrovascular disease. Figure 2 shows that 80% of the patients in the
stroke units at the acute and geriatric hospitals were discharged to
their homes compared with 72% in the general ward group (95% CI -4%
to 18%).
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There was no difference between the groups in survival rates (Table 2 and Figure 3). The proportion of patients at home
and the proportion of patients staying in institutions did not differ
between the groups after 3 or 12 months (Table 2).
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There were no significant differences between the groups in the
neurological score or in the ADL scores during the study (Table 3). There were no significant differences
in mean total Nottingham Health Profile scores between the stroke unit
and general ward groups after 3 months (22.5 versus 23.9) or 1 year
(23.2 versus 26.0). The combined end points of death or institutional
care and death or dependence are shown in Table 4. Death or institutional care was more
common after 3 months in the general ward group among patients with
concomitant cardiac disease. A similar trend was found among patients
with severe stroke, with a better outcome in the stroke unit group.
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All included patients were living in their own homes, and no patient
was transferred from other hospitals or clinics. One hundred
ninety-seven patients (80%) arrived at the emergency room 
24 hours
after onset of the index stroke. Among the remaining patients arriving
after 24 hours, the median delay between stroke onset and arrival at
the hospital was 2 days, and there were 34 (21%) patients in the
stroke unit group and 15 (19%) patients in the general ward group. All
patients in the present study were randomized in the emergency room
to stroke unit or general ward care and were immediately transferred to
the assigned unit. The patients who arrived late, ie, 24 hours after
stroke onset, had less severe stroke than those who arrived early, ie,
within 24 hours (mild stroke, 31 [62%] versus 80 [41%] patients
in the late and early groups, respectively; moderate stroke, 7 [14%]
versus 51 [26%] patients, respectively; and severe stroke, 12
[24%] versus 63 [34%] patients, respectively;
P=0.035). Patients living alone were more often admitted
late (n=34 [26%]) compared with those who were not living alone
(n=15 [14%], P=0.02) (Figure 4). Eight patients (5%) in the stroke
unit group and 4 patients (6%) in the general ward group showed the
combination of severe stroke and arrival >24 hours after onset. The
patients who arrived 24 hours after the onset of stroke had no worse
prognosis than those arriving within 24 hours in terms of mortality or
the number of patients living in their own homes after 1 year (data not
shown).
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The mean length of stay after the index hospitalization was 28.3 (median 15) days in the acute stoke units integrated with a care continuum and 35.8 (median 10) days in the general ward group (P=NS).
In the entire study group, venous leg thrombosis was found in 1 patient, pulmonary embolism occurred in 1 patient, and pneumonia was diagnosed in 14 patients (6%) during the acute index hospitalization. There was no difference in these incidence rates between the acute stroke units and general wards.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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We continuously screened patients aged
70 years who were
admitted to the emergency unit at our hospital with the clinical
presentation of acute stroke and randomized 249 patients.
The 2 different treatment arms were structured stroke management with a
care continuum versus conventional care. An independent team of 2
occupational therapists assessed the study outcome. The results of the 1-year follow-up show that the structured stroke care program was not associated with a better outcome in terms of a greater number of surviving patients living at home, better ability to perform activities of daily living, or higher quality of life. Transient favorable effects on mortality and need of institutional care were observed after 3 months in patients with cardiac disease. A similar trend was also found in patients with severe stroke.
The stroke unit care in the present study was organized in accordance with established principles.1 10 11 This program is associated with more careful examinations and better adherence to current treatment recommendations than is conventional care. Thus, compared with patients receiving conventional care, more patients in the acute stroke unit care received physical and occupational therapy, subcutaneously heparin was more often administered to prevent venous thrombosis, and antihypertensive therapy tended to be more frequently prescribed at discharge.
Three previous studies in the Nordic countries have used designs and treatment principles similar to those used in the present study.10 11 17 A Norwegian trial demonstrated that stroke unit care up to 42 days after admission, with a follow-up period of 5 years, improved survival, functional state, and quality of life.12 The other 2 studies demonstrated favorable effects on functional state and the need of institutional care but no effects on survival and only transient effects on health-related quality of life.10 17 Compared with the patients in these 3 studies, the patients in the present study were an average of 7 years older and were more often women. Concomitant cardiac disease was very common in all the studies. There were considerable differences in the 1-year mortality rates in the conventional care groups among these studies, decreasing from 41% in the oldest Swedish study, to 33% in the Norwegian study, down to 21% in the Finnish study, and to 23% among the much older patients in the present study.10 11 17 These varying mortality rates may of course reflect differences in selection principles and regional variations. However, a plausible explanation is that overall management of cardiovascular diseases has improved over time and conferred prognostic benefit, because a considerable proportion of patients with acute stroke suffer from cardiovascular diseases or have risk factors for such diseases. Typical complications of acute stroke, such as pulmonary embolism or pneumonia, rarely occurred among the patients in the present study; they were treated either in the stroke units or in the general wards.
There are also a few studies that have included elderly patient groups with a mean age more similar to that in the present study.15 18 22 These studies have shown a beneficial effect of acute stroke unit care, although alternative designs with nonacute stroke units15 18 or quasi randomization22 were used.
Different degrees of severity of stroke among the studied patients may also influence the results. In the present study, 45% of the patients suffered from mild stroke according to a recommended definition.1 Our results indicate that the beneficial effects of acute stroke unit care on mortality and dependence are mainly to be found in patients with severe stroke. Such patients constituted a minority in the present study, and the favorable effect in this group may have been overshadowed by the patients with less severe stroke, in whom no obvious effect was discerned. This explanation is supported by data from the meta-analyses showing that acute stroke unit care had no significance on death or institutional care in patients with mild stroke (95% CI, odds ratio 0.57 to 1.24) compared with patients with severe stroke, in whom there was a clearly significant effect of stroke unit care (95% CI, odds ratio 0.38 to 0.88).1
The interval between stroke onset and hospital admission may also affect outcome. We found that 80% of the patients arrived within 24 hours after stroke onset. Those who arrived >24 hours after stroke onset suffered mainly from mild stroke, a category of acute stroke for which stroke units have little impact on outcome.1 There was also a small group of patients living alone and who suffered from severe stroke. These patients do not seem to have confounded the outcome of the present study because they were few and evenly distributed between the 2 study groups.
The sample size was calculated to give the study an 80% power to show that stroke unit care resulted in 20% more patients being at home after 1 year. However, this is a crude measure, because living at home may depend to a great extent on the access to supportive care. Therefore, we also analyzed the results according to the approach used by the Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration in their meta-analyses, ie, to analyze the effect on combined end points, such as death or institutional care and death or dependence, with the latter defined as Barthel Index <95.1 These analyses indicated that in patients with severe stroke or concomitant cardiac disease, stroke unit care was more effective than general wards in preventing death or institutional care at the 3-month follow-up examination. Our data support the findings in the meta-analyses showing that stroke unit care reduced mortality or need of institutional care or dependence, especially among those with severe stroke1 or in patients with cardiac disease.33
Our conclusion is that stroke unit care did not result in more surviving patients being at home after 1 year or improved ADL scores. However, the 95% CIs were wide, and an effect on mortality or institutional care after 3 months was indicated, in particular among stroke patients with concomitant cardiac disease or severe stroke. An additional finding was that there is a tendency among elderly patients with stroke to wait to seek hospital care after stroke onset, especially among those with mild stroke. The present study, involving patients who were considerably older than patients in most previous studies, will contribute to the specialized register of controlled trials of acute stroke unit care.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by the Vårdal Foundation, Trygghetsfonden, the Swedish Stroke Association, John and Brit Wennerström’s Foundation for Neurological Research, Felix Neuberg Foundation, Rune and Ulla Amlöv’s Foundation for Neurological Research, Hjalmar Svensson Research Foundation, and King Gustav V and Queen Viktoria Foundation. Prof Birgitta Lundgren-Lindquist (present address, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia) generously provided us with resources and support. We are grateful for the cooperation of Dr Ulla Hallhagen (Högsbo Hospital) and Dr Michaela Holmdahl (previously Vasa Hospital, now Department of Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital). We would like to thank Dr Lena Bokemark (Department of Medicine), who helped us collect necessary data from the medical records. We would also like to thank Agneta Hallén and Henrik Siverbo, who helped us with the data administration, and Stefan Granbom for valuable help with statistics. A special thanks to the staff at the stroke units and the physicians and staff at the Emergency Department who assisted in randomizing the patients.
Received September 16, 1999; revision received January 15, 2000; accepted June 24, 2000.
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