(Stroke. 2001;32:438.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Risk Factors for Severe Hemorrhagic Transformation in Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated With Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator
A Secondary Analysis of the European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study (ECASS II)
From the Department of Neurology (V.L.), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; the Department of Neuroradiology (R.v.K.), University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Boehringer Ingelheim (A.M., E.B.), Ingelheim, Germany.
Correspondence to Prof Vincent Larrue, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Rangueil, 31403, Toulouse, France. E-mail larrue.v{at}chu-toulouse.fr
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Background and Purpose—Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) improves the outcome for ischemic stroke patients who can be treated within 3 hours of symptom onset. The efficacy of thrombolysis has been demonstrated despite an increased risk of severe hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in patients treated with rtPA. We performed an analysis of risk factors for severe HT in the second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study (ECASS II).
Methods—HTs were classified by using clinical and radiological criteria as follows: hemorrhagic infarction (HI), parenchymal hemorrhage (PH), and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH). Potential risk factors for HT were tested by stepwise logistic regression analysis, including rtPA-by-variable interactions. In addition, the distribution of bad outcome (modified Rankin score 5 to 6) at day 90 was stratified according to each category of HT.
Results—PH and SICH but not HI were associated with rtPA. Also, PH and SICH but not HI were more severe in rtPA-treated patients than in those receiving placebo. Risk factors for PH were rtPA, extent of parenchymal hypoattenuation on baseline CT, congestive heart failure, increasing age, and baseline systolic blood pressure. The risk of PH on rtPA was increased in older patients and in those who were treated with aspirin before thrombolysis. Risk factors for SICH were rtPA, congestive heart failure, extent of parenchymal hypoattenuation, and increasing age. The risk of SICH on rtPA was increased in patients who were treated with aspirin before thrombolysis.
Conclusions—This secondary analysis of ECASS II has confirmed the importance of the extent of hypoattenuation as a risk factor for severe HT. The findings also suggest that older patients and those who have used aspirin before stroke are at higher risk of a severe HT on rtPA.
Key Words: intracerebral hemorrhage • risk factors • stroke, acute • thrombolytic therapy
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) improves the outcome for ischemic stroke patients who can be treated within 3 hours of symptom onset. The efficacy of thrombolysis has been demonstrated despite an increased risk of severe hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in patients treated with rtPA.1 Knowledge of risk factors for severe HT may improve the selection of patients and the safety of this treatment. Two analyses of risk factors for HT in patients who were treated with rtPA after ischemic stroke have been published.2 3 Interpretation of their results is difficult because different classifications of HTs were used. In the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS), HTs were classified according to their appearance on CT into hemorrhagic infarction (HI) or parenchymal hemorrhage (PH).2 3 In the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rtPA stroke trial, HTs were classified into symptomatic or asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage whatever their appearance on CT.4 Both classifications have limitations. The CT-based classification provides no direct information on the clinical consequences of HT, whereas the clinical classification does not acknowledge the contribution of ischemic edema to clinical deterioration. In ECASS, risk factors for HI were the severity of neurological deficit at baseline and the presence of early ischemic changes (hypoattenuation or mass effect) on pretreatment CT scan. Risk factors for PH were increasing age and treatment with rtPA. The interaction of age with rtPA was not tested.3 Risk factors for symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in the NINDS rtPA stroke trial were the severity of neurological deficit at baseline, the presence of ischemic changes on pretreatment CT scan, and treatment with rtPA. No treatment-by-variable interaction could be detected, but the incidence of HT was very low in the placebo group.4
In the present study, we analyzed risk factors for severe HT in ECASS II, the largest trial of rtPA in acute ischemic stroke. To allow comparison of our findings with those of previous analyses, we used both the clinical and radiological classifications of HTs.
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Subjects and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The methods and primary results of ECASS II have been reported in detail elsewhere.5 Briefly, ECASS II was a nonangiographic, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of intravenous rtPA (0.9 mg/kg body wt, maximum dose 90 mg) in acute ischemic stroke. Eligible patients were men or women aged 18 to 80 years who had a clinical diagnosis of moderate to severe ischemic hemispheric stroke and who could be treated within 6 hours of symptom onset. Patients with signs of intracerebral hemorrhage or parenchymal hypoattenuation or brain swelling >33% of the middle cerebral artery territory on the pretreatment CT scan were excluded. The trial enrolled 800 patients in 108 centers in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. The present analysis was performed on 793 patients because 7 patients were randomized but not treated.
Classification of HTs
All patients had a CT scan before treatment to
determine eligibility for the trial. A second CT scan was performed 22
to 36 hours after the infusion of trial medication, and a third scan
was performed at day 7. Other CT scans were performed if necessary. The
CT scans were assessed independently of the assessment by the
investigator by a CT reading panel without access to the follow-up
scans of individual patients but with information about the location of
symptoms. If the members of the CT reading panel disagreed, they
reviewed and discussed the scan until a consensus was
reached.
HTs were classified according to clinical and radiological
criteria. HI1 was defined as small petechiae along the margins of the
infarct; HI2, as confluent petechiae within the infarcted area but no
space-occupying effect; PH1, as blood clots in 
30% of the infarcted
area with some slight space-occupying effect; and PH2, as blood clots
in >30% of the infarcted area with a substantial space-occupying
effect. Members of the safety committee and the CT reading panel,
blinded to treatment allocation, identified patients with SICH. They
based their judgment on all available clinical information, autopsy
reports, and the CT at the time of clinical deterioration. An
intracranial hemorrhage was defined as symptomatic
(SICH) if the patient had clinical deterioration causing an increase in
the National Institutes for Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)
score6 of 
4 points and if
the hemorrhage was likely to be the cause of the clinical
deterioration. However, in case of doubt regarding whether edema or
hemorrhage was the leading pathology, an association of the
hemorrhage with the deterioration was
assumed.
Data Collection and Analysis
The distribution of bad outcome at day 90 was
stratified according to each category of HT. Bad outcome was defined as
a score of 5 (severe disability, bedridden, and incontinent, requiring
constant nursing care and attention) or 6 (death) on the modified
Rankin scale. Furthermore, all categories of HTs were separately tested
by logistic regression analysis for their effect on so-defined
bad outcome. Models included treatment with rtPA and rtPA-by-category
of HT interactions.
We selected 21 candidate variables among baseline
variables. Candidate variables were selected because of their
biological plausibility and according to the results of a previous
analysis of risk factors for HT in
ECASS.2 Candidate
variables were age, sex, body weight, history of transient
ischemic attack, prior stroke, history of hypertension, history
of diabetes, history of congestive heart failure, history of angina,
history of myocardial infarction, aspirin use before
thrombolysis, atrial fibrillation at baseline, blood
glucose at baseline, diastolic blood pressure at baseline,
systolic blood pressure at baseline, platelet count at
baseline, consciousness at baseline (conscious or not using the
definitions of the NIHSS), NIHSS score at baseline, extent of
parenchymal hypoattenuation on baseline CT scan (none, 33%, or
>33% of the middle cerebral artery territory), time from symptom
onset to initiation of study treatment, and treatment with
rtPA.
We used logistic regression analysis to test the main effects of these variables and rtPA-by-variable interactions for PH (PH1 or PH2) and SICH. Risk factors for HI (HI1 or HI2) are not reported because we found that HIs were not more frequent and that their severity was not increased in rtPA-treated patients. Model selection was performed by use of the stepwise selection procedure. On the first run, only treatment with tPA was included in the model as a mandatory variable. On the second run, all main effects corresponding to interaction terms included in the model as a result of the first run were forced into the model.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Overall, HIs occurred in 283 (35.7%), PHs in 60 (7.6%), and SICHs in 49 (6.2%) of the patients. Most SICHs (73.5%) were PHs. HIs were not more frequent in the rtPA group than in the placebo group, whereas PHs and SICHs were associated with rtPA (Table 1
).
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The distribution of patients with bad outcome
according to category of HT is shown in
Table 2. Logistic regression analyses showed
significant interactions for bad outcome between rtPA and PH (odds
ratio 4.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 24.7) and between rtPA and SICH (odds ratio
6.9, 95% CI 1.8 to 30.3), suggesting that both categories of HT were
not only more common but also more severe in rtPA-treated patients. In
contrast, among patients with HI, the odds for bad outcome were reduced
in those who had received rtPA (odds ratio 0.36, 95% CI 0.15 to
0.81).
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Significant risk factors for PH were rtPA, extent of
parenchymal hypoattenuation on baseline CT scan, a history of
congestive heart failure, increasing age, and baseline systolic
blood pressure. Two interactions were detected: rtPA-by-age interaction
and rtPA-by-aspirin interaction, suggesting that PHs on rtPA were more
frequent in older patients and in those who had used aspirin before
stroke
(Table 3). The distribution of PHs according to these
variables is shown in
Figures 1 and 2: 24.1% of the patients who had used aspirin
before stroke and 19.7% of those aged 71 to 80 years experienced a PH
on rtPA.
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Significant risk factors for SICH were rtPA, a history
of congestive heart failure, extent of parenchymal hypoattenuation on
baseline CT scan, and increasing age. No interaction could be detected,
but aspirin use before thrombolysis could not be
entered as a variable in the model because no patient on aspirin in
the placebo group had experienced a SICH. However, the distribution of
SICH across treatment groups suggested an rtPA-by-aspirin interaction:
18.9% of patients who had used aspirin before stroke and were given
rtPA had experienced SICH
(Figure 1
).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Severe HTs were frequent in rtPA-treated patients. Depending on which definition was used (SICH or PH), 8.8% to 11.8% of patients who were given rtPA had a severe HT. Among them, 2 or 3 patients of 4 died or were severely disabled. In contrast, as previously observed in ECASS,2 7 HIs were not more frequent in rtPA-treated patients. Furthermore, among patients with HI, the odds for bad outcome were significantly lower in those given rtPA than in those receiving placebo, suggesting that rtPA may benefit some patients despite minor degrees of HT.
The risk of a severe HT was related to the extent of cerebral ischemia as depicted by baseline CT scan. This may be interpreted as a straightforward relationship between the initial extent of ischemia and the volume of HT. Our data are consistent with such an interpretation because 8.3% of patients with the larger type of PH (PH2) and only 4.2% of patients with PH1 had parenchymal hypoattenuation in >33% of the middle cerebral artery territory on baseline CT scan. Alternatively, it is conceivable that HTs in patients with extended hypoattenuation were more severe because the mass effect of ischemic edema was added to that of the hemorrhagic component. Such a mechanism is likely in patients with HI who deteriorated and thus were classified as having SICH.
In contrast to the NINDS investigators, we could not find a significant association of the severity of neurological deficit at baseline with increased risk of SICH. This is perhaps explained by the higher proportion of HIs among SICHs in the NINDS study4 because the analysis of ECASS data has demonstrated that the severity of neurological deficit at baseline is a strong risk factor for HI but not for PH,3 which we also observed in ECASS II (data not shown).
We analyzed whether cardiac emboli were associated with severe HT. This was suggested by an autopsy study in which larger confluent hemorrhages were more common in patients with cardioembolic stroke than in patients with a noncardiac cause of stroke.8 In cardioembolic stroke, HT is postulated to occur when the distal migration of embolic fragments allows reperfusion of an ischemic-weakened vascular bed.9 We found that a history of congestive heart failure was associated with an increased risk of PH and SICH, whereas atrial fibrillation on admission and a history of myocardial infarction were not. Patients with congestive heart failure are at high risk of stroke.10 A likely mechanism of stroke in these patients is cerebral embolism from a ventricular thrombus.11 It should be noted, however, that congestive heart failure has not been previously considered a risk factor for HT. It was not included among the candidate variables in previous analyses of risk factors for HT after rtPA.2 3 Hence, this finding has to be confirmed on another data set.
High blood pressure has been related to intracranial hemorrhage after rtPA for ischemic stroke in both experimental and clinical settings.12 13 Our finding of an association of baseline systolic blood pressure with PH underscores the importance of a thorough management of blood pressure in patients who are given rtPA.14
We found that the risk of PH on rtPA was higher in older patients. In the NINDS trial, there was a significant association of age with an increased risk of SICH in univariate analysis, but this association was no longer significant after multivariable modeling. We believe that this may have resulted from a lack of power, because there were only 22 SICHs in that study.4 Moreover, the higher proportion of HIs among SICHs may have weakened the association of age with SICH in the NINDS trial, because the analysis of ECASS data has demonstrated that age is associated with an increased risk of PH but not of HI.3 Finally, our results are consistent with the fact that age is a significant risk factor for cerebral hemorrhage after thrombolysis for myocardial infarction.15
Our finding of a higher incidence of PH and SICH in rtPA-treated patients who had used aspirin before stroke is in line with the results of the Multi-Center Acute Stroke Trial-Italy (MAST-I), in which the effect of the combination of streptokinase and aspirin was assessed.16 17 In MAST-I, the addition of aspirin to streptokinase significantly increased the number of deaths from intracranial hemorrhages.13 On the other hand, aspirin was not related to the risk of severe HT either in the ECASS or NINDS trial.3 4 Thus, the association of aspirin use before stroke with an increased risk of severe HT on rtPA needs to be confirmed in an independent population.
The present study has confirmed that within 6 hours of stroke onset, time to treatment is not related to the risk of a severe HT. In ECASS, the risk of PH was not higher in patients treated between 3 and 6 hours than in those treated within 3 hours. Caution was advised in the interpretation of this result, because only 87 patients were enrolled in ECASS within 3 hours.3 In the NINDS trial, however, despite the large number of patients who were treated within 90 minutes, the rate of SICH in that group was not lower than in those treated between 90 and 180 minutes.4
The determination of risk factors for severe HT on rtPA may help the physician to estimate the risk of thrombolysis and decide whether an individual can be safely treated. External validation of our predictive models would permit the development of a predictive score that might be used in day-to-day practice to identify patients at risk. In ECASS II, the rates of severe HT on rtPA in patients aged >70 years and in those taking aspirin before stroke were very high. Approximately 1 patient of 5 suffered a severe HT in these groups. Certainly, if such high rates were confirmed by an external validation study, thrombolysis should be avoided in these patients.
The present study has several potential limitations. Although we carefully selected the candidate variables, we cannot exclude that some associations occurred simply by chance. Furthermore, the rtPA-by-age and rtPA-by-aspirin interactions were only marginally significant. We decided to maintain them in the final model because we were concerned about the possibility of a type II error, and they may have important clinical implications. However, we believe that the likelihood of spurious associations is weak because most of the associations that we report have been previously suggested by independent studies.
In conclusion, this secondary analysis of ECASS II has confirmed the importance of the extent of hypoattenuation on CT as a risk factor for severe HT. The findings also suggest that older patients and those who have used aspirin before stroke are at higher risk of a severe HT on rtPA. These risk factors need to be validated on an independent data set before they can be used in clinical practice.
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Acknowledgments |
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ECASS II was funded by Boehringer Ingelheim. We thank Dieter Meier, MD, from Boehringer Ingelheim for his helpful comments and suggestions.
Received August 3, 2000; revision received September 29, 2000; accepted October 24, 2000.
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References |
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M. Uyttenboogaart, M. W. Koch, K. Koopman, P. C. A. J. Vroomen, J. De Keyser, and G.-J. Luijckx Safety of Antiplatelet Therapy Prior to Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke Arch Neurol, May 1, 2008; 65(5): 607 - 611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Yong and M. Kaste Association of Characteristics of Blood Pressure Profiles and Stroke Outcomes in the ECASS-II Trial Stroke, February 1, 2008; 39(2): 366 - 372. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Foerch, M. T. Wunderlich, F. Dvorak, M. Humpich, T. Kahles, M. Goertler, J. Alvarez-Sabin, C. W. Wallesch, C. A. Molina, H. Steinmetz, et al. Elevated Serum S100B Levels Indicate a Higher Risk of Hemorrhagic Transformation After Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Stroke Stroke, September 1, 2007; 38(9): 2491 - 2495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Lin, K.S. Kazmi, M. Law, J. Babb, N. Peccerelli, and B.K. Pramanik Measuring Elevated Microvascular Permeability and Predicting Hemorrhagic Transformation in Acute Ischemic Stroke Using First-Pass Dynamic Perfusion CT Imaging AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., August 1, 2007; 28(7): 1292 - 1298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. G. Lansberg, V. N. Thijs, R. Bammer, S. Kemp, C. A.C. Wijman, M. P. Marks, G. W. Albers, and on behalf of the DEFUSE Investigators Risk Factors of Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage After tPA Therapy for Acute Stroke Stroke, August 1, 2007; 38(8): 2275 - 2278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Dirks, L. W Niessen, P. J Koudstaal, C. L Franke, R. J van Oostenbrugge, D. W J Dippel, and the members of the Delphi panel on indications and Intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: from trial exclusion criteria to clinical contraindications. An international Delphi study J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, July 1, 2007; 78(7): 685 - 689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Castellanos, T. Sobrino, M. Millan, M. Garcia, J. Arenillas, F. Nombela, D. Brea, N. Perez de la Ossa, J. Serena, J. Vivancos, et al. Serum Cellular Fibronectin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 as Screening Biomarkers for the Prediction of Parenchymal Hematoma After Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Multicenter Confirmatory Study Stroke, June 1, 2007; 38(6): 1855 - 1859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Y. Bang, J. L. Saver, D. S. Liebeskind, S. Starkman, P. Villablanca, N. Salamon, B. Buck, L. Ali, L. Restrepo, F. Vinuela, et al. Cholesterol level and symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke thrombolysis Neurology, March 6, 2007; 68(10): 737 - 742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C Brekenfeld, L Remonda, K Nedeltchev, M Arnold, H P Mattle, U Fischer, L Kappeler, and G Schroth Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage after intra-arterial thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: assessment of 294 patients treated with urokinase J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, March 1, 2007; 78(3): 280 - 285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Thomalla, J. Sobesky, M. Kohrmann, J. B. Fiebach, J. Fiehler, O. Zaro Weber, A. Kruetzelmann, T. Kucinski, M. Rosenkranz, J. Rother, et al. Two Tales: Hemorrhagic Transformation but Not Parenchymal Hemorrhage After Thrombolysis Is Related to Severity and Duration of Ischemia: MRI Study of Acute Stroke Patients Treated With Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator Within 6 Hours Stroke, February 1, 2007; 38(2): 313 - 318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Khatri, L. R. Wechsler, and J. P. Broderick Intracranial Hemorrhage Associated With Revascularization Therapies Stroke, February 1, 2007; 38(2): 431 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Kim, G.A. Ford, C.S. Kidwell, S. Starkman, F. Vinuela, G.R. Duckwiler, R. Jahan, J.L. Saver, and for the UCLA Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis Investiga Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis for Acute Stroke in Patients 80 and Older: A Comparison of Results in Patients Younger than 80 Years AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., January 1, 2007; 28(1): 159 - 163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Dzialowski, J. H. W. Pexman, P. A. Barber, A. M. Demchuk, A. M. Buchan, M. D. Hill, and on behalf of the CASES Investigators Asymptomatic Hemorrhage After Thrombolysis May Not Be Benign: Prognosis by Hemorrhage Type in the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study Registry Stroke, January 1, 2007; 38(1): 75 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Kent, H. P. Selker, R. Ruthazer, E. Bluhmki, and W. Hacke Can Multivariable Risk-Benefit Profiling Be Used to Select Treatment-Favorable Patients for Thrombolysis in Stroke in the 3- to 6-Hour Time Window? Stroke, December 1, 2006; 37(12): 2963 - 2969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Gupta, H. Yonas, J. Gebel, S. Goldstein, M. Horowitz, S. Z. Grahovac, L. R. Wechsler, M. D. Hammer, K. Uchino, and T. G. Jovin Reduced Pretreatment Ipsilateral Middle Cerebral Artery Cerebral Blood Flow Is Predictive of Symptomatic Hemorrhage Post-Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis in Patients With Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Stroke, October 1, 2006; 37(10): 2526 - 2530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Dzialowski, M. D. Hill, S. B. Coutts, A. M. Demchuk, D. M. Kent, O. Wunderlich, and R. von Kummer Extent of Early Ischemic Changes on Computed Tomography (CT) Before Thrombolysis: Prognostic Value of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score in ECASS II Stroke, April 1, 2006; 37(4): 973 - 978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Gupta, N. A. Vora, M. B. Horowitz, A. H. Tayal, M. D. Hammer, K. Uchino, E. I. Levy, L. R. Wechsler, and T. G. Jovin Multimodal Reperfusion Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Factors Predicting Vessel Recanalization Stroke, April 1, 2006; 37(4): 986 - 990. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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The IMS Study Investigators Hemorrhage in the Interventional Management of Stroke Study Stroke, March 1, 2006; 37(3): 847 - 851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Thomalla, C. Schwark, J. Sobesky, E. Bluhmki, J. B. Fiebach, J. Fiehler, O. Zaro Weber, T. Kucinski, E. Juettler, P. A. Ringleb, et al. Outcome and Symptomatic Bleeding Complications of Intravenous Thrombolysis Within 6 Hours in MRI-Selected Stroke Patients: Comparison of a German Multicenter Study With the Pooled Data of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS tPA Trials Stroke, March 1, 2006; 37(3): 852 - 858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Trouillas and R. von Kummer Classification and Pathogenesis of Cerebral Hemorrhages After Thrombolysis in Ischemic Stroke Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 556 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Tanaka, T. Ueguchi, E. Shimosegawa, N. Sasaki, T. Johkoh, H. Nakamura, and J. Hatazawa Effect of CT Acquisition Parameters in the Detection of Subtle Hypoattenuation in Acute Cerebral Infarction: A Phantom Study AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., January 1, 2006; 27(1): 40 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Abou-Chebl, C. T. Bajzer, D. W. Krieger, A. J. Furlan, and J. S. Yadav Multimodal Therapy for the Treatment of Severe Ischemic Stroke Combining GPIIb/IIIa Antagonists and Angioplasty After Failure of Thrombolysis Stroke, October 1, 2005; 36(10): 2286 - 2288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. H. Schwamm, E. S. Rosenthal, C. J. Swap, J. Rosand, G. Rordorf, F. S. Buonanno, M. G. Vangel, W. J. Koroshetz, and M. H. Lev Hypoattenuation on CT Angiographic Source Images Predicts Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Outcome after Intra-Arterial Reperfusion Therapy AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., August 1, 2005; 26(7): 1798 - 1803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Y. Kim, D. G. Na, S. S. Kim, K. H. Lee, J. W. Ryoo, and H. K. Kim Prediction of Hemorrhagic Transformation in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Role of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Early Parenchymal Enhancement AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2005; 26(5): 1050 - 1055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. C. Alsop, E. Makovetskaya, S. Kumar, M. Selim, and G. Schlaug Markedly Reduced Apparent Blood Volume on Bolus Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Predictor of Hemorrhage After Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke Stroke, April 1, 2005; 36(4): 746 - 750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Lindsberg Editorial Comment--High Blood Pressure After Acute Cerebrovascular Occlusion: Risk or Risk Marker? Stroke, February 1, 2005; 36(2): 268 - 269. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L Derex, M Hermier, P Adeleine, J-B Pialat, M Wiart, Y Berthezene, F Philippeau, J Honnorat, J-C Froment, P Trouillas, et al. Clinical and imaging predictors of intracerebral haemorrhage in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2005; 76(1): 70 - 75. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Aiyagari, A. Gujjar, A. R. Zazulia, and M. N. Diringer Hourly Blood Pressure Monitoring After Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Ischemic Stroke: Does Everyone Need It? Stroke, October 1, 2004; 35(10): 2326 - 2330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Trouillas, L. Derex, F. Philippeau, N. Nighoghossian, J. Honnorat, M. Hanss, P. Ffrench, P. Adeleine, and M. Dechavanne Early Fibrinogen Degradation Coagulopathy Is Predictive of Parenchymal Hematomas in Cerebral rt-PA Thrombolysis: A Study of 157 Cases Stroke, June 1, 2004; 35(6): 1323 - 1328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Montaner, I. Fernandez-Cadenas, C. A. Molina, J. Monasterio, J. F. Arenillas, M. Ribo, M. Quintana, P. Chacon, A. L. Andreu, and J. Alvarez-Sabin Safety Profile of Tissue Plasminogen Activator Treatment Among Stroke Patients Carrying a Common Polymorphism (C-1562T) in the Promoter Region of the Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Gene Stroke, December 1, 2003; 34(12): 2851 - 2855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. G. Jovin, H. Yonas, J. M. Gebel, E. Kanal, Y. F. Chang, S. Z. Grahovac, S. Goldstein, and L. R. Wechsler The Cortical Ischemic Core and Not the Consistently Present Penumbra Is a Determinant of Clinical Outcome in Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Stroke, October 1, 2003; 34(10): 2426 - 2433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Lindsberg, L. Soinne, R. O. Roine, O. Salonen, T. Tatlisumak, M. Kallela, O. Happola, M. Tiainen, E. Haapaniemi, M. Kuisma, et al. Community-Based Thrombolytic Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Helsinki Stroke, June 1, 2003; 34(6): 1443 - 1449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Wikholm Transarterial Embolectomy in Acute Stroke AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2003; 24(5): 892 - 894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Alvarez-Sabin, C. A. Molina, J. Montaner, J. F. Arenillas, R. Huertas, M. Ribo, A. Codina, and M. Quintana Effects of Admission Hyperglycemia on Stroke Outcome in Reperfused Tissue Plasminogen Activator-Treated Patients Stroke, May 1, 2003; 34(5): 1235 - 1240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. D. Vo, F. Santiago, W. Lin, C. Y. Hsu, Y. Lee, and J.-M. Lee MR Imaging Enhancement Patterns as Predictors of Hemorrhagic Transformation in Acute Ischemic Stroke AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., April 1, 2003; 24(4): 674 - 679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. E. Latchaw, H. Yonas, G. J. Hunter, W. T.C. Yuh, T. Ueda, A. G. Sorensen, J. L. Sunshine, J. Biller, L. Wechsler, R. Higashida, et al. Guidelines and Recommendations for Perfusion Imaging in Cerebral Ischemia: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals by the Writing Group on Perfusion Imaging, From the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology of the American Heart Association Stroke, April 1, 2003; 34(4): 1084 - 1104. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. von Kummer Early Major Ischemic Changes on Computed Tomography Should Preclude Use of Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke, March 1, 2003; 34(3): 820 - 821. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Montaner, C. A. Molina, J. Monasterio, S. Abilleira, J. F. Arenillas, M. Ribo, M. Quintana;, and J. Alvarez-Sabin Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Pretreatment Level Predicts Intracranial Hemorrhagic Complications After Thrombolysis in Human Stroke Circulation, February 4, 2003; 107(4): 598 - 603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. Broderick and W. Hacke Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Part I: Recanalization Strategies Circulation, September 17, 2002; 106(12): 1563 - 1569. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Bruno, S. R. Levine, M. R. Frankel, T. G. Brott, Y. Lin, B. C. Tilley, P. D. Lyden, J. P. Broderick, T. G. Kwiatkowski, and S. E. Fineberg Admission glucose level and clinical outcomes in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial Neurology, September 10, 2002; 59(5): 669 - 674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A.K. Gilligan, R. Markus, S. Read, V. Srikanth, T. Hirano, G. Fitt, M. Arends, B.R. Chambers, S.M. Davis, and G.A. Donnan Baseline Blood Pressure but Not Early Computed Tomography Changes Predicts Major Hemorrhage After Streptokinase in Acute Ischemic Stroke Stroke, September 1, 2002; 33(9): 2236 - 2242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Selim, J. N. Fink, S. Kumar, L. R. Caplan, C. Horkan, Y. Chen, I. Linfante, and G. Schlaug Predictors of Hemorrhagic Transformation After Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator: Prognostic Value of the Initial Apparent Diffusion Coefficient and Diffusion-Weighted Lesion Volume Stroke, August 1, 2002; 33(8): 2047 - 2052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Molina, J. Alvarez-Sabin, J. Montaner, S. Abilleira, J. F. Arenillas, P. Coscojuela, F. Romero, and A. Codina Thrombolysis-Related Hemorrhagic Infarction: A Marker of Early Reperfusion, Reduced Infarct Size, and Improved Outcome in Patients With Proximal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Stroke, June 1, 2002; 33(6): 1551 - 1556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Tanne, S. E. Kasner, A. M. Demchuk, N. Koren-Morag, S. Hanson, M. Grond, S. R. Levine, and the Multicenter rt-PA Stroke Survey Group Markers of Increased Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage After Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Clinical Practice: The Multicenter rt-PA Acute Stroke Survey Circulation, April 9, 2002; 105(14): 1679 - 1685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Schwarz, D. Georgiadis, A. Aschoff, and S. Schwab Effects of Induced Hypertension on Intracranial Pressure and Flow Velocities of the Middle Cerebral Arteries in Patients With Large Hemispheric Stroke Stroke, April 1, 2002; 33(4): 998 - 1004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Nighoghossian, M. Hermier, P. Adeleine, K. Blanc-Lasserre, L. Derex, J. Honnorat, F. Philippeau, J.F. Dugor, J.C. Froment, and P. Trouillas Old Microbleeds Are a Potential Risk Factor for Cerebral Bleeding After Ischemic Stroke: A Gradient-Echo T2*-Weighted Brain MRI Study Stroke, March 1, 2002; 33(3): 735 - 742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Lapchak, D. M. Araujo, D. Song, and J. A. Zivin The Nonpeptide Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Platelet Receptor Antagonist SM-20302 Reduces Tissue Plasminogen Activator-Induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage After Thromboembolic Stroke Stroke, January 1, 2002; 33(1): 147 - 152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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