(Stroke. 2000;31:1572.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Stroke, a Major and Increasing Risk Factor for Femoral Neck Fracture
From Geriatric Medicine (A.R., M.N., Y.G.), Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, and the Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science (B.B.), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Correspondence to Anna Ramnemark, MD, Geriatric Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. E-mail Anna.Ramnemark{at}germed.umu.se
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Background and Purpose—Patients with stroke have up to a 4-fold increased risk of hip fracture because of their high incidence of falls and loss of bone mass in the paretic side, ie, hemiosteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of previous stroke among patients with femoral neck fracture.
Methods—The study included all 568 patients, aged 
65 years, who
underwent surgery for femoral neck fracture in 1980, 1983, 1987, 1993,
and 1997 at the orthopedic clinic of Umeå University Hospital, Umeå,
Sweden.
Results—The prevalence of previous strokes ranged from 16.4% to 38.5% (P<0.001); this finding is only partly explained by the increased incidence of stroke in the corresponding population, and there was no significant increase in the overall incidence of femoral neck fracture. Fractures occurred 5.4±6.4 years after stroke (median 2.9 years, range 0 to 33 years). In stroke patients with unilateral stroke and persisting paresis at the time of fracture, 62.5% had their fracture on the paretic side (P=0.034). Survival was significantly reduced in patients with previous stroke (P<0.001). In patients previously independently mobile, 69.2% with no previous stroke and 38.1% with previous stroke were still mobile at discharge from the orthopedic unit (P<0.001).
Conclusions—Attention must be focused on stroke as a major and increasing risk factor for femoral neck fracture and also on the poor postfracture outcome and reduced survival of these patients. Prevention of poststroke fractures is necessary and is aimed at reducing the risk of poststroke fall and preventing the development of hemiosteoporosis.
Key Words: outcome • osteoporosis • paresis • stroke
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Hip fractures are an extensive threat to the health and survival of elderly people.1 The prevalence of hip fracture is increasing, principally because the population is living longer. Apart from age, osteoporosis, previous fracture, and falls are independent risk factors for hip fracture.2 Many other factors are associated with an increased risk of hip fracture, eg, poor health, reduced mobility, and cognitive impairment.3 These factors increase the risk of both osteoporosis and falls. Hip fractures are subdivided into femoral neck fractures and trochanteric fractures, and because the risk factors are somewhat different for these types, it is generally recommended that studies distinguish between these 2 fractures.4
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in elderly people. Information on the prevalence of stroke is difficult to obtain. However, it is expected to increase, because the incidence of stroke increases extensively with age and because survival after stroke is prolonged.5 6 Some of the risk factors for stroke, such as age and smoking, and for complications after stroke, such as paresis and immobility, are also well-known risk factors for osteoporosis.7 Other symptoms after stroke, such as reduced balance and perceptual disturbances, increase the risk of falls, which are common in stroke patients.8 Accordingly, stroke patients would be expected to be at risk for both osteoporosis and falls and, consequently, for fractures.
Stroke patients have up to a 4-fold increased risk of hip fracture, and poststroke hip fracture occurs late after stroke (median is 30 months after stroke onset) and most often affects the paretic side.9 The increased incidence of fractures after stroke is partly due to loss of bone mass in the paretic extremities after stroke, ie, hemiosteoporosis, which begins early after stroke and continues to progress for the first years after stroke onset.10 11 The reported prevalence of previous stroke among patients with hip fracture ranges from 3% to 19%,12 13 but the prevalence has been studied neither recently nor over time.
In light of the increased risk of hip fracture in patients with previous stroke, the prevalence of stroke among patients sustaining a hip fracture could be expected to be increased compared with the prevalence of stroke among the general elderly population. Because the overall prevalence of stroke is increasing, the prevalence of previous stroke among patients with hip fractures might increase over time.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of previous stroke among patients with femoral neck fractures in 5 age cohorts during the 1980s and 1990s and to compare the short-term outcome and mortality in patients after femoral neck fracture with and without previous strokes.
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Subjects and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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All 568 patients, aged
65 years, who underwent surgery for
femoral neck fracture during 1980, 1983, 1987, 1993, and 1997 at the
orthopedic clinic of Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden, were
included in the present study. This hospital is the only emergency
hospital that receives patients with femoral neck fracture in the
primary catchment area (116 000 to 136 000 inhabitants from 1980 to
1997). Cases were included on the basis of orthopedic surgery
records, and data were collected retrospectively from the
patients’ orthopedic, anesthetic, geriatric, and, if necessary, other
hospital records. The majority of the patients included during 1983
(71%) and 1987 (64%) had participated in earlier
studies,14 15 in which they were examined for signs of
stroke both before and after surgery, and their data were collected
independently from the documentation in the orthopedic records.
However, these patients’ data regarding suspected strokes were
completed in the same way as for the remaining cases (below).
For 14 patients (2.3%), no hospital records were found, and it was
only possible to obtain data concerning sex, age, survival, date of
surgery, and side of fracture. These patients were excluded from the
remaining analyses. Single data were occasionally missing, but
each proportion was calculated for those patients whose data were
available. An estimation of corresponding stroke incidence for patients
aged 65 years was obtained from the official medical register, and 1
event was defined as 1 admittance for stroke to the department of
internal medicine, neurology, or neurosurgery per person per year. The
number of days from fracture until death or until December 31, 1998
(study end, the complete 1-year-survival for the 1997 cohort) was
obtained from the official medical register, and population data from
the catchment area were obtained from the official population register.
Mortality was calculated (1-year survival in all patients and 5-year
survival in all but the 1997 cohort), and 5-year survival was
estimated.
All fractures were confirmed by radiography, and all
patients underwent surgery involving internal nail fixation,
prosthetic replacement, or, in a few cases, sliding screw and
nail plate. A previous stroke was defined according to the definitions
of the World Health Organization16 as an "acute
neurologic dysfunction of vascular origin with sudden or at least rapid
occurrence of symptoms and signs corresponding to the involvement of
focal areas in the brain," with symptoms lasting 24 hours, thus
excluding transient ischemic attack. The documentation in the
orthopedic records was the primary source of the stroke diagnosis.
However, in patients with suspected or verified previous strokes,
stroke data were completed from records of internal and geriatric
medicine. Because the hospital is the only emergency hospital that
receives patients with stroke in the catchment area, the great majority
of these patients had been admitted to the same hospital for acute care
after their strokes.
For statistical analysis, the Mantel-Haenszel
2 test and Student t test were used
for significance tests of the differences in proportions and mean
values between groups. Incidence rates (I) were calculated according to
the following formula: I=A/R, where A is the number of events during
each 1-year period, and R is the total number of people at the end of
each year; for mortality rates, the number of people at the beginning
of each time period was used as the denominator. ANOVA was used for
comparison of mean age at fracture between cohorts. The Kaplan-Meier
product-limit method was used to estimate the risk of fracture as a
function of time, and the log-rank test was used to find differences
between groups. A value of P<0.05 was considered
statistically significant. All calculations were made by using the
statistical package SPSS. The study was approved by the Ethics
Committee of the Medical Faculty of Umeå University
(98-279).
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The overall incidence of femoral neck fractures and stroke in the population aged
65 years from 1980 to 1997 is presented in
Table 1
. The total incidence of both
femoral neck fractures and stroke increased, as expected, significantly
with age (P<0.001), except for the stroke incidence in the
1980 and 1983 cohorts, for which the increase was insignificant. For
femoral neck fractures, there was no significant increase in the
age-specific incidence, but for stroke, all age-specific incidences
increased significantly (P<0.001). The total incidence of
femoral neck fractures was unchanged during follow-ups; however, for
stroke, the total incidence for those aged 65 years increased
significantly (P<0.001).
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The prevalence of previous strokes among patients with femoral neck
fracture ranged from 16.4% to 38.5% and increased significantly
during the years (Figure 1, P<0.001). The total number of cases with a verified
previous stroke was 152 (27.4%). Among patients with femoral neck
fracture, 39.0% of the men and 22.3% of the women had had a previous
stroke (P<0.001).
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Clinical characteristics for all patients are presented in
Table 2. The majority of patients were
women. Age difference between the sexes was insignificant in all
cohorts except for the 1987 cohort, for which the mean age for men was
greater than the mean age for women (P=0.031). Mean age at
the time of fracture increased significantly between cohorts for women
(P=0.034) but not for men. Mortality rates were unchanged
during all years (Table 2). Men had shorter expected survival
than did women (Figure 2, P<0.001).
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Characteristics of patients with and without previous stroke are
presented in Table 3. In patients
with a previous stroke, hip fractures occurred 5.4±6.4 (mean) years
after they had had their stroke (median 2.9 years, range 0 to 33
years), and no patient was documented as having a stroke
simultaneously with the fracture. It was not possible to
obtain sufficient data for subdiagnoses of strokes. Seventeen cases
lacked information about the side of the stroke lesion, and 8 cases
lacked information about persisting paresis at the time of fracture. In
stroke patients with unilateral stroke (n=91), irrespective of
persistent paresis, 60.4% had had their fracture on the side opposite
the stroke lesion in the brain (P=0.046), and of patients
with persisting paresis at the time of fracture (n=73), the fracture
was on the paretic side in 62.5% (P=0.034).
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Two types of early postoperative complications, documented in the
orthopedic records, were more common among patients with previous
stroke than among those without: postoperative stroke (4.1% versus
0.8%, respectively; P=0.007) and early postoperative death
during the stay at the orthopedic clinic (7.5% versus 1.5%,
respectively; P<0.001). For the remaining postoperative
complications, there were no differences between the groups with and
without previous stroke. Mortality in stroke patients was significantly
increased (Table 3
). Survival was significantly reduced in
patients with previous stroke (Figure 3, P<0.001), and this difference remained significant after
adjustment for sex (P=0.001).
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During all years, about half of the patients had lived at various
institutions for elderly persons before the fracture (Table 2).
Of the patients who lived in their own homes before the fracture
(n=284), 38.8% with previous stroke compared with 62.8% with no
previous stroke were discharged directly back home from the orthopedic
department (P=0.002). In the same group, 55.1% of patients
with previous stroke compared with 23.5% with no previous stroke were
discharged to geriatric rehabilitation (P<0.001). Regarding
ambulation in patients previously independently mobile (n=471, who may
have used aid), 38.1% with previous stroke and 69.2% with no previous
stroke were still independently mobile at discharge from the orthopedic
clinic (P<0.001).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The prevalence of previous stroke among patients with femoral neck fracture in the present study (16.4% to 38.5%) was considerably greater than that previously reported (4% to 19%),13 17 18 19 20 21 and the significant increase has, to our knowledge, not hitherto been reported.
The increasing prevalence of previous stroke among patients with femoral neck fracture could partly be explained by the increasing incidence of stroke in the population, because the age-specific incidence of femoral neck fractures was unchanged. It was not possible to obtain optimal data about the incidence, or prevalence, of stroke in the cohorts, but it is likely that the increased incidence of stroke shown in the present study could explain only a part of the more than doubled prevalence of previous stroke among patients with femoral neck fracture. A contributory explanation of the findings might be increased survival after stroke during the last years, with prolonged time to develop hemiosteoporosis and to suffer poststroke falls. Unfortunately, it was not possible to estimate survival after stroke in the corresponding population. An increase of hip fracture incidence has previously been reported,22 but during recent decades, studies23 24 have reported a leveling off of the increase, which was also found in the present study. The previously reported increased incidence might be in trochanteric fractures compared with femoral neck fractures, because trochanteric fractures affect older persons and are more due to osteoporosis.22 A decreased incidence of fracture could explain an increased prevalence of previous stroke among patients with femoral neck fracture, provided that stroke patients had the same risk of fracture, but the overall incidence of femoral neck fracture was approximately the same during the follow-up. A further explanation for the significant increase of stroke prevalence among patients with femoral neck fracture over the years may be a decreased severity of stroke, reported in northern Sweden25 during the time of the present study. Decreased severity of stroke may result in increased mobility and thereby an increased risk of poststroke falls and fractures.
Elderly people living in institutions have an increased risk of hip fracture, which is largely due to comorbidity.26 Stroke has been reported as a risk factor for hip fracture among younger men in particular and as a risk factor for suffering a second hip fracture.27 28 29 30 Most previous studies have concluded that it is the increased risk of falls that explains the increased risk of hip fracture in stroke patients.31 However, it has been shown that stroke patients in addition have reduced bone mass in their paretic extremities, that this development of hemiosteoporosis is extensive and pronounced, and that it begins early after stroke onset. Hemiosteoporosis usually contributes to paresis and immobilization, but the correlation between the degree of paresis and the rate of bone loss is not definite.10 11 In the present study, the side of stroke lesion could significantly predict the side of fracture, irrespective of persistent paresis. Finally, stroke and osteoporosis have common risk factors, and it has been reported that in patients with pronounced aortic and carotid calcification, the bone mass of the spine is significantly reduced. This might suggest that there can be a pathophysiological connection between osteoporosis and vascular diseases, such as stroke.32 33
The prevalence of dementia among stroke patients was high (40.8%), but there was no significant trend in the prevalence of dementia among patients with femoral neck fracture during follow-up. Demented persons in general have a greater risk of hip fracture (Alzheimer’s disease has been shown to lead to an increased risk of falls),34 but it is also possible that these persons lose bone mass because of, for example, reduced body weight, which could contribute to their elevated risk of fracture.
The poorer functional outcome in stroke patients early after fracture
was apparent even in the subgroup that was previously independent. This
subgroup needed more geriatric rehabilitation, and consequently, a
large proportion of patients in postfracture rehabilitation could be
expected to have had a previous stroke. Despite these data, limited
literature is available about the rehabilitation of stroke patients
after hip fracture.35 The overall mortality after femoral
neck fracture in the present study was somewhat lower than that
found in previous studies (which includes both femoral neck and
trochanteric fractures),12 36 despite age criteria
(patients aged 65 years) and the high prevalence of previous strokes.
This might be due to the fact that patients suffering femoral neck
fracture generally have lower mortality compared with patients who
suffer trochanteric hip fractures.37 The actual mortality
due to hip fracture has previously been calculated but is difficult to
predict because the affected persons are generally old and
ill.38 The significantly increased postfracture mortality
in men has previously been reported for male hip fracture patients in
general39 and is most likely due to higher levels of
comorbidity. In addition, lifetime risk of stroke is higher in men than
in women.5
The prevention of hip fractures is necessary from the perspective of the individual and society. The extra cost of a hip fracture has been estimated as $20 000 the first year after fracture. The future prevention of fractures would be most successful by focusing on individual risk patients and by including the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and a reduction in the risk of falls.26 40 Because patients with previous stroke constitute such a large subgroup among patients with hip fracture, they must be considered to be of special interest in the prevention of falls and hemiosteoporosis and in the protection against injury at trauma.
Another intervention must aim at improving outcome after fractures in stroke patients. This must start early and is probably best performed in a combined orthopedic-geriatric rehabilitation unit, previously suggested for patients with hip fracture in general.36 41
The primary catchment area of our hospital is clearly defined, and there is no other emergency hospital that receives patients with femoral neck fracture or stroke, making the results reliable and the loss of patient records low. The incidence of stroke might be underestimated because we counted only patients admitted to the hospital, because of the estimation of 1 stroke event defined as 1 admittance for stroke per person per year, and because of the retrospective study design. However, there were no time-dependent biases to explain the increased prevalence of previous stroke among patients with femoral neck fracture between cohorts, because the majority of the cases from the 1980s were examined prospectively for signs of strokes. The least reliable figures affect the incidence of stroke in the oldest cohorts in the early 1980s, because a larger proportion of these patients was probably not admitted for acute care. The prevalence of postoperative complications was low, but these data might have been incomplete because the only source of information was notes in the orthopedic records.
We conclude that patients with a previous stroke constitute a large and increasing group among patients suffering from femoral neck fracture. Even the subgroup of stroke patients previously mobile and living at home before the fracture requires more rehabilitation and has poorer postfracture mobility after femoral neck fracture. Because stroke patients are at high risk for fracture, and some of the underlying causes are known, prevention can be possible by aiming at reducing the risk of poststroke fall and preventing the development of hemiosteoporosis. If a successful prevention program could be worked out in stroke patients, there would be potential saving of lives, suffering, and resources.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by grants from the National Society for Research on Ageing, the Borgerskapet in Umeå Research Foundation, the Joint Committee of the Northern Health Region, the Foundation of County Councils in Sweden, the 1987 Foundation for Stroke Research, Västerbotten County Council, and Gun and Bertil Stohnes’ Foundation.
Received February 1, 2000; revision received April 18, 2000; accepted April 18, 2000.
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K. E.S. Poole, J. Reeve, and E. A. Warburton Falls, Fractures, and Osteoporosis After Stroke: Time to Think About Protection? Stroke, May 1, 2002; 33(5): 1432 - 1436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Jorgensen, T. Engstad, and B. K. Jacobsen Higher Incidence of Falls in Long-Term Stroke Survivors Than in Population Controls: Depressive Symptoms Predict Falls After Stroke Stroke, February 1, 2002; 33(2): 542 - 547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Jensen, L. Lundin-Olsson, L. Nyberg, and Y. Gustafson Falls among frail older people in residential care Scand J Public Health, January 1, 2002; 30(1): 54 - 61. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. Jorgensen, T. Engstad, and B. K. Jacobsen Bone Mineral Density in Acute Stroke Patients : Low Bone Mineral Density May Predict First Stroke in Women Stroke, January 1, 2001; 32(1): 47 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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