(Stroke. 2000;31:476.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Assessment of the Thigh Cuff Technique for Measurement of Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation
From the Division of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leicester, and Department of Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary (P.D.H.), UK.
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Abstract |
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Background and Purpose—Dynamic methods of measuring cerebral autoregulation have become an accepted alternative to static evaluation. This article aims to describe a set of data collected from healthy volunteers by a dynamic method, the purpose being to qualify and quantify expected results for those who may be designing a study using this technique.
Methods—Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) (measured by transcranial Doppler) and arterial blood pressure (Finapres) were recorded in 16 normal subjects before, during, and after the induction of a blood pressure drop (release of bilateral thigh cuffs). This procedure was repeated 6 times for each subject. A mathematical model was applied to the data to generate an autoregulatory index (ARI) with values between 0 and 9.
Results—The ARI values for this sample population follow a normal distribution, with a mean±SD of 4.98±1.06 (n=15). Analysis of the cumulative mean ARI values of all subjects showed an exponential-type convergence of ARI toward the sample mean as the number of test iterations increased. The population average blood pressure drop on thigh cuff release was 26.4±7.1 mm Hg (n=16), occurring in 4.6±1.7 seconds. The corresponding population average drop for CBFV was 15.6±5.8 cm/s, taking 2.5±1.0 seconds. No significant trend was noted in the measurements as the number of test iterations increased. The correlation between the predicted and actual CBFV, having a mean value of 0.76±0.19, showed evidence of a nonlinear relationship to ARI values. Significant correlation was also found between ARI and (1) arterial blood pressure before cuff release and (2) the magnitude of the drop in CBFV on cuff release.
Conclusions—The distribution of ARI values is not significantly different from normal. At least 3 iterations of the test procedure should be performed and averaged to obtain the mean ARI for each subject. There is no significant evidence of physiological accommodation as the number of test iterations increases. The effects of mean blood pressure and the magnitude of the change in CBFV should be considered as possible covariates when ARI data are analyzed.
Key Words: autoregulation • cerebral blood flow • blood flow velocity • ultrasonography, Doppler, transcranial
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The thigh cuff technique to study the dynamic behavior of cerebral blood pressure autoregulation was introduced by Aaslid et al1 after observations in animal and human subjects that cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to sudden changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP) shows a characteristic latency.2 3 4 5 6 7
When large pneumatic cuffs placed around both thighs are inflated
above systolic pressure for 
2 minutes and then suddenly
released, a sharp drop in ABP is usually observed, lasting 
10
seconds before returning to its original level. A
simultaneous drop in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV),
usually estimated with Doppler ultrasound,8
accompanies the fall in ABP. With normal autoregulation, the recovery
of CBFV to its resting level will tend to precede that of ABP. This
typical response can be quantified with a mathematical model proposed
by Tiecks et al9 that assigns an autoregulatory index
(ARI) ranging from 0 to 9. A value of ARI=0 corresponds to an entirely
passive autoregulation, and ARI=9 represents the fastest
autoregulatory response that can be observed. Tiecks et
al9 also showed an excellent correlation between the ARI
and the more traditional methods of assessing cerebral autoregulation
by "static" manipulation of ABP levels.
Clinical applications of the thigh cuff technique have included patients with orthostatic hypotension,10 carotid artery disease,11 head injury,12 13 14 and studies of the effects of anesthetic agents on cerebral autoregulation.15 16 Despite its increasing use in cerebrovascular research, several aspects of the thigh cuff method have not been described. In particular, the influence of the number of separate thigh cuff maneuvers on test accuracy has not been characterized, with different investigators reporting any number of repetitions between 3 and 8.1 8 10 11 12 13 In addition, it is not clear whether the amplitude and rate of pressure drop can have an influence on the CBF dynamic response. Using the ARI approach introduced by Tiecks et al,9 we investigated these and other aspects of the thigh cuff technique in a group of healthy volunteers.
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Subjects and Methods |
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The study involved 16 volunteer subjects (mean age, 31.8±8.5 years; range, 23 to 51 years). Subjects were admitted into the study if they had no history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, migraine, epilepsy, cerebral aneurysm, intracerebral bleeding, or other preexisting neurological disorder. The study was approved by the Leicestershire Research Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained in all cases.
Recordings were made with subjects in the supine position
with the head elevated to 30°. CBFV was monitored from 1 middle
cerebral artery (MCA) with a Scimed QVL-120 transcranial
Doppler system in conjunction with a 2-MHz transducer held in
position by an elastic headband. Insonation and identification of the
MCA was via the transtemporal window. The ABP was measured
noninvasively with a finger cuff device (Ohmeda 2300 Finapres BP
monitor). The data were collected and stored on digital audiotape with
an 8-channel instrumentation recorder (Sony PC108M) and
analyzed at a later time.
CBFV and ABP were recorded in each subject before, during,
and after a step drop in blood pressure. A thigh cuff
technique1 was used to induce the drop. Large bilateral
thigh cuffs were inflated, and blood flow in the dorsalis pedis artery
was monitored with a Doppler velocimeter (Sonicaid
Vasoflo) until circulation to the lower extremities had ceased. The
thigh cuff pressure required for this was 20 mm Hg above peak
systolic ABP, as measured by the Finapres, in all cases. The
occlusion was maintained for 2 minutes. A transient blood pressure drop
was then induced by rapid simultaneous release of the
Velcro fastenings on the thigh cuffs.
The test procedure was repeated 6 times on each subject. An
interval of 8 minutes was allowed between each cuff release and the
next inflation to permit ABP and CBFV to return to their baseline
values. CBFV and ABP were recorded continuously throughout the test
procedure. The recordings for each subject were carried out in
a single session, during which the volunteer remained supine, and took
90 minutes.
Data Analysis
The Doppler signal was processed by a microcomputer-based
analyzer that performed a fast Fourier transform every 5 ms to
calculate the maximum velocity envelope. The ABP signal was also
transferred from digital audiotape to microcomputer at a rate of 200
samples per second per channel. Further processing was then performed
on the data: erroneous spikes from the CBFV and ABP signals were
identified by visual inspection of the data and removed by linear
interpolation; cardiac cycles were marked, allowing heart rate to be
extracted; values for mean CBFV and ABP were calculated; and finally, a
common sampling interval of 0.2 seconds was imposed on the data by
polynomial interpolation and the results were stored in a computer
file.
Cerebral autoregulation was graded by generating an ARI value from 0 to 9 by the method proposed by Tiecks et al.9 The experimentally acquired CBFV response was compared with 10 predicted models. Each model is generated by a specific combination of time constant, damping factor, and autoregulatory dynamic gain. The closest match was selected on the basis of the highest correlation coefficient. Unlike the least-squares error technique used by Tiecks et al,9 this method does not rely on a specific value of critical closing pressure to select the closest match. A sample window of 30 seconds from the point of cuff release was used in all cases. Each model corresponds to an integer value of ARI (0 to 9). Once a best-fit curve had been selected, a parabolic interpolation was performed to estimate the value of ARI to 1 decimal place. The correlation coefficient between "best-fit" model and the actual CBFV response was also noted for later analysis ("correlation of fit," COF).
The maximum value of ABP just before cuff release was marked by visual inspection of the ABP signal data. The minimum value after the induced drop was also noted. The magnitude, time taken, and rate of the induced change in ABP were calculated from these 2 points. A similar process was repeated for the CBFV signal.
Statistics
The distributions of ARI and COF values were tested for
normality with the Shapiro-Wilks test.
ANOVA was performed on the ARI data to test for evidence of physiological accommodation occurring as the number of cuff releases increased, using 6 groups with the corresponding ARI values for each sequential thigh cuff release.
The effect of varying the number of thigh cuff releases on
population estimates of ARI was assessed. A cumulative mean value of
ARI was calculated for every subject as each thigh cuff release was
performed, such that the cumulative mean ARI for a subject at the nth
test was given by
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Linear regression analysis was used to assess the dependence of ARI on other variables. Significance was taken as P<0.05.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Seven isolated cuff releases from 4 subjects were excluded from the study because of excessive noise on the original recordings, leaving a sample of n=89 useful thigh cuff maneuvers (see Table
). Of the 16
subjects in the study, 12 had a complete data set (ie, 6 thigh cuff
releases) in the final analysis. A typical plot of CBFV and ABP
is shown in Figure 1a, demonstrating CBFV
recovery preceding ABP.
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The mean ABP drop of the sample on thigh cuff release was
26.4±7.1 mm Hg, occurring in 4.6±1.7 seconds. The corresponding
sample average drop in CBFV was 15.6±5.8 cm/s, taking 2.5±1.0
seconds. The mean ABP and CBFV recorded before cuff release were
117.9±16.4 mm Hg and 66.3±13.7 cm/s, respectively. Individual
ARI values for each subject are given in the Table
.
On analysis of these initial data, it could be seen that
subject 6 showed a markedly different set of ARI values from the rest
of the sample population. The mean ARI for subject 6 was 0.5±1.4, and
4 of the 6 cuff releases produced an ARI of zero. By plotting of the
mean response of CBFV and ABP on cuff release, subject 6 was also seen
to have demonstrated abnormal autoregulatory function during the tests,
as shown in Figure 1b. Furthermore, the distribution of the
population ARI values was significantly different from normal when
subject 6 was included in the analysis (Shapiro-Wilks test
W=0.957, P<0.02). However, removal of subject 6 resulted in
the remaining ARI values showing a normal distribution. Subject 6 was
therefore excluded from further analysis on the basis of being
a statistical outlier to prevent distortion of results. The remaining
15 subjects were included in all subsequent statistical
analyses.
For the remaining subjects, the distribution of the population
ARI values was not significantly different from normal (Shapiro-Wilks
test W=0.978, P<0.5), with a mean ARI value of 4.98±1.06
(n=83). The COF data showed significant deviation from normal (W=0.817,
P<10-4), with a mean of
0.76±0.19. Further analysis suggested that the COF
distribution could be more accurately described by a rising exponential
curve. Of the 83 tests used in the final analysis, 68 showed a
COF of 0.6, and of these, 49 had a value of 0.8. Only 4 of 83
showed a COF of 
0.4.
ANOVA of sequential ARI values showed no significant differences
(Figure 2). A paired t test
using data from the first 2 cuff releases also showed no significant
differences. This suggests that no physiological
accommodation took place during the course of the test procedure.
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) and SD bars for successive thigh
cuff tests. Eleven subjects, each having the maximum 6 thigh cuff
releases, were used throughout this analysis.
The results of the analysis of population cumulative mean
ARI values show a convergence of ARI toward the population mean and SD
as the number of thigh cuff maneuvers is increased from 1 to 6 (Figure 3). There appears to be little practical
improvement in population mean and SD estimates beyond the use of 3
good thigh cuff releases. A subsequent t test, repeated for
each individual subject, showed no significant difference between the
first 3 and last 3 ARI values recorded. It is therefore fair to
assume that there will be no significant difference between the mean
ARI after 3 tests and the mean result after 6 tests for any individual
within the sample population, confirming the observation that 3 cuff
releases are adequate in most cases.
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) and SD bars
as number of cuff releases increases from 1 to 6. Eleven subjects, each
having the maximum 6 thigh cuff releases, were used throughout this
analysis.
Linear regression was carried out between ARI and selected
variables. There was no significant correlation between ARI and
blood pressure drop on cuff release, time for blood pressure drop and
CBFV drop to occur, rate of blood pressure drop and CBFV drop, baseline
CBFV, and baseline heart rate. Significant correlation was demonstrated
in 3 cases. The COF showed a correlation coefficient of
r=-0.35 (P<0.01) for the linear regression with
ARI as the dependent variable. However, after visual inspection, a
nonlinear relationship between ARI and COF could be clearly observed,
and a parabolic curve fitted to the data led to a coefficient of
determination R=0.55
(P<10-4). Figure 4 represents the relationship
between COF and ARI with the fitted parabolic curve and its confidence
limits, showing that COF tends to be reduced for extreme values of ARI.
The magnitude of CBFV drop on cuff release and mean ABP (MABP) baseline
values before the thigh cuff release were also significant with respect
to ARI, showing correlations of r=-0.30
(P<0.01) and r=0.24 (P<0.05),
respectively.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Results from previous studies using the thigh cuff technique have reported ARI values similar to our own. White and Markus11 quoted a mean ARI of 6.3±1.1 in a group of 21 normal control subjects. In the study by Tiecks et al,9 the mean value of ARI was 4.8±1.0 in a group of 10 subjects under propofol anesthesia for elective orthopedic surgery. Junger et al13 quoted a mean ARI of 4.7±1.0 in a group of 29 normal volunteers. Our value of 4.98±1.06 compares more favorably with the results quoted by Tiecks and Junger. Two factors might explain the difference in the results of White and Markus and the other studies mentioned above. First, the mean BP drop on cuff release in the study by White and Markus was smaller than that in the other studies (White and Markus: 13.8±5.3 mm Hg; Tiecks et al: 20±4 mm Hg; Junger et al: 22±5 mm Hg; our study: 26.4±7.1 mm Hg). It is plausible that a smaller drop may produce less of a demand on the autoregulatory mechanisms, thus explaining the higher ARI values obtained by White and Markus. Second, the mean age of subjects in our study and the studies of Junger and Tiecks are far closer, perhaps making these studies more suitable for comparison (White and Markus: 67.8±7.8 years; Tiecks et al: 35±10 years; Junger et al: 22±5 years; our study: 31.8±8.5 years).
Previous studies using the thigh cuff technique to generate the
ARI by means of Tiecks’ method have not mentioned the quality of
fitting for the model, which is the criterion used to select 1 out of
10 possible models.9 11 12 13 15 In Tiecks’ original
publication,9 it is implied that a least-squares method
was used to find the best fit in each case. The drawback with this
approach is that it depends on another model parameter,
namely, the critical closing pressure, that Tiecks et al assumed to be
fixed at 12 mm Hg. This parameter influences the
amplitude but not the temporal pattern of the velocity response
generated by the model. Therefore, unless an optimal value of critical
closing pressure is found in each case, it is not possible to obtain
the least-squares error on the basis of the difference between the
experimental CBFV data and the model-predicted response.17
Conversely, if we are interested only in the ARI parameter,
it is possible to select the optimal model using the correlation
coefficient between the measured and the predicted CBFV curves. Because
of its simplicity, we have favored this approach, which provides more
robust values of ARI, because it does not depend on a
simultaneous estimation of critical closing pressure. The
COF values represented in Figure 4 indicate that
reasonably high values of correlation are obtained for thigh cuff
responses in most cases; this confirms the ability of the Tiecks model
to represent the CBFV dynamic response after the sudden release
of pressurized thigh cuffs. In a few instances, however, statistically
nonsignificant values of COF can be obtained, as shown by the cluster
of 3 points (shaded) in Figure 4. These low COF values indicate
poor model fitting and raise the question of whether the corresponding
values of ARI should be disregarded in such cases. In addition, Figure 4 also shows that COF is reduced for either very low or very
high values of ARI. For low values of ARI, the Tiecks model should,
theoretically, provide the expected response, but some readjustment of
the combination of time constant, damping, and gain might be necessary
to improve fitting. At the other extreme, Figure 4 shows that
for high ARI, the fitting performance of the model starts to
deteriorate, and it is not clear whether this can be solved with simple
readjustment of the 3 key parameters or whether it is the
mathematical structure of the model that needs to be improved. In light
of the need for further work in this area, it is clear that reliable
results can be obtained only if due attention is paid to the issues
raised above.
The population cumulative mean analysis gives an indication of how many test iterations need be performed to obtain a given level of precision in a normal population and may provide a useful guide for those designing a study. There are diminishing returns in terms of precision achieved as more iterations of the test procedure are performed, and the benefits should be weighed against time, subject discomfort, and so forth.
Because there is no evidence for any significant physiological accommodation taking place, it is possible for a degree of redundancy to be built into any test protocol, with more cuff releases being performed than required to achieve the desired level of precision. It is reasonable to use those recordings with a good signal and/or low noise level and to discard the poorer recordings. Although it may seem logical to select "good" results on the basis of high COF, this is inadvisable in light of the apparent nonlinear relationship between ARI and COF. If high COF is used as a selection criterion, it is possible that measurement bias may be introduced, favoring ARIs that the Tieck method is most capable of modeling, namely, midrange values. Both high and low values of ARI may be discriminated against because of the poorer ability of the method to model these scenarios closely.
The correlation of ARI with baseline MABP and CBFV drop on cuff release is small but significant and suggests that these variables should be considered when the ARI data are analyzed. The negative correlation of CBFV drop to ARI is perhaps not surprising. A CBFV trace that shows only a small drop before returning to baseline level will be modeled best by a curve that rises steeply. Thus, a small drop in CBFV may potentially yield a misleadingly high ARI. The correlation of MABP with ARI suggests that a low MABP may give a low ARI value. This is physiologically plausible if considered in light of the static response of CBF to cerebral perfusion pressure. Subjects with low MABP are more likely to be operating close to the lower limit of autoregulation and thus, when there is an induced drop in ABP, may be pushed into the region below the active range of cerebral autoregulation. This suggests that care should be taken in assessing results from the hypotensive patient.
If we are to assume that changes in flow velocity, measured with
Doppler ultrasound, are comparable to changes in absolute flow,
then the diameter of the insonated vessel must remain constant
throughout the measurement procedure. In a study by Newell et
al,8 under surgical conditions, MCA velocity accurately
mirrored flow changes in the ipsilateral internal carotid artery when a
thigh cuff maneuver was performed. A study by Aaslid et
al,18 also incorporating the thigh cuff technique,
supports the notion that any changes in MCA diameter caused by a
stepwise drop in pressure are insignificant in the assessment of
dynamic cerebral autoregulation. Furthermore, several investigations in
humans have suggested that MCA diameter remains relatively constant
despite changes in ABP.19 20 21 A passive change in MCA
diameter due to vessel-wall elasticity would have the same temporal
evolution as the ABP change. This means that during the main part of
the velocity transient, the diameter would be approximately constant
(Figure 1) and the CBFV signal used to estimate ARI would be a
good approximation of MCA blood flow, at least during the 10 seconds
after cuff release. Although there is no evidence that active changes
in MCA diameter take place over the short interval used by the Tiecks
model, this possibility cannot be discarded. Nevertheless, in the case
of the atypical response demonstrated by subject 6 in Figure 1b, it is highly unlikely that the normal fast return of flow to baseline
would have been precisely counteracted by a similar rapid change in
diameter such that the CBFV response would show the same temporal
pattern as the ABP drop.
In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that successive applications of the thigh cuff test do not lead to physiological accommodation and that averaging 3 good-quality recordings should lead to an optimal compromise between test precision and patient discomfort. Although highly significant correlations are usually obtained between recorded CBFV transient and the response predicted by the Tiecks model, more work is necessary to shed light on the relationship between the quality of model fitting and the accuracy of the estimated ARI values.
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Acknowledgments |
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The support of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK (grant GR/L 16163), is gratefully acknowledged.
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Footnotes |
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Reprint requests to Peter Mahony, Department of Medical Physics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK.
Received August 30, 1999; revision received November 23, 1999; accepted November 23, 1999.
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