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(Stroke. 2000;31:1352.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Stroke Patients in South Madrid
Function and Motor Recovery, Resource Utilization, and Family Support
From the Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (M.J.M.), Servicio de Rehabilitación, Madrid, Spain; Division of Neurology (M.J.M., J. de P.-C., L.W.H.) and Department of Physical Therapy (M.J.M., L.W.H.), Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; and National Centre for Epidemiology (J. de P.-C., J.A.I.), Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Madrid, Spain.
Correspondence to M. Jiménez Muro, PhD, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Rehabilitación, Avda de Córdoba, s/n 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract |
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Background and Purpose—The purpose of the present study was to describe the epidemiology of stroke disability and the use of health resources in South Madrid.
Methods—Among a population of 665 168 residents in South Madrid, patients with an acute stroke of clinical onset during March to July 1996 who were seen at a general hospital or at 1 of 3 primary care centers were evaluated at baseline (n=147) and at 3 months (n=110) and 6 months (n=112) after stroke. We assessed the frequencies of stroke and stroke-related residual disability per population unit, as well as the impairment, disability, secondary complications, use of health resources, and impact on quality of life.
Results—In patients 
60 years old, the incidence of stroke with
severe residual disability after 6 months was 75 per 10 000, was
higher in men, and increased with age; the proportion of survivors
among those examined at baseline was 20%. The use of hospital
days per population unit was similar to that of reported European data,
but the use of other health care resources was less. Patients
frequently used bladder and nasal catheters and presented with
shoulder pain. Social activities were infrequent and decreased after
stroke. Access to technical aids was limited, and home adaptations were
exceptional. The impact of stroke on health-related quality of life
among patients and main caregivers was modest.
Conclusions—The study shows that in South Madrid, (1) the use of health resources after stroke is low; (2) patients with stroke register low activities of daily living scores with a comparatively small impact on quality of life; and (3) relative to need, the use of rehabilitation, aids, and home adaptations and services was low.
Key Words: family • health resources • stroke • stroke outcome
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Introduction |
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Stroke mortality rates among the 4.5 million persons in Madrid in 1990 to 1995 (ie, 59.5 and 47.3 per 100 000 for men and women when age adjusted to the European population)1 rank among the lowest rates in Europe.2 3 However, data on stroke incidence, impairment, disability, handicap, or use of health care and social services by patients with stroke in Madrid are lacking. Not only is there a dearth of data of a similar nature for other Spanish populations, but such data are difficult to extrapolate to Madrid in view of the considerable geographical variation in stroke mortality rates across Spain.1 3 4 Results from studies on disability or the use of health care and social services based on patients admitted to large Madrid hospitals5 6 are difficult to interpret due to frequent selection bias, subsequent referral to other institutions from the emergency wards where patients with stroke are originally observed, and lack of reference to the population source of patients.
With the use of a population-based series of incident stroke patients who were resident in South Madrid (SM) and followed up during 6 months, we sought to describe (1) impairment, disability, and handicap; (2) the use of health care and social resources and of informal care; and (3) the complications of stroke.
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Subjects and Methods |
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Study Population and Health Care Services
The population that generated the patients under study was geographically defined as residents of Public Health District XI in the Madrid Autonomous Region (MAR). This population, which totaled 665 168 on January 1, 1996, according to official statistics, was urban and resident in SM and registered lower economic and educational levels than those of the general population of the MAR.7 The majority consisted of persons who had migrated from other Spanish regions during the period of 1960 to 1970.7 In practice, 98% of the entire SM population was entitled to receive primary and hospital care supplied free of charge by the public health services run by Spain’s INSALUD (National Institute of Health). Acute hospital care was provided by only 1 general hospital, the 12 de Octubre Hospital, a facility that has 1364 beds. As in other urban populations in Spain, patients with acute stroke were in general referred to the hospital emergency ward by general practitioners or specialists at a primary care center or specialized outpatient clinic or reached the hospital emergency ward on his or her or a relative’s initiative.8 CT scan was a routine examination for all such patients. After an examination by the on-duty neurologist, patients were admitted to the internal medicine, neurology, or rehabilitation ward at the same hospital or at 1 of 4 other institutions for continuing care. Long-term care was provided at 3 institutions, public and private, acting on a prepaid basis. As an exception, the patient was referred from the emergency ward to his or her home for further follow-up by his or her family physician or was hospitalized in another ward at the 12 de Octubre Hospital. Specialists in rehabilitation and physiotherapists and occupational and speech therapists were mainly available at this hospital. The study underwent ethical evaluation by the 12 Octubre Hospital Committee.
Case Identification and Inclusion Criteria
Patients diagnosed with acute stroke at the emergency ward of
the 12 de Octubre Hospital and at 3 primary care centers were
identified from patient attendance lists by 1 of the authors (M.J.M).
Criteria for inclusion were (1) clinical diagnosis of
stroke9 by a neurologist at the 12 de Octubre Hospital or
a general practitioner at any of the primary care centers,
(2) stroke onset between March 3 and July 10, 1996, and (3) permanent
or periodic residence in MAR Public Health District XI. To control for
referral bias, patients who received care for a stroke in 1996 at 1 of
3 primary care centers with a population coverage of 17 453 were
identified and their medical records were examined in 1997.
Evaluation
A protocol was completed that showed clinical and socioeconomic
data; level of impairment, disability, and handicap; and secondary
complications. In addition, data on the use of hospital and
rehabilitation services were collected from patient records or
interviews with patients and main caregivers. The protocol was tailored
according to the procedure used by Widén Holmqvist et
al10 11 12 in the Southwest Stockholm stroke studies. The
patients were evaluated at 5 to 10 days, 12±1 weeks, and 24±1 weeks
after the initial hospitalization. Evaluations were conducted by 8
purpose-trained physiotherapists and, depending on the individual
situation, took place at the hospital or in patients’ homes. At each
point in time, the same evaluation methods were used for mental
function,13 14 presence of aphasia according to the
medical record, motor capacity,15 16 time to walk
10 m,17 manual dexterity,18 activities
of daily living (ADL),19 20 21 and frequency of social
activities.22 Health-related quality of life was measured
at 3 and 6 months with the use of the Sickness Impact Profile
(SIP)23 for patients who scored 24 on the Mini-Mental
State Examination (MMSE)14 and for main caregivers who
agreed to be interviewed.
Epidemiological and Statistical Analyses
Age- and sex-specific incidences were calculated both for stroke
and for such events classified into different levels of disability
according to the Katz ADL grade at 5 to 10 days and 6 months after
stroke onset in the SM population. Age- and sex-adjusted incidences
were obtained with use of the European population as reference. The
crude prevalence of 2 disability levels in the survivors of the
incident stroke population at different time points was also
determined. The statistical procedures that were used to evaluate
changes over time were 
2 test plus the
following nonparametric tests: McNemar’s test for ADL,
manual dexterity, and independence in walking 10 m and
Wilcoxon’s signed rank test for motor capacity, MMSE,
frequency of social activities, and SIP.
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Results |
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Two hundred seventeen individuals were registered as diagnosed with acute stroke at the 12 de Octubre Hospital during the study period. Perusal of their medical records resulted in rejection of the stroke diagnosis in 7 cases. Seven additional patients did not belong to the study population. Fifty-six patients were not examined 5 to 10 days after acute stroke: 3 patients were immediately transferred to other towns, 9 patients refused to collaborate, 7 could not be located, and 37 died before examination (for a total of 70 individuals). Therefore, in all, 147 patients were evaluated at a mean of 8 days after the initial hospitalization: 110 patients were evaluated at 3 months, and 112 patients were evaluated at 6 months after stroke. Ten examined patients died within the first 30 days after stroke. At the 3 primary care centers, 43 patients with registered stroke diagnoses received attention in 1996: in 12 cases, records were not available, and 4 patients had not had a stroke but proved to have had a transient ischemic attack (n=3) or myocardial infarction (n=1). A small proportion (5 patients) had had stroke with clinical onset during the study period of March 3 to July 10, 1996. However, although 3 of the 5 were included in our study at the 12 de Octubre Hospital, 2 were not: 1 had received emergency care at a different hospital, and the other, having undergone CT examination and diagnosis for stroke at the 12 de Octubre Hospital, had been neither hospitalized nor registered as a stroke patient.
The medical history, clinical diagnosis, socioeconomic characteristics,
and ADL and frequency of social activities before stroke of the 147
patients are shown in Table 1
. The
mean age was 72 years, and 49% were women. The health status of the
majority of patients had already been affected before the stroke. More
than half of the patients had hypertension, 25% were diabetics, and
18% had previously had a stroke. The vast majority of patients were
clinically diagnosed with ischemic infarction. Abnormal CT
scans was found for 87% of patients. Fifty-six percent of the patients
had not attended school, and 14% declared themselves illiterate.
Insofar as professional status was concerned, most were unskilled.
Fifty-six percent were living with their spouses. With regard to
housing facilities, 95% had a telephone, 51% had central heating, and
36% had a elevator. Twenty-four percent perceived their economic
situation as insufficient. Before the stroke, more than half of the
patients were restricted in ADL, and the frequency of social activities
was low.
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Table 2 lists the presence of aphasia;
mental, motor, and walking capacities; manual dexterity; ADL; frequency
of social activities; and secondary complications recorded at the 3
evaluation times. Medical records showed that in the acute stage,
almost one third of patients had mental function within normal limits
and displayed aphasia. At 5 to 10 days after stroke onset, a
considerable impairment to motor capacity, amounting to as much as 44%
of the maximum total score, was observed, with a high proportion of
patients unable to walk (58%) or perform the Nine Hole Peg Test
(37%). At this point in time, 51% of the patients were of Katz ADL
grade A to E, indicating that they were continent and independent in
feeding. In general, remarkably higher functional scores, as seen from
patient distributions or median values, were evident, especially during
the first 3 months after the stroke, and even at 6 months. The
frequency of social activities versus the situation before the stroke
is described in Table 1
; it decreased to 43% at 3 months and
recovered to 57% of the initial median value at 6 months. Regarding
secondary complications, 38% and 39% of the patients had experienced
falls during each of the 3-month intervals, and 5 had had fractures to
the hip (n=3), elbow (n=1), or ribs (n=1). The proportion of patients
who reported pain increased with time after stroke, and pain in the
affected side was reported by 25% of patients at 5 to 10 days and by
37% and 49% at 3 and 6 months, respectively. At the first evaluation,
21% of patients had a bladder catheter, and bedsores were observed in
almost 5%. When the analysis was run on the patients for whom
data had been recorded at each of the 3 time points (n=103),
changes over time were similar. Statistically significant changes
between 3 and 6 months were observed for total motor capacity
(P=0.0006), ability to walk 10 m without an aid
(P=0.001), and frequency of social activities
(P<0.001). However, no such changes were observed for
independence in Barthel ADL, ability to perform the peg test, or
MMSE.
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Data on the health-related quality of life on the basis of SIP for
patients with an MMSE score of 24 and for main family caregivers are
shown in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The health-related
quality of life for patients was moderately affected, with the median
overall SIP score increasing from 27 to 18 points at 3 and 6 months.
Stroke had a high impact on the quality of life of main family
caregivers: measured as median SIP scores at 6 months, it was 61% of
that for patients. Above all, Recreation and Pastime was the most
affected SIP category among patients and family caregivers, with
similar impact scores being reached. In both cases, the psychosocial
dimension was more affected than the physical dimension, but for family
caregivers, the decrease in subjective dysfunction with time was small.
The changes over time at 3 and 6 months in overall, physical, and
psychosocial dimensions of SIP scores proved to be statistically
significant (P<0.001) for the 53 patients on whom data had
been recorded at both time points but not for 23 tested family
caregivers (P=0.287, 0.114, and 0.098, respectively).
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Hospitalization time, resource use of rehabilitation services, and
delay in the receipt of therapy are given in Table 5. One third of patients were transferred
from the emergency ward of the 12 de Octubre Hospital to other health
facilities. The mean duration of initial hospitalization was 26 days
for all initially examined patients, although the time for recurrent
hospitalization during the first 6 months for 17% of such patients was
22 days. Although 36% of the patients had received physiotherapy
during the first 6 months, 66% of those who received physiotherapy had
started therapy >3 weeks after stroke onset. Lower percentages (28%
and 5%) had received occupational therapy and speech therapy,
respectively, with delay in therapy initiation again being very much
evident. The proportions of patients receiving therapy decreased
considerably during the second quarter after stroke.
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Resource use of different health-related services is shown in Table 6. First-degree relatives, mainly women,
accounted for informal care for two thirds of the patients. Only 2% of
patients received support offered by the formal system. Technical aids
were provided to a few patients: wheelchairs (27%), canes
(24%), beds with rails (9%), shower chairs (6%), and bath seats
(5%). The installation of support handles or other home adaptations
was quite infrequent and was paid for by the users.
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The age- and sex-specific incidences of stroke of different ADL
categories after onset or 6 months after stroke are depicted in Figure 1. The age-specific incidence of
first-ever stroke increased with age and was systematically higher than
that for recurrent stroke, which rose less noticeably with age (Figure 1a). The incidence of mild-to-moderate stroke, ADL grade A to E
(Figure 1b), increased evenly with age and was systematically
higher among men. As seen in Figure 1c, the incidence of severe
stroke, Katz ADL grade F to G, was similar for men and women but
increased severalfold at ages of >80 years. The incidence of stroke
with severe residual dysfunction was lower than that of stroke with
mild residual dysfunction and increased particularly with advanced age
(Figure 1d). The crude incidences of initially
mild-to-moderate and initially severe stroke per 10 000
person-years among patients aged 60 years were 16.6 for men and 7.3
for women. The corresponding incidences, age adjusted to the European
population, per 10 000 person-years were 16.7 and 6.6, respectively.
Crude and age-adjusted incidences for both sexes for stroke with
mild-to-moderate residual dysfunction per 10 000 person-years were
12.8 and 12.4, and those for stroke with severe residual disability
were 4.8 and 4.4, respectively.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Despite limitations due to the predominantly hospital-based nature of the study, the results provide a view of stroke in SM from a clinical and epidemiological perspective. Each year, 5 of 10 000 individuals aged >59 years in the SM population,
75 persons,
present with stroke characterized by severe residual disability
after 6 months. Other remarkable results are the low stroke incidence,
limited linear increase in incidence of mild-to-moderate stroke with
age, and lower incidence of mild-to-moderate stroke in aged women
versus men. The proportion of stroke survivors at 6 months with high
residual disability is high (20%). In contrast, the use of health care
resources, including rehabilitation, by population unit and
stroke-population survivors, is low. High proportions of patients used
bladder and nasal catheters and presented with shoulder pain.
Access to technical aids was limited, and access to home adaptations
was exceptional. Despite limitations, the study suggests that there is
an insufficiently covered need for stroke patient care in SM.
When patients who were not examined at 5 to 10 days after the stroke
were excluded, the age-specific incidence in the present study was
considerably lower than that reported in 4 well-designed
studies24 (Figure 2). Stroke
mortality incidence during a 129-day period among the general SM
population in our cohort was 25.1 per 100 000 person-years when 37
patients who died and were not examined were included (ie, low compared
with the MAR data). Although the failure to identify prior stroke
events by clinicians cannot be excluded, thus leading to a proportion
of recurrent events being misclassified as first stroke, we believe
that our figures for incidence and mortality constitute underestimates
because (1) 10% to 40% of all patients die before hospital
admission,24 (2) the increase of first-ever stroke
incidence with age in our results is linear (ie, low), (3) some stroke
patients seen at primary care centers had not been referred to the 12
de Octubre Hospital, and (4) seasonality is a factor.25
The epidemiological view that emerges from the present study is
that stroke frequency in SM, and therefore the need for care, may be
higher than that reported in the present study. Our primary care
sample of 5 patients is too low for an accurate estimation of the
proportion of stroke patients who were not hospitalized. We believe
that stroke underdiagnosis and home care of patients with mild stroke
are reasons for a lack of hospital registration that is more frequent
than in our primary care sample and we therefore believe that such a
proportion may reach 30% of incident stroke at SM.
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The 210 admissions, which included noncollaborated and nonresident patients, translated as a hospital stroke admission rate of 95.6 per 100 000 inhabitants, which was much lower than comparable figures reported in Brisbane, Australia, in the early 1990s (n=284)26 or in Southwest Stockholm in 1988 (n=350 including TIAs).27 The average initial hospital stay during the first 6 months for 147 stroke survivors was 26 days, which means that annual hospital use per 100 000 inhabitants due to stroke was 1626 patient-days, which is considerably lower than the 67 days reported for patients with stroke who were discharged from hospitals in Stockholm County in 1989.28
The frequent transfer of stroke patients to private long-term care institutions and discharge to home might also explain the low initial hospital care use by stroke patients per population unit in SM. Informal care at home appears to be the most important resource for service and help for stroke patients in the SM population.
The stroke population followed up in this study was strongly characterized by a large proportion of patients with poor housing facilities, low income, and low educational level. Despite the use of an MMSE version standardized for education, the low educational level might explain the very low MMSE score seen in our study. The proportions of Katz ADL grade A to E observed in Scandinavian hospital-based stroke studies29 were similar to that in SM (51%). However, the low proportion of Katz ADL grade A in SM (12% versus a corresponding 23%29 ) may suggest that a considerable proportion of mild stroke patients in SM never reach the hospital and reinforces the above-mentioned notion of low resource use with regard to hospital care and outpatient rehabilitation. As far as complications of stroke are concerned, the increase in joint pain over time might be explained by the unattended need for rehabilitation and the delay in starting therapy, because this was greater than in other studies.30 The proportion of falls was similar to that observed elsewhere.31
Social activities were considerably low before stroke and decreased at 6 months after stroke, but the low validity of the instruments used may have induced cultural bias. The impact of stroke on quality of life appears to be modest,12 determined perhaps by the low activity level before stroke. The quality of life of main caregivers was markedly affected by their relatives’ stroke.
The median hospital stay in SM was similar to those observed in other European studies,30 32 33 34 where a wide variation was reported. The proportion of patients receiving physical therapy was considerably lower than that observed elsewhere.32 33 With the high proportion of patients with low ADL F to G grades at 5 to 10 days (49%) taken into account, the use of such resources in our series appears to be low. However, the mean number of physical, occupational, and speech therapy sessions during the 6-month period, which was not reported in other studies,32 33 appears to be high. Furthermore, the proportion of patients, delay of onset, and time span on treatment indicated that as opposed to physical therapy, the use of occupational and speech therapy was lower. Hence, it appears that in the context of hospital-based stroke therapy in SM, priority is given to physical therapy. Despite the dearth of reported data, the use of aids and home adaptations is infrequent, with the latter lacking support. The burden of being the main caregiver falls on women, mainly spouses, daughters, and daughters-in-law. It is the family rather than society who cares for long-term stroke patients in SM.
This study, which set out to describe the patterns of stroke care for patients in SM, shows that from a population-based perspective, a low use of health care resources with a comparatively low, although probably underestimated, stroke incidence is evident. Our stroke patient series were characterized by (1) low Katz ADL grades, (2) low level of educational and social activities, (3) comparatively small impact on quality of life, and (4) high frequency of complications secondary to stroke. The use of resources in relation to need appears to be low with regard to PT, and particularly so in the case of occupational and speech therapy. Technical aids and support for home adaptations and services proved to be the exception rather than the rule.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by FIS (Spanish Health Research Fund) grant 96/0622. We are most grateful to all of the stroke patients and main caregivers who showed such willingness to participate in the study and to the selfless generosity of therapists Jesús Franco, Felix Matía, Ana González, Monica Vallejo, Vanesa Gallego, Juan Fernández, Cristina Gala, and Mar Gracia, all of whom participated in the evaluation session. In addition, we thank Lena von Koch (RTP) and Dr Jesús Esteban (neurologist) for their helpful and constructive comments.
Received December 16, 1999; revision received February 28, 2000; accepted February 28, 2000.
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