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(Stroke. 2000;31:2002.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Case Report |
An Uncommon Cause of Recurrent Strokes
Tropheryma whippelii Endocarditis
From the Cardiac Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (B.N., O.B.) and Department of Pathology (F.B.), Stadtspital Triemli, Zurich, Switzerland.
Correspondence to Barbara Naegeli, MD, Cardiac Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stadtspital Triemli, CH-8063 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract |
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Background—Cardiac involvement in Whipple’s disease is not an uncommon phenomenon in autopsies, but its clinical occurrence is often overshadowed by gastrointestinal symptoms. We report a very atypical manifestation of this disorder.
Summary of Report— An extraordinary presentation of an extremely long-lasting, culture-negative endocarditis caused by Tropheryma whippelii is described, the clinical consequence of which has become apparent in recurrent strokes.
Conclusions—Cardiac involvement of Whipple’s disease should always be considered in culture and serologically negative endocarditis. The polymerase chain reaction technique may be a useful tool to confirm a presumed diagnosis of T whippelii endocarditis and consequently to apply an effective treatment regimen.
Key Words: actinobacteria group • endocarditis • stroke • Whipple’s disease
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Introduction |
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Whipple’s disease is a rare systemic bacterial infection that was first described in 19071 and is characterized by fever, diarrhea, polyarthritis, and weight loss. Although cardiac involvement in Whipple’s disease is a well-known finding in autopsies,2 its occurrence often does not result in significant clinical manifestations.3 4 5 Because clinical diagnosis of cardiac involvement is rare and difficult, we describe an atypical presentation of Whipple’s disease with chronic active mitral valve endocarditis over 3 years.
A 51-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital in 1995 with a transient ischemic attack with temporary left-sided hemiplegia. History revealed intercurrent arthralgias in multiple changing joints. Clinical examination showed a snapping first heart sound and a diastolic murmur. Laboratory tests yielded no specific information. An ultrasonic duplex scanning of the extracranial arteries was normal, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was excluded in a 24-hour ECG. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a mild to moderate mitral stenosis in combination with a mild mitral regurgitation and an enlargement of the left atrium. On the basis of these findings, a cardiac thromboembolic origin of this minor stroke was suggested, and anticoagulation was initiated.
Three months later, the patient presented with a left-sided amaurosis fugax and a dysdiadochokinesia of the left hand, even though treatment with phenprocoumon showed an international normalized ratio of 2.5. Brain CT scans revealed multiple hypodense areas in the left thalamus area, in the right capsula interna, and in the right gyrus temporalis superior. At that time, the mitral stenosis was moderate at 2-dimensional echocardiography, with a planimetric orifice area of 1.2 cm2 and a thickened anterior leaflet. In the transesophageal echocardiogram, no intracardiac thrombus formation was detected. As a main finding, mobile polypoid, echo-dense masses of 1 cm dimension were attached to the anterior mitral leaflet. Those vegetations were interpreted either as endocarditis or as thrombotic depositions in an antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Therefore, repeated laboratory tests, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, and antinuclear and anticardiolipin antibodies, as well as 9 blood cultures, were performed. In the course of a few days, all laboratory findings and all blood cultures were negative, as were serology tests for Coxiella burnetii. Because there was still no evidence of bacterial endocarditis, anticoagulation was continued.
The patient did well for the next 3 years, until she was brought to the
emergency room because of transient confusion and slight weakness of
the left arm, as well as left-sided facial weakness. At hospital
admission, physical examination was normal except for a slight
left-sided central facial paresis. The ECG was inconspicuous, and the
chest radiograph showed a mild cardiomegaly. For the first time, the
erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level were
slightly elevated. Tests for rheumatoid factor, antinuclear and
antiphospholipid antibodies, and 6 blood cultures were again negative.
In the transesophageal echocardiogram, the earlier
known echo-dense masses were distinctly enlarged. They
presented now as 2.5-cm gross pedunculated vegetations on both
leaflets (Figure 1
). Taking into account
the history and the echocardiographic findings, the
patient was sent for mitral valve replacement. The
histological examination of the native mitral valve
showed a chronic inflammatory infiltrate with numerous
macrophages containing typical periodic acid–Schiff–positive
granules (Figure 2). Therefore, an
infection with Tropheryma whippelii was suspected and
finally confirmed by positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the
mitral valve. A small-bowel biopsy and an examination of the cerebral
spinal fluid, obtained after valve replacement, were negative by
microscopy and PCR. The patient was treated with
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. She showed an immediate resolution of
the arthralgias and, during a follow-up of almost 1 year, a stable
cardiac condition and no further neurological symptoms.
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Cardiac involvement in Whipple’s disease is not an uncommon phenomenon, but in most patients, cardiac manifestation is overshadowed by gastrointestinal symptoms of the disorder. Up to 30% of patients with Whipple’s disease have been reported to present with heart murmurs,6 usually aortic insufficiency or mitral stenosis, and in postmortem studies an even higher incidence of endocarditis is observed.2 The significance of T whippelii endocarditis may be underestimated, probably owing to its development in the later course of the disease.
Our case of documented, extremely long-lasting endocarditis highlights the problem of diagnosing Whipple’s disease in patients who present with unusual manifestation. Neither the initial presentation of our patient nor the subsequent course was typical of Whipple’s disease, because of the domination by cerebral system disturbances. Cardiac involvement in Whipple’s disease should always be considered in culture and serologically negative endocarditis. Therefore, the PCR technique may be a useful tool to confirm a presumed diagnosis of T whippelii endocarditis and consequently to apply an effective treatment regimen.
Received January 20, 2000; revision received May 11, 2000; accepted May 11, 2000.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionReferences |
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1. Whipple GH. A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1907;18:382–391.
2.
McAllister HA, Fenoglio JJ. Cardiac involvement
in Whipple’s disease. Circulation. 1975;52:152–156.
3. Sossai P, De Boni M, Cielo R. The heart and Whipple’s disease. Int J Cardiol.. 1989;23:275–276.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4.
Wendler D, Mendoza E, Schleiffer T, Zander M, Maier M.
Tropheryma whippelii endocarditis confirmed by polymerase
chain reaction. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:424–425.
5. Silvestry FE, Kim B, Pollack BJ, Haimowitz JE, Murray RK, Furth EE, Nisenbaum HL, Kochmann ML, Freedman N, Pine R, Herrmann HC. Cardiac Whipple disease: identification of Whipple bacillus by electron microscopy in the myocardium of a patient before death. Ann Intern Med. 1997;26:214–216.
6. Fleming JL, Wiesner RH, Shorter RG. Whipple’s disease: clinical, biochemical and histopathologic features and assessment of treatment in 29 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 1988;63:539–551.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
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