(Stroke. 2000;31:2920.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contribution |
Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke
A Canadian Hospital’s Experience
From the Division of Neurology (K.M.C., A.R.W., D.C.C.J., J.B., P.A.T.), the Department of Radiology (D.G.), and the Department of Medicine (M.S.), Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background and Purpose—In the United States, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was approved for treatment of acute ischemic stroke in 1996. Its use has only recently been approved in Canada. We sought to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of treatment in a Canadian hospital setting.
Methods—A combined retrospective and prospective review is presented of 46 consecutive patients treated with intravenous tPA at our hospital with a treatment protocol similar to that of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) trial.
Results—Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage at 36 hours occurred in 1 patient (2.2%). The median time to treat was 165 minutes, with a median "door-to-needle" time of 84 minutes. Compared with patients presenting initially at our hospital, patients transferred from another institution for tPA therapy were treated closer to the 3-hour time window (mean 173 versus 148 minutes, P<0.001) but had a shorter door-to-needle time (43 versus 102 minutes, P<0.001). For every 10 minutes closer to the 3-hour time window that any patient arrived at the hospital, 7 minutes was saved in the door-to-needle time (correlation coefficient 0.9, P<0.001). Patient outcome did not differ from that in the NINDS trial (P>0.75).
Conclusions—Our safety and patient outcome data compare favorably with NINDS and Phase IV data. Although a 3-hour treatment window was feasible, the median door-to-needle time lengthened as more treatment time was available and the door-to-needle time was beyond recommended standards. This review has prompted changes in our community to improve treatment efficiency.
Key Words: Canada • stroke, ischemic • thrombolytic therapy
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) within 3 hours of acute ischemic stroke onset received approval from the Food and Drug Administration in the United States in 1996 that was based on the positive National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) tPA trial.1 The clinical benefit of tPA is sustained at 1 year.2 Some controversy remains because other thrombolytic trials have failed to establish efficacy, albeit with longer time windows and different protocols.3 4 5 However, recent meta-analysis data for patients treated within 3 hours of stroke in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) I, ECASS II, and NINDS trials and reanalysis of ECASS I data using NINDS outcome measures provide further evidence of clinical benefit.6 7 In addition, there is growing postmarketing experience in the United States demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of intravenous tPA in routine clinical practice.8 9 10 11 12
Health Canada has granted provisional approval for the use of tPA in acute ischemic stroke (February 1999) providing that postmarketing surveillance is in place. Currently, there is very limited experience to address the questions of safety and efficacy of tPA use in our country.11 13 Significant differences in patient access to acute stroke therapy exist in Canada compared with the United States.13 14 Technology and stroke expertise are centralized, restricting thrombolytic use and necessitating protocols for rapid patient transfer to capable sites.
In 1996, we instituted a tPA protocol, established a hospital stroke team, and developed rapid transfer policies at local referring hospitals. The purpose of the present study was to assess our center’s experience with intravenous tPA for acute ischemic stroke by reviewing safety data, the feasibility of a 3-hour time window, and patient outcome in this setting.
|
Subjects and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Center (VHHSC) is a tertiary care referral center and the main teaching hospital for the University of British Columbia. A system for rapid patient triage and stroke team notification is in place. The number of the stroke pager is posted in all local feeder hospital emergency rooms (ERs). Patients presenting to our ER and several local community hospitals are screened for eligibility by telephone. The stroke team consists of 3 neurology faculty members, 3 nurse coordinators, and neurology residents. An attending neurologist on the stroke team assesses all potentially eligible patients.
We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients (n=29) receiving intravenous tPA for acute stroke at VHHSC from May 1996 to February 1999 and a prospective review of all patients treated subsequent to the Canadian approval of tPA for acute ischemic stroke to January 1, 2000 (n=17). A tPA protocol based on established guidelines was used and approved by the hospital ethics committee.1 13 15 16 Patients were generally excluded if the initial CT scan demonstrated hemorrhage, significant mass effect, or early signs of infarction suggesting involvement of >1/3 of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory.3 Informed consent was obtained from the patient and/or family member in all cases. Patients underwent a CT scan 24 hours after treatment. Additional CT scans were obtained if the patient deteriorated clinically. At the time of treatment, the initial CT scans were evaluated by the stroke neurologist and, when available, a neuroradiologist. Additionally, all available CT scans (n=41) were evaluated retrospectively by one neuroradiologist to determine signs of early infarction and CT scan protocol violations.
Records were reviewed to obtain demographic information, stroke risk factors, admission and maximum blood pressure, time to arrival in the ER, laboratory parameters, and medications. Stroke subtype was determined according to Treatment of Acute Stroke Trial (TOAST) criteria.17 Initial stroke severity was determined by use of the NIH stroke scale (NIHSS).18 The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index (BI) scores were recorded at discharge and obtained by subsequent telephone interview in all surviving patients.
Time analyses were performed on the entire group and were also
stratified for mode of hospital arrival (direct to VHHSC versus
transfer from a local hospital). A Kaplan-Meier survival
analysis was used to compare the stroke onset to treatment
times for patients presenting directly to VHHSC and for patients
referred from other hospitals. A log-rank test was performed to
determine whether there was a significant difference between the
treatment times of these subgroups. Similarly, the differences between
the time of stroke onset to ER presentation in each
subgroup were compared. The 4 patients who suffered strokes while they
were inpatients at VHHSC were excluded from the arrival time
analysis. A Fisher exact test was used to compare our
hemorrhage rate with that of the NINDS treatment arm. Patient
outcome and mortality data were compared with data from the NINDS
treatment cohort by use of a 
2 test. The
efficiency of the stroke team was assessed by regression
analysis, which related the time required to treat a patient
("door-to-needle" time) with the time lapse from stroke onset to ER
arrival. ANCOVA was used to compare differences between patients
presenting at VHHSC and those referred from elsewhere. ANCOVA was
also applied to the door-to-needle times of these 2 subgroups regressed
on chronological time to determine whether treatment times improved as
more experience was gained.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Patient Population
Twenty-nine patients presented initially at VHHSC (63%), and 17 were transferred from community hospitals (37%). This represents
1.8% of all ischemic strokes seen at our
institution over this time period. The demographics and stroke risk
factors of our patients were similar to those in the treatment group of
the NINDS trial (Table
). The mean age was
67±11 (range 42 to 84) years. The median pretreatment NIHSS was 14
(range 3 to 35). Fourteen (30%) patients were on aspirin at the time
of stroke, and 1 (2%) patient was on ticlopidine.
|
Safety
Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage during the
first 36 hours occurred in 1 (2.2%) patient. The
symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rate did not
differ significantly from that in the NINDS trial (P=0.50).
The patient with symptomatic intracranial
hemorrhage was 84 years old and had a pretreatment NIHSS of 24.
His maximum blood pressure reading was 170/80 mm Hg, and glucose
was 6.7 mmol/L. The initial CT scan showed signs of early
infarction (<1/3 of the MCA territory) but no mass effect. The 24-hour
CT scan demonstrated a large infarction involving virtually the entire
left MCA territory. There was a parenchymal hemorrhage with
ventricular extension, mass effect, and obstructive
hydrocephalus. The patient died 3 days after treatment. Three other
patients (7%) suffered non–life-threatening systemic
hemorrhage within 10 days of treatment, 1 of whom required a
transfusion.
Signs of early infarction were noted on 24 of 41 scans available for review, and a dense MCA sign was present in 16 cases. On the 24-hour scan, an acute infarction was apparent in 35 patients. Three patients had initial early infarction in >1/3 of the MCA territory.
Nine protocol violations occurred in 8 patients. There were 5 protocol violations for time >180 minutes (181, 182, 185, 190, and 190 minutes) and 1 protocol violation for administration of intravenous heparin within 24 hours after treatment with tPA. On retrospective review, 3 patients had CT scans with early infarction signs in >1/3 of the MCA territory. In one instance, the treating neurologist recognized the signs and elected to treat. Seven of the 9 protocol violations occurred in the first half of the study.
Feasibility
The median time from stroke onset to treatment for all patients
was 165 (range 70 to 190) minutes. The mean time from stroke onset to
treatment for patients presenting directly to our ER was 148
(median 148) minutes versus 173 (median 176) minutes for patients
transferred from elsewhere (P<0.001). The median time from
arrival to CT scan for all patients was 67 minutes. The median
door-to-needle time for all patients was 84 (range 19 to 140) minutes.
Patients presenting directly to our ER took an average of 46
minutes to arrive and had an average door-to-needle time of 102
minutes. In contrast, it took patients transferred from elsewhere
longer to arrive at our ER (average of 130 minutes), but the average
door-to-needle time was faster at 43 minutes (P<0.001).
Fourteen patients had a door-to-needle time of <60 minutes, all of
whom were transferred from other institutions.
There was an inverse relationship between the time from stroke onset to
ER arrival and the door-to-needle time (Figure 1). Overall, for each 10-minute delay in
arrival, there was a decrease in the door-to-needle time of 6.7 minutes
(correlation coefficient 0.9, P<0.001). For patients coming
directly to our ER, each 10-minute delay in arrival resulted in a
decrease in the door-to-needle time of 5 minutes (P=0.03).
For patients transferred from other hospitals, each 10-minute delay in
arrival resulted in a decrease in the door-to-needle time of 6 minutes
(P<0.001).
|
Four patients in our series were inpatients at VHHSC at the time of stroke onset; 2 strokes occurred in the ER after the patients presented with a transient ischemic attack, and 2 began on a hospital ward. The onset-treatment times in the ER patients were 80 and 65 minutes; the onset-treatment times for the ward patients were 174 and 180 minutes. Both patients whose strokes occurred in the ER were observed for a period of time before treatment to exclude recurrent transient ischemic attack. Delayed treatment of the ward patients was the result of slow stroke service contact time followed by difficulty in initiating thrombolytic therapy in a non-ER setting.
There was no significant improvement in the door-to-needle time over the course of the present study. The most common reasons that tPA was not administered included time >3 hours and spontaneous rapid improvement of stroke symptoms.
Outcome
At the time of hospital discharge, 30% of the patients had a
favorable outcome on the mRS (score 0 to 1), and 37% had a favorable
outcome on the BI (score 95 to 100). At the time of follow-up (median
13 months after stroke), 43% of the patients had a favorable outcome
on the mRS, and 48% had a favorable outcome on the BI (score 95 to
100) (Figure 2). The differences between
the mRS and BI scores in the VHHSC patients at follow-up compared with
the NINDS treatment group at 1 year were not statistically significant
(mRS, P=0.75; BI, P=0.78).
|
Ten patients (22%) died before discharge, which was comparable to 17% at 3 months in the NINDS trial (P=0.46). One hospital death was due to intracranial hemorrhage; 5, to cerebral edema with mass effect; 2, to respiratory failure (1 aspiration pneumonia); 1, to recurrent stroke; and 1, to multiorgan failure (congestive heart failure and renal failure). Two of the patients who died before discharge had protocol time violations (181and 185 minutes). At 13 months, 22% of our patients were dead. This did not differ from the NINDS 1-year treatment cohort (24%, P=0.73).
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Intravenous tPA for acute ischemic stroke has only recently been approved for use in Canada. The lengthy approval process was mainly due to safety concerns expressed by Health Canada, the nation’s therapeutics regulatory body. A postmarketing database has been established to record outcomes in Canadian patients, and data collection is ongoing.19 Our results add to the growing Phase IV data suggesting that tPA is safe in routine clinical practice and that the hemorrhage rate can equal or improve on the rate reported in the pivotal NINDS study. In the largest prospective series to date (Standard Treatment With Alteplase to Reverse Stroke [STARS], n=389), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage at 36 hours occurred in 3.3% (95% CI 1.8 to 5.6) of patients, similar to the 2.2% rate seen in our series.10 However, others have published higher hemorrhage rates, and in particular, protocol violations may predispose patients to higher bleeding rates.9 11 Although we observed 9 protocol violations in 8 patients, 5 were for treatment just past the 3-hour time mark (maximum time to treatment 190 minutes). In STARS, protocol violations occurred in 32.6% of patients, 13.4% of whom were treated at >3 hours.10 Although we do not recommend treatment past 180 minutes, on a pathophysiologic basis, there is little difference between treating a patient at 180 versus 181 minutes, and in selected cases, we were prepared to marginally extend the treatment window. In the present study, the number of protocol violations decreased over time.
Our symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rate was lower than that seen in the NINDS trial; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Although we had only a small number of patients in our series, this trend may be due to our treatment protocol, which was based on recommendations from several sources; thus, other "safety features" were added, most notably the CT exclusion criteria. We recognize that exclusion of patients with early infarction signs in >1/3 of the MCA territory is controversial among stroke specialists because these patients were included in the successful NINDS trial. However, ECASS I clearly demonstrated that the risk of hemorrhage increases if signs of early infarction are seen in >1/3 of the MCA territory before treatment (OR 3.5).3 Also, within ECASS I, most protocol violations involved treatment of patients who had CT exclusions, underscoring the difficulty in early CT interpretation. In our series, 2 patients were unknowingly treated in this situation. ECASS II demonstrated improved CT interpretation with pretrial radiology courses, suggesting that practice improves skills.4 Limiting the number of treating neurologists combined with attempts to review the films with a neuroradiologist when available may have minimized the number of CT treatment violations in our series.
The NINDS group has recently addressed the need for rapid administration of tPA. They demonstrate that tPA efficacy is time dependent. The OR for excellent outcome approaches 1.0 when treatment occurs near the 3-hour mark.20 In view of evidence suggesting that faster treatment yields better outcome, our median time to treatment of 165 minutes leaves room for improvement. Guidelines recommend a door-to-needle time of 1 hour.15 This target was achieved in 14 of 46 patients in our series, all of whom were transferred from other facilities. In this situation, the stroke neurologist and radiology department had advanced warning of the arrival of a transferred patient, resulting in a faster door-to-needle time. Although the door-to-needle time was significantly faster for these transferred patients, the median time from stroke onset to treatment was 28 minutes longer than in patients presenting directly to VHHSC.
Review of our series has demonstrated difficulties with timely thrombolysis, particularly in the cohort of patients transferred from other hospitals. Lack of CT scan availability and stroke expertise in our health care region necessitates patient transfer. It is unlikely that improving efficiency at our hospital will significantly shorten treatment times in the transferred patient group. Therefore, we have initiated strategies to shorten the time to arrival at our ER, including upgraded priority for ambulance response and stroke transfer combined with educational programs for local emergency physicians and nurses. Future projects include the creation of a destination hospital policy in addition to education of ambulance attendants and the public regarding stroke recognition. The major delay in treating patients presenting directly to our hospital occurred before CT scan. Most patients in this series were referred after ER physician assessment. Within our hospital, we have implemented rapid nursing and ER physician triage protocols to improve the time to stroke team notification. Although the number of in-hospital strokes was small (2 ward strokes), these patients had major delays in treatment (mean onset-treatment time 177 minutes) that were due to slow stroke team notification and problematic tPA use in a non-ER setting. Wards and physicians have been supplied with educational information describing the stroke team. Analysis of this series has therefore enabled us to implement changes to streamline therapy.
In general, a number of factors contribute to the delay in door-to-needle time, including ER triage, availability of a CT scanner and laboratory results, consultation with other physicians, and treatment of hypertension.8 Furthermore, our series confirms the finding in STARS that as the length of time available to treat increases, the door-to-needle time increases as well.10 In our series, almost 7 minutes less time was required to treat for each 10 minutes closer to the end of the 3-hour time window the patient arrived. Thus, we were capable of rapid treatment when necessary, but we procrastinated when more time was available.
Stroke physicians need to be aware of the "human" variable of procrastination. Human nature is such that there is increasing motivation to complete a task as a deadline approaches.21 Therefore, better emphasis of several deadlines may improve treatment time. To overcome the procrastination factor, we are instituting a time sheet for each patient (target times, derived from the Advanced Cardiac Life Support guidelines, are bracketed). Times recorded include the following: onset, ER arrival, door to triage (5 minutes), door to stroke team notification (10 minutes), door to ER physician assessment (10 minutes), door to CT (25 minutes), and door to treatment (60 minutes). Stroke team review of each case is expected to improve performance. The NINDS investigators feel that periodic review is beneficial.15
Our outcome data are similar to the NINDS trial follow-up data at 1 year.2 There is no difference in our mortality rate at follow-up (median 13 months, mortality 22%) compared with the NINDS treatment group at 1 year (mortality 24%, P=0.73). Because our series is not blinded and because there is no control group, we cannot provide evidence for the efficacy of treatment. In addition, the retrospective nature of the present study has inherent limitations.
In summary, in a Canadian teaching hospital setting, our safety and patient outcome data compare favorably with NINDS and Phase IV data. The median door-to-needle times lengthened as more treatment time was available and the door-to-needle time was beyond recommended standards. The present review has enabled us to confirm safety and improve efficiency.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
We thank our nurse coordinators for their diligent work and also the dedicated effort of the referring emergency teams.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
Reprint requests to Andrew R. Woolfenden MD, V.G.H. Stroke Study Office, 214-855 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 3J5.
Received May 11, 2000; revision received August 9, 2000; accepted August 9, 2000.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581–1587.
2.
Kwiatkowski T, Libman R, Frankel M, Tilley B,
Morgenstern L, Lu M, Broderick J, Lewandowski C, Marler J, Levine S, et
al. Effects of tissue plasminogen activator for
acute ischemic stroke at one year. N Engl J
Med. 1999;340:1781–1787.
3.
Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, Toni D, Lesaffre E, von
Kummer R, Boysen G, Bluhmki E, Hoxter G, Mahagne M, et al, for the
ECASS Study Group. Intravenous thrombolysis
with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator
for acute hemispheric stroke: the European Cooperative Acute Stroke
Study (ECASS). JAMA. 1995;274:1017–1059.
4. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, von Kummer R, Davalos A, Meier D, Larrue V, Bluhmki E, Davis S, Donnan G, et al. Randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischemic stroke (ECASS II). Lancet. 1998;352:1245–1251.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
5.
Clark WM, Wissman S, Albers GW, Jhamandas JH, Madden
KP, Hamilton S. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen
activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5
hours after symptom onset: the ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled
trial: Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional
Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. JAMA. 1999;282:2019–2026.
6. Wardlaw JM, Yamaguchi T, del Zoppo G. Thrombolytic therapy versus control in acute ischaemic stroke (Cochrane Review): In: The Cochrane Library: Issue 3. Oxford, UK: Update Software; 1999.
7.
Hacke W, Bluhmki E, Steiner T, Tatlisumak T, Mahagne
MH, Sacchetti ML, Meier D. Dichotomized efficacy end points and global
end-point analysis applied to the ECASS intention-to-treat data
set: post hoc analysis of ECASS I. Stroke. 1998;29:2073–2075.
8.
Chiu D, Krieger D, Villar-Cordova C, Kasner S,
Morgenstern L, Bratina P, Yatsu F, Grotta J.
Intravenous tissue plasminogen
activator for acute ischemic stroke: feasibility,
safety, and efficacy in the first year of clinical practice.
Stroke. 1998;29:18–22.
9.
Tanne D, Bates V, Verro P, Kasner S, Binder J, Pates
S, Mansback H, Daley S, Schultz L, Karanjia P, et al, and the tPA
Stroke Survey Group. Initial clinical experience with IV tissue
plasminogen activator for acute
ischemic stroke: a multicenter survey. Neurology. 1999;53:424–427.
10.
Albers GW, Bates VE, Clark WM, Bell R, Verro P,
Hamilton SA. Intravenous tissue-type
plasminogen activator for treatment of acute
stroke: the Standard Treatment with Alteplase to Reverse Stroke (STARS)
study. JAMA. 2000;283:1145–1150.
11.
Buchan AM, Barber PA, Newcommon RN, Karbalai HG,
Demchuck AM, Hoyte KM, Klein GM, Feasby TE. Effectiveness of t-PA in
acute ischemic stroke: outcome relates to appropriateness.
Neurology. 2000;54:679–684.
12.
Wang DZ, Rose JA, Honings DS, Garwacki DJ, Milbrandt
JC. Treating acute stroke patients with intravenous tPA:
the OSF Stroke Network Experience. Stroke. 2000;31:77–81.
13. Norris JW, Buchan A, Cote R, Hachinski SJ, Phillips A, Silver F, Simard D, Teal P. Canadian guidelines for intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute stroke: a consensus statement of the Canadian Stroke Consortium. Can J Neurol Sci. 1998;25:257–259.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
14.
Scott P, Temovsky C, Lawrence K, Gudaitis E, Lowell M.
Analysis of Canadian population with potential geographic
access to intravenous thrombolysis for
acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999;29:2304–2310.
15.
The NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. A systems approach
to immediate evaluation and management of hyperacute stroke: experience
at eight centers and implications for community practice and patient
care. Stroke. 1997;28:1530–1540.
16. Adams H, Brott T, Furlan A, Gomez C, Grotta J, Helgason C, Kwiatkowski T, Lyden P, Marler J, Torner J, et al. Guidelines for thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke: a supplement to the guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1996;27:1711–1718.
17.
Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love
BB, Gordon DL, Marsh EE III. Classification of subtype of acute
ischemic stroke: definitions for use in a multicenter clinical
trial. Stroke. 1993;24:35–41.
18. Lyden P, Brott T, Tilley B, Welch KMA, Mascha EJ, Levine S, Haley EC, Grotta J, Marler J, for the NINDS TPA Stroke Study Group. Improved reliability of the NIH Stroke Scale using video training. Stroke. 1994;25:2220–2226.[Abstract]
19. Hill MD, Barber PA, Buchan AM, for the CASES Investigators. The Canadian Activase for Stroke Effectiveness Study (CASES). Stroke. 2000;31:315. Abstract.
20. Marler JR, Tilley BC, Lu M, Brott T, Lyden P, Broderick JP, Grotta J, Levine SR, Frankel M, Horowitz S, et al, the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Earlier treatment associated with better outcome in the NINDS TPA stroke study. Stroke. 1999;30:244. Abstract.
21. Sommer WG. Procrastination and cramming: how adept students ace the system. J Am Coll Health. 1990;39:5–10.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  M. Reeves, A. Bhatt, P. Jajou, M. Brown, and L. Lisabeth Sex Differences in the Use of Intravenous rt-PA Thrombolysis Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis Stroke, May 1, 2009; 40(5): 1743 - 1749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Acker III, A. M. Pancioli, T. J. Crocco, M. K. Eckstein, E. C. Jauch, H. Larrabee, N. M. Meltzer, W. C. Mergendahl, J. W. Munn, S. M. Prentiss, et al. Implementation Strategies for Emergency Medical Services Within Stroke Systems of Care: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association Expert Panel on Emergency Medical Services Systems and the Stroke Council Stroke, November 1, 2007; 38(11): 3097 - 3115. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G Citerio, D Galli, and A Pesenti Early stroke care in Italy--a steep way ahead: an observational study. Emerg. Med. J., August 1, 2006; 23(8): 608 - 611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R J van Oostenbrugge, R M M Hupperts, and J Lodder Thrombolysis for acute stroke with special emphasis on the very old: experience from a single Dutch centre. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, March 1, 2006; 77(3): 375 - 377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Part 4: Adult Basic Life Support Circulation, December 13, 2005; 112(24_suppl): IV-19 - IV-34. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Part 9: Adult Stroke Circulation, December 13, 2005; 112(24_suppl): IV-111 - IV-120. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Part 9: Stroke Circulation, November 29, 2005; 112(22_suppl): III-110 - III-104. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. I. Qureshi, J. F. Kirmani, M. A. Sayed, A. Safdar, S. Ahmed, R. Ferguson, L. A. Hershey, K. J. Qazi, and for the Buffalo Metropolitan Area and Erie County Time to hospital arrival, use of thrombolytics, and in-hospital outcomes in ischemic stroke Neurology, June 28, 2005; 64(12): 2115 - 2120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. D. Hill, A. M. Buchan, and for The Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectivenes Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: results of the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study Can. Med. Assoc. J., May 10, 2005; 172(10): 1307 - 1312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Saposnik, F. Webster, C. O'Callaghan, and V. Hachinski Optimizing Discharge Planning: Clinical Predictors of Longer Stay After Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Stroke Stroke, January 1, 2005; 36(1): 147 - 150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Lindsberg, L. Soinne, R. O. Roine, O. Salonen, T. Tatlisumak, M. Kallela, O. Happola, M. Tiainen, E. Haapaniemi, M. Kuisma, et al. Community-Based Thrombolytic Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Helsinki Stroke, June 1, 2003; 34(6): 1443 - 1449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nedeltchev, M. Arnold, C. Brekenfeld, J. Isenegger, L. Remonda, G. Schroth, and H. P. Mattle Pre- and In-Hospital Delays From Stroke Onset to Intra-arterial Thrombolysis Stroke, May 1, 2003; 34(5): 1230 - 1234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. Merino, B. Silver, E. Wong, B. Foell, B. Demaerschalk, A. Tamayo, F. Poncha, and V. Hachinski Extending Tissue Plasminogen Activator Use to Community and Rural Stroke Patients Stroke, January 1, 2002; 33(1): 141 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Gladstone and S. E. Black Update on intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute stroke: from clinical trials to clinical practice Can. Med. Assoc. J., August 1, 2001; 165(3): 311 - 317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||