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(Stroke. 2000;31:2952.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Comparison of Different Clinical Criteria (DSM-III, ADDTC, ICD-10, NINDS-AIREN, DSM-IV) for the Diagnosis of Vascular Dementia
From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Memory Research Unit (T.P., R.Y., T.E.), Stroke Unit (M.K.), and Department of Radiology (R.M.), Helsinki University Central Hospital (Finland).
Correspondence to Timo Erkinjuntti, MD, PhD, Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 300, FIN-00029 HYKS, Finland. E-mail Timo.Erkinjuntti{at}hus.fi
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Background and Purpose—The criteria for vascular dementia (VaD) include definition of the cognitive syndrome and the vascular cause. Different criteria for dementia identify different frequencies and clusters of patients. In addition, variation in defining the cause and etiology may have an effect. We compared different clinical criteria for VaD in series of patients with poststroke dementia.
Methods—The study group comprised 107 patients fulfilling the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III) definition for dementia from a cohort of consecutive patients with ischemic stroke who completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and MRI. The mean age (SD) of the patients was 71.4 (7.6) years. The definitions of vascular cause of VaD were those of the DSM-III (1980), Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers (ADDTC; 1992), International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10; 1992), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN; 1993), and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; 1994).
Results—The number of cases that could be classified as VaD
according to the different criteria varied considerably: 36.4% (n=39)
by DSM-III, 86.9% (n=93) by ADDTC, 32.7% (n=35) by
NINDS-AIREN, 36.4% (n=39) by ICD-10, and 91.6% (n=98) by DSM-IV
criteria. The concordance between DSM-III/ICD-10 was perfect (100%;
=1.0), between ICD-10/NINDS-AIREN and ADDTC/DSM-IV good to moderate
(85.0% and 87.3%; =0.87 and 0.37, respectively), but otherwise
poor between the other criteria. Only 31 patients fulfilled all the
criteria for VaD applied. Major discriminating factors between the
criteria were requirement of (1) focal neurological signs, (2) unequal
distribution of deficits in higher cortical functions, and (3) evidence
of relevant CVD based on brain imaging findings.
Conclusions—Current criteria of VaD identify different frequencies and clusters of patients and are not interchangeable. Optimally, prospective studies with clinicopathological correlation could identify new criteria. Meanwhile, focus on more homogeneous subtypes (eg, small-vessel subcortical VaD) and detailed neuroimaging criteria could improve the diagnostics.
Key Words: dementia • diagnosis • stroke
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Critical elements in the concept and diagnosis of vascular dementia (VaD) incorporate defining the cognitive syndrome and the vascular cause. Recently, the effect of different criteria for defining the cognitive syndrome, the dementia syndrome, has been shown.1 2 Accordingly, different definitions determine different prevalence estimates and identify different groups of subjects. Furthermore, differences in defining the vascular cause and etiology may add to the variation.3 4 5 6 A limitation has been that all the clinical criteria applied are consensus criteria that are neither derived from prospective community-based studies with clinicopathological correlates of vascular factors affecting the cognition nor based on detailed natural histories.7 Currently, the most widely used criteria for VaD include the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers (ADDTC), International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD), and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN) criteria.5 8 9 10
In the present study we studied the effect of different clinical definitions of VaD in case finding among patients with poststroke dementia.
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Subjects and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The Helsinki Stroke Aging Memory Study included 486 consecutive patients aged 55 to 85 years with ischemic stroke. Of these 486 patients, 337 (69.3%) completed MRI of the head and a comprehensive neuropsychological examination 3 months after stroke.2 11 12 The mean age (SD) of the patients was 71.4 (7.6) years. All the subjects underwent a structured medical and neurological history and a structured clinical and neurological examination.2 Cognitive domains assessed by the neuropsychological test battery included memory functions (short- and long-term memory), abstract thinking, judgment, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, and constructional difficulty, including visuospatial and constructional functions.11 The criteria for dementia were those of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III),13 and the diagnosis required impairment in short- or long-term memory and in one other cognitive domain, as well as a cognitive decline sufficiently severe to impair everyday social functioning, including the patient’s ability to work and perform activities of daily living. Assessment of both basic and complex activities of daily living, reflecting functions before and 3 months after the index stroke, was based on 5 structured interview scales with the patient and a knowledgeable informant, as well as the neurological examination.2 Altogether, 107 patients fulfilled the definition of dementia according to the DSM-III criteria and constitute the present study group, which has been clinically detailed in a previous report.11
Definitions of vascular cause of VaD applied included the
DSM-III,13 ADDTC for probable ischemic
VaD,14 International Statistical Classification of
Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10),15
NINDS-AIREN for probable VaD,16 and
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV).17
Variables included in the 5 diagnostic guidelines
applied are detailed in Tables 1
and 2.
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Focal neurological signs in the DSM-III and DSM-IV definitions include exaggeration of deep tendon reflexes, extensor plantar response, pseudobulbar palsy, gait abnormalities, and weakness of an extremity; in the ICD-10 criteria, unilateral spastic weakness of the limbs, unilaterally increased tendon reflexes, an extensor plantar response, or pseudobulbar palsy; and in the NINDS-AIREN criteria, hemiparesis, lower facial weakness, Babinski sign, sensory deficit, hemianopia, and dysarthria. In the present study presence of focal neurological signs included at least 1 of the following: hemianopia, lower facial weakness, dysarthria, motor or sensory hemisyndrome, hemiplegic gait, or positive Babinski sign.
"Patchy" distribution of deficits (ie, affecting some functions, but not others) in DSM-III and deficits in higher cognitive functions "unequally" distributed (with some function affected and others relatively spared) in ICD-10 were recorded positive in the present study if at least 1 of the cognitive domains assessed was rated as normal.
MRI was performed with a 1.0-T device (Siemens
Magnetom).12 The number, size, and location of infarcts
were recorded. The sites included lobes, vascular territories, and
specific locations.12 Infarction was defined as lacunar if
situated in the deep white or gray matter areas irrigated by the deep
perforants and if the diameter was 3 to 9 mm.18
Large-vessel infarcts were those located in the cortical or
cortico-subcortical areas. White matter lesions were rated in
periventricular, deep, watershed, and subcortical white
matter areas, as detailed previously.12 19 Extensive
periventricular white matter lesions included extending
caps (hyperintensities classified on the basis of size and shape), or
irregular halo, or diffusely confluent lesions, or extensive white
matter change, or a combination thereof.20 Reliability of
the visual rating was tested by reviewing 60 MR scans independently by
the same rater (R.M.), by a board-certified neuroradiologist, and by a
general radiologist. The weighted values for intraobserver
agreement were 0.90 for periventricular caps, 0.93 for
linings and halos, and 0.95 for deep white matter
hyperintensities. The corresponding values for interobserver
agreement were 0.82 to 0.84 for caps, 0.72 to 0.82 for linings and
halos, and 0.77 to 0.84 for deep white matter
hyperintensities.12 Clinically, all the patients were
examined by the same neurologist (T.P.), and all the cases were
reviewed together with the senior neurologist (T.E.).
The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. The study design was first explained fully; written information was offered to the patients and a knowledgeable informant, and if they agreed to participate, a written consent form was signed by a patient or a knowledgeable informant if the patient was obviously demented or unable in any other way to sign a consent form.
In the statistical procedure we compared the effect of the definition
of vascular cause on the 107 patients with a diagnosis of DSM-III
dementia. The 
2 test was applied for
categorical data comparing patients diagnosed with VaD by different
paradigms. Concordance (overlapping cases) was computed as the quotient
of the cases classified as VaD by both of the criteria applied and the
number of cases classified as VaD by either of the criteria. Agreement
between the criteria was also calculated with the use of
statistics, indicating how much better the agreement is than that of
chance, with a value of zero indicating no agreement better than
chance. The statistics were analyzed with the BMDP
program.21
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The frequency of patients fulfilling definitions for vascular cause varied considerably when algorithms for different definitions of VaD were used among the 107 patients fulfilling the DSM-III criteria for dementia: 36.4% (n=39) by DSM-III, 86.9% (n=93) by ADDTC, 32.7% (n=35) by NINDS-AIREN, 36.4% (n=39) by ICD-10, and 91.6% (n=98) by DSM-IV criteria (Tables 1
and 2).
The DSM-III and the ICD-10 criteria for VaD had a concordance
of 100%. The requirements of these criteria are detailed in Table 2. The ADDTC criteria for the diagnosis of probable
ischemic VaD and the NINDS-AIREN criteria for probable VaD are
also shown in Table 2, as are the DSM-IV criteria. A total
of 5 subjects did not fulfill the definition of vascular cause for VaD
according to any of the 5 diagnostic criteria, and only 31
subjects were diagnosed by all 5 criteria
(Figure, Table 3).
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The concordance (percentage of overlapping cases) between the
definitions varied (Table 4): it was
excellent between DSM-III and ICD-10 criteria (100%), good
between ICD-10 and NINDS-AIREN criteria (85.0%) and between
DSM-IV and ADDTC criteria (87.3%), but poor between the other
criteria (<40%). Agreement between the guidelines was also calculated
by the statistic, which indicates how much better the agreement is
than by chance. The agreement was excellent between DSM-III and
ICD-10 criteria (=1.0), good between ICD-10 and
NINDS-AIREN criteria (=0.87), and fair or poor between the other
criteria, being at the level of chance between the ICD-10 and
ADDTC criteria (=-0.03) (Table 4).
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Focal neurological signs required to be present in the
DSM-III, ICD-10, and NINDS-AIREN criteria were recorded
in 40 patients (37.4%). In the present series, presence of focal
signs was the main discriminating factor between these 3 criteria and
ADDTC or DSM-IV criteria (Table 4). Further important
discriminating factors included requirement of unequal distribution of
deficits in higher cognitive functions and evidence of relevant CVD
based on brain imaging findings (Table 4).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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We evaluated the effect of different definitions of vascular cause in current clinical criteria for VaD in a series of 107 patients with DSM-III poststroke dementia. Different definitions for VaD gave different frequency estimates, and overlap in the cases diagnosed was considerable, except between the ICD-10 and DSM-III criteria, where it was perfect. The origins of these differences include the following: (1) requirement of focal neurological signs and symptoms to be present in DSM-III, ICD-10, and NINDS-AIREN criteria; (2) absence of brain imaging requirements of relevant cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in DSM-III, ICD-10, and DSM-IV criteria; and (3) requirement of patchy or unequal distribution of higher cognitive functions in DSM-III and ICD-10 criteria. Additional factors include (4) qualifying extensive white matter lesions as radiological evidence of relevant CVD in NINDS-AIREN but not in ADDTC criteria and (5) requiring one CT or T1-weighted MRI infarct outside the cerebellum in ADDTC criteria.
The DSM-III and ICD-10 criteria had a concordance of 100%. Neither of these guidelines specifies brain imaging requirements. They require evidence from history, physical examination, or laboratory tests of significant CVD that is judged to be etiologically related to the disturbance. They also require focal neurological signs and symptoms on neurological examination to be present and require unequal distribution of cognitive deficits. We did not study possible ICD-10 subtypes of VaD in the present study.22
The agreement between NINDS-AIREN and ICD-10 was good
(concordance, 85%; weighted =0.87), as well. They both require
focal neurological signs to be present, which were infrequent in
the present patients with a history of ischemic stroke. The
main origin of difference between these 2 criteria is requirement of
unequal distribution of deficits in higher cognitive functions by
ICD-10 and detailed radiological criteria by NINDS-AIREN.
In addition to the NINDS-AIREN criteria, the other criteria defining
the radiological findings are the ADDTC criteria, which require at
least 1 infarct outside the cerebellum detected on CT or T1-weighted
MRI, but white matter lesions do not qualify for support of probable
ischemic VaD. The NINDS-AIREN criteria require focal signs to
always be present, and the ADDTC criteria require evidence of 
2
ischemic strokes by history, neurological signs, and/or
neuroimaging studies (CT or T1-weighted MRI); accordingly, the
agreement between these 2 criteria was poor (concordance, 33%;
weighted =0.05). As evaluated neuropathologically, the ADDTC
criteria seem to be more sensitive and the NINDS-AIREN criteria more
specific, but neither is perfect.23
The DSM-IV criteria were the most liberal; a total of 98 subjects
(91.6%) fulfilled these criteria. The DSM-IV criteria do not
require focal neurological signs and symptoms to be present and do
not specify brain imaging criteria clearly. In a recent study of 25
demented subjects, the DSM-IV criteria showed the best overall
agreement with other criteria for VaD ( range, 0.32 to 0.60) and
gave the greatest overlap with the combined ADDTC for probable and
possible ischemic VaD.6 In the present
study the agreement between DSM-IV and the other criteria varied
to a greater extent (concordance, 33% to 87%; weighted range,
0.08 to 0.37), which related to the frequency of focal neurological
signs.
In the present cohort, in patients with ischemic stroke, only 40 patients (37.4%) showed focal signs on neurological examination (hemianopia, lower facial weakness, dysarthria, motor or sensory hemisyndrome, hemiplegic gait, or positive Babinski sign) 3 months after stroke. In accordance with our findings, the small percentage of cases classified as VaD depended on the small number of subjects showing focal signs on the neurological examination in the series of Wetterling et al.5 In particular, patients with small-vessel subcortical VaD frequently do not show clear-cut focal signs. Thus, neuroimaging criteria could increase sensitivity and specificity in case finding,7 24 as suggested in the recent research criteria for subcortical small-vessel VaD.20
In the DSM-III, ICD-10, and DSM-IV criteria, no clear
specification of an underlying vascular process is given; the ADDTC
criteria are limited to ischemic brain injury, and the
NINDS-AIREN criteria compile a description of many possible etiologies
of VaD. Thus, it is not surprising that the concepts underlying the
definitions of vascular cause are rather heterogeneous,
with agreement at the level of chance (between the ADDTC and
ICD-10 criteria, =-0.03).
In conclusion, the clinical criteria for VaD are not interchangeable. Despite a degree of overall similarity, the case finding will vary significantly depending on the criteria. Our study thus strengthens the earlier findings in a large, well-defined stroke cohort.4 5 Furthermore, we focused only on the vascular cause of dementia in patients already found to be demented. At present, the lack of comparability between diagnostic criteria is a barrier to research and clinical care, and further debate based on these and earlier findings is needed. The differences we found will influence not only estimates of prevalence and incidence of VaD but also clinical recognition and treatment of the condition. Ideally, in constructing new criteria the component parts of the guidelines should be tested with prospective longitudinal studies with clinicopathological correlation.25 Meanwhile, focus on more homogeneous subtypes of VaD (eg, small-vessel subcortical VaD) and on uniform reproducible imaging criteria may be a solution.7 20
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported in part by grants from the Medical Council of the Academy of Finland (R.M., T.E.); the Clinical Research Institute, Helsinki University Central Hospital (T.P., R.M.); the Finnish Alzheimer Foundation for Research, Helsinki (T.P., T.E.); and the University of Helsinki (T.P., T.E.). We thank Vesa Kuusela, senior research officer, Statistics Finland, Helsinki, for statistical support and review.
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Footnotes |
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Reviews for this manuscript were directed by Mark L. Dyken, MD.
Received June 20, 2000; revision received August 22, 2000; accepted August 22, 2000.
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