(Stroke. 2001;32:661.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contribution |
Clinical Deterioration Following Improvement in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial
From the Department of Neurology (J.C.G), University of Texas Medical School, Houston; Deparments of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology (M.L.), Pharmacy Services (M.R.F.), and Neurology (K.M.A.W, S.R.L.), Henry Ford Health Science Center, Detroit, Mich; Department of Neurology (M.R.F.), Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, Ga; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Neurology (S.R.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Mich; and the Department of Neurosciences (P.D.L.), University of California, San Diego.
Correspondence to James Grotta, MD, Stroke Program, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail james.c.grotta{at}uth.tmc.edu
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Background and Purpose—Little is known in regard to cerebral arterial reocclusion after successful thrombolysis. In the absence of arteriographic information, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Trial investigators prospectively identified clinical deterioration following improvement (DFI) as a possible surrogate marker of cerebral arterial reocclusion after rt-PA–induced recanalization. Also, we identified any significant clinical deterioration (CD) even if not preceded by improvement. This observational analysis was designed to determine the incidence of DFI and CD in each treatment group, to identify baseline or posttreatment variables predictive of DFI or CD, and to determine any relationship between DFI, CD, and clinical outcome.
Methods—DFI was defined as any 2-point deterioration on the NIH Stroke Scale after an initial 2-point improvement after treatment. CD was defined as any 4-point worsening after treatment compared with baseline. All data were collected prospectively by investigators blinded to treatment allocation. A noncontrast brain CT was mandated when a 2-point deterioration occurred. All cases were validated by a central review committee.
Results—DFI was identified in 81 of the 624 patients (13%); 44 were treated with rt-PA and 37 were treated with placebo (P=0.48). DFI occurred more often in patients with a higher baseline NIH Stroke Scale score. CD within the first 24 hours occurred in 98 patients (16% of all patients); 43 were given rt-PA and 55 were given placebo (P=0.19). Baseline variables associated with CD included a less frequent use of prestroke aspirin and a higher incidence of early CT changes of edema or mass effect or dense middle cerebral artery sign. Patients with CD had higher rates of increased serum glucose and fibrin degradation products, and they also had higher rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and death. Patients who experienced either DFI or CD were less likely to have a 3-month favorable outcome.
Conclusions—We found no association between DFI, CD, and rt-PA treatment, and no clinical evidence to suggest reocclusion. Deterioration was strongly associated with stroke severity and poor outcome and was less frequent in patients whose stroke occurred while they were on aspirin.
Key Words: deterioration • reocclusion • stroke • thrombolysis
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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At the time the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Trial was designed, and even at present, the incidence and clinical significance of cerebral arterial reocclusion after opening the vessel by thrombolysis was not known. Yet this information may be important in designing an improved therapeutic strategy. If reocclusion is common and leads to worse clinical outcomes, as it does after coronary thrombolysis, then results of thrombolytic therapy might be improved by adding either antithrombotic therapy, such as anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs, or by endovascular techniques, such as angioplasty and stenting. On the other hand, if reocclusion occurs only infrequently, the risk of such measures may be unwarranted.
The NINDS Trial protocol did not require cerebral arteriography before or after treatment. On the basis of pilot animal and human data,1 2 3 4 the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial investigators hypothesized that treatment was safest and most effective if started early and that most patients with clinical stroke symptoms persisting up to 3 hours would harbor an offending arterial occlusion.5 These considerations persuaded us not to expend additional time and risk to identify the occlusion by arteriography before treatment. We also decided, in the interest of safety and lack of existing evidence that reocclusion frequently occurred, to prohibit the use of antithrombotic or antiplatelet drugs for the first 24 hours after randomization to rt-PA or placebo. Although this strategy would eventually lead to a successful outcome,6 we recognized that we would be unable to answer questions concerning arterial recanalization or reocclusion without arteriography.
We undertook 2 strategies to address the question of recanalization and reocclusion. First, at one clinical site, we used available noninvasive methods, chiefly single-photon emission computed tomography of cerebral perfusion, to identify reperfusion caused by recanalization (presumptively). These results showed a significantly higher rate of reperfusion in rt-PA–treated patients.7 The second strategy was to identify a posttreatment clinical profile that might be suggestive of reocclusion after recanalization. We termed this profile "deterioration following improvement" (DFI), and we reasoned that if reocclusion occurred after reperfusion, and reperfusion was more common in rt-PA–treated patients, then DFI should also be more common in rt-PA–treated patients. This paper describes the results of a test of that hypothesis, identification of clinical predictors of DFI, correlation of DFI with outcome, and a similar prespecified analysis of significant clinical deterioration (CD) in general.
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Subjects and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The methods and results of the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial have been described.6 The trial was composed of 2 consecutive, prospective-randomized comparisons of rt-PA versus placebo given within 3 hours of symptom onset. For the purpose of the present analysis, data from parts 1 and 2 were combined to increase statistical power and confidence in results. Patients were enrolled at 43 hospitals at 8 clinical centers.
During the first 24 hours after rt-PA administration, patients’ vital signs and neurological status were monitored at least every hour to promptly detect DFI or CD. If any such change was identified over the first 7 to 10 days after treatment, a full NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and event form were completed. To address the hypotheses for this study, the following definitions of DFI and CD were used throughout the trial.
DFI was any decrease (improvement) of 2 or more points in the NIHSS followed by an increase (deterioration) of 2 or more points that, in the judgment of the investigator, was clinically significant or lasted >8 hours.
CD was any 4 or more point increase in the NIHSS compared with baseline. Any NIHSS increase of 2 or more points mandated a repeat stat noncontrast CT head scan per protocol so that a repeat CT was performed when DFI or CD was detected.
Data were collected at the clinical centers by investigators blinded to treatment group on special case report forms specifically designed to provide information concerning each DFI. These forms were sent to the coordinating center where they were reviewed by the study’s medical monitors (K.M.A.W. was assisted by S.F.), who were blinded to treatment assignment and who validated the DFI and determined the presumptive cause on the basis of all available clinical information. Possible presumptive causes included reocclusion, edema, hemorrhage, or other (ie, hypoxia, hypotension, seizure, or new infarct). The cause was arbitrarily assigned to the "reocclusion" category if no other cause was evident (ie, "unknown" was not a category). These decisions were made in concert with the investigators at the clinical center, and in case of dispute, the final decision regarding classification or cause was made by the principal investigator at each clinical center.
In comparing the incidence of DFI in the 2 treatment groups, the denominator used was those patients in each group who improved 2 points on the NIHSS during the time interval being evaluated.
We studied DFI or CD in relationship to stroke outcome
including symptomatic or asymptomatic
intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) within 36 hours, death within 90
days, or complete or nearly complete recovery measured from 4
neurological scales defined in the previous
publication.6 We began with
testing treatment by DFI or CD interactions using the 
level 0.10,
followed with testing the individual effect of DFI or CD at a level of
0.05 if the interaction was not detected. All analyses were
conducted using logistic regression with calculation of the odds ratio
(OR) and 95% confidence limits. For worse outcomes, an OR and
confidence limit >1 indicated that patients with DFI or CD were more
likely to have a worse outcome compared with patients who did not. For
a favorable outcome, an OR and confidence limit <1 indicated that
patients who suffered DFI or CD were less likely to have a favorable
outcome compared with patients who did not. The analyses were
rerun by including those baseline variables associated with ICH or
a 3-month favorable outcome identified in previous studies of the NINDS
Trial
database.8 9
To detect baseline variables that might be associated with either DFI or CD, we included all variables tested in a previous analysis of baseline predictors of outcome and treatment response in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial9 as well as the following: serum glucose, white blood cell count (WBC), hematocrit (HCT), fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FDP), use of calcium channel blockers, aspirin, heparin, and antihypertensive therapy.
The following posttreatment variables obtained over the first 24 hours after treatment were also tested: NIHSS, serum glucose, WBC, HCT, fibrinogen and FDP, maximum mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), a decrease of MAP by 20 mm Hg (mean of 3 consecutive reads compared with mean of first 4 reads), maximum decline of MAP between 2 consecutive reads, cardiac arrhythmia, syncope, angina, cardiac arrest, congestive heart failure, antihypertensive therapy, and calcium channel blocker therapy.
The statistical analysis of pretreatment and posttreatment variables and DFI or CD began with univariate tests at a critical value of 0.2 to include candidates for the multivariable model, followed by multivariable analyses using a logistic model, adjusting by treatment for the posttreatment model and by centers if the incidence of DFI was unbalanced among the centers. Any individual variable with P<0.05 or variable interactions with P<0.10 were retained in the final model. This modeling process has been described in detail previously.9 The quantified association, OR, and its confidence of each pretreatment or posttreatment variable (eg, treatment with rt-PA) with DFI or CD were reported. An OR <1.0 of rt-PA versus placebo and confidence limits excluding 1, for example, indicated that patients treated with rt-PA were less likely to have DFI or CD compared with patients treated with placebo. As another example, an OR of MAP drop over 20 mm Hg <1.0 and confidence limits excluding 1 indicated that patients with such an MAP drop were less likely to experience DFI or CD compared with patients without this change in MAP.
Separate models were developed on the basis of the data collected at baseline and over the first 24-hour posttreatment interval. The treatment variable was included in the posttreatment models to adjust for the effect of rt-PA on stroke outcome. DFI models were also adjusted for the clinical centers because of unbalanced incidence of DFI among centers.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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A total of 81 patients with DFI were identified: 13% of all 624 patients randomized. DFI occurred in 44/312 (14%) of rt-PA–treated patients, and 37/312 (12%) given placebo. DFI occurred within 24 hours in 31/312 (10%) of rt-PA–treated patients and 29/312 (9%) of placebo patients. None of these treatment group differences were significant (P=0.48 and P=0.82, respectively). Because a difference between clinical centers was found in the frequency of DFIs (range 6% to 25%, P<0.05), the testing for differences in DFI between treatment groups, and subsequent analyses of DFI with baseline and posttreatment covariates, were adjusted by clinical centers. A graphic representation of NIHSS scores over the first 24 hours for rt-PA and placebo DFI patients is depicted in Figure 1
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Fifty-nine of all DFIs were attributed to reocclusion (32 rt-PA versus 27 placebo, P=0.49), 3 were attributed to cerebral hemorrhage (2 treated with rt-PA and 1 with placebo), and 8 to cerebral edema (5 treated with rt-PA and 3 with placebo). Eleven were caused by "other" conditions (5 treated with rt-PA and 6 with placebo).
A total of 98 patients with CD within 24 hours after
treatment were identified, which was 16% of all patients randomized,
excluding 1 patient who died before 24 hours. Forty-three patients with
CD had been treated with rt-PA compared with 55 who received placebo
(P=0.19).
Figure 2 illustrates the proportion of patients
deteriorating 2 or more points, 3 or more points, and up to 14 or more
points on the NIHSS in the first 24 hours compared with baseline by
treatment group with 95% confidence limits. No treatment difference
was detected at any cutoff point (all
P>0.19, respectively). Another
13 patients suffered CD by 7 to 10 days, but the difference between
treatment groups was still not significant. A graphic
representation of NIHSS scores over the first 24 hours in rt-PA
and placebo CD patients is depicted in
Figure 3. Of the 98 patients with CD within 24 hours, 12
(12.4%) were due to symptomatic
hemorrhage.
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Because no treatment group differences were detected in the incidence of DFI or CD, the treatment variable was excluded from pretreatment models. Because rt-PA treatment might influence some posttreatment variables (eg, FDP), the treatment variable was retained in posttreatment models.
DFI or CD in Relationship to Hemorrhage
Within 36 Hours, Death, or 3-Month Favorable Outcomes
DFI was not associated with ICH or death at 90 days. CD
at 24 hours and 7 to 10 days was highly associated with
symptomatic ICH within 36 hours
(P<0.001; OR 9.7; 95% CI, 3.9
to 24.5) and death at 90 days
(P<0.001; OR 4.4; 95% CI, 2.7
to 7.1). Patients who experienced either DFI or CD were less likely to
have a 3-month favorable outcome compared with patients who did not (OR
0.01 to 0.92, P<0.03). Among
patients with CD within 24 hours after treatment, the rt-PA–treated
group had a less chance of a favorable outcome compared with the
placebo-treated group (OR 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.94). On the other
hand, for patients without deterioration at 24 hours, the
rt-PA–treated group had a much greater chance of a 3-month favorable
outcome compared with the placebo-treated group (OR 2.03; 95% CI, 1.48
to 2.79).
DFI or CD Associated With Pretreatment or
Posttreatment Variables
Baseline variables significantly associated with
any DFI, DFI occurring within 24 hours, CD within 24 hours, and CD
within 7 to 10 days are presented in
Table 1. A higher baseline NIHSS score was
associated with DFI (OR 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.08 for all DFI; OR
1.04, 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.08 for DFI within 24 hours). The mean (25 to
75th quartile) baseline NIHSS score of DFI
patients was
16.611 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
versus
14.59 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
in non-DFI patients.
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No aspirin use before randomization (OR 0.53; 95% CI, 0.32
to 0.88) and early CT findings of edema or mass effect or dense middle
cerebral artery sign (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.23) were strongly
associated with CD within 24 hours. Baseline NIHSS, glucose, and FDP
10 mcg/mL were predictive of CD within 7 to 10 days. Mean (25 to
75th quartile) baseline NIHSS of CD patients
was
17.312 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
versus
14.38 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
in non-CD patients.
Posttreatment variables significantly associated with
any DFI, DFI occurring within 24 hours, and CD within 24 hours and 7 to
10 days are presented in
Table 2. Both DFI occurring within 24 hours of treatment
and CD were associated with a worse NIHSS at 24 hours.
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Patients with a 20 mm Hg MAP drop from baseline during the first 24 hours after treatment were less likely to have DFI compared with patients who did not have such a MAP decline (OR 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.88).
The association of HCT with DFI was treatment dependent (P=0.04). When there was an abnormal HCT at 24 hours (35>HCT>55 for males and 40>HCT>60 for females), patients treated with rt-PA were more likely to have DFI compared with rt-PA patients with normal HCT (OR 1.98; 95% CI, 0.97 to 4.00).
The association of WBC with DFI was also dependent on treatment P=0.01 for interaction. Patients who were treated with rt-PA and with a WBC increment of 1000 cells were more likely to have DFI compared with the patients who were treated with rt-PA without such a WBC increment (OR 1.14; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.24). A similar relationship with WBC was observed for early DFI occurring within 24 hours. CD by 7 to 10 days was associated with increased glucose at 24 hours (OR 1.07; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.07).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The main finding of this study, resulting from careful clinical observation of patients receiving rt-PA compared with placebo, is that there was no difference detected between these treatment groups in the incidence of CD following initial improvement. This provides indirect but strong evidence that recanalization and increased reperfusion that has been associated with intravenous rt-PA therapy is not frequently followed by reocclusion as clinically defined in this study. This is true despite the fact that we had hypothesized DFI would occur more frequently in rt-PA–treated patients. Becker has documented reocclusion after intra-arterial lysis of basilar artery lesions,10 but there are few other published reports of documented reocclusion of cerebral vessels after thrombolysis.
The main limitation of our study is that we relied on indirect clinical correlation rather than direct arteriographic observation and used arbitrary (but logical) NIHSS cutoffs to define improvement or deterioration. Perhaps limiting our analysis to patients with more dramatic improvement or deterioration or basing our results on arteriographic imaging would have revealed some treatment difference. Nonetheless, clinical fluctuation in acute stroke patients has been increasingly recognized and related to the state of perfusion in the acute stroke setting.11 12 Therefore, we infer from our clinical data that it is unlikely that a substantial number of rt-PA cases have symptomatic reocclusion following physiologically meaningful reperfusion.
Because DFI was not increased in rt-PA–treated patients, the present study does not support the routine use of anticoagulation to prevent reocclusion after intravenous rt-PA for acute ischemic stroke. However, our results should be considered "hypothesis generating." Additional study of this question is certainly worthwhile, especially if done with arteriographic correlation to determine the exact incidence and timing of recanalization and reocclusion. Experience with thrombolysis for acute coronary occlusion has demonstrated that arterial recanalization can be augmented and reocclusion can be prevented by use of antiplatelet therapy, especially the GPIIbIIIa antagonists.13
Clinical fluctuation manifest as either DFI or CD was relatively common in this series, occurring in roughly 15% of patients within the first 24 hours, which was consistent with previous clinical observations.14 Early deterioration within 6 hours of stroke onset was found in 37.5% of patients enrolled in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS).15 In our study, as in ECASS, both DFI and CD were closely related to the severity of the initial stroke because both were predicted by a worse baseline NIHSS score and CD was predicted by more prominent early CT changes.
Surprisingly, DFI occurred less frequently in patients with a drop in blood pressure during the first 24 hours after treatment. It is well known that a reduction of blood pressure in the acute stroke setting may result in neurological worsening. However, in a previous analysis, we showed that treatment of blood pressure in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial was not associated with adverse outcome in the placebo-treated patients.16 Furthermore, in the present study, we did not find that DFI was associated with a higher incidence of antihypertensive treatment. Therefore, our data suggest that some mechanism other than reduced perfusion pressure was responsible for most of the DFI occurring in our patients.
Other potentially treatable mechanisms may explain some cases of DFI. Animal models and human MRI studies17 18 have demonstrated progressive enlargement of the irreversibly damaged ischemic core to incorporate surrounding penumbral regions over the first 24 hours after stroke. Other studies have shown that reperfusion may aggravate damage in regions of moderate ischemia.19 Both these pathophysiological processes could cause CD and may be targeted by neuroprotective therapy. In our study, the use of calcium channel blockers before treatment, which have sometimes been neuroprotective in animal models, did not effect the incidence of DFI.
CD was more likely in patients not on aspirin at the time of their stroke. Aspirin improves outcome after stroke,20 21 and some studies have suggested that strokes are less severe in patients taking aspirin.22 Because our patients with CD had both more severe strokes and poorer outcomes, our data would support both these effects of aspirin. Because of its antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties, aspirin might reduce stroke severity and improve outcome by more than 1 mechanism.
CD was also associated with elevated blood glucose and increased FDP. Previous studies have correlated elevated blood glucose levels with poor outcome.23 24 25 26 Previous studies have also shown a relationship of stroke severity with hemostatic factors including FDP.27 It is unlikely that the relationship of CD to increased FDP in our study was due to fibrinolysis resulting from rt-PA administration because CD was, if anything, less frequent in rt-P–treated patients. It is not clear if elevated glucose and FDP are causally related to poor outcome and not just the result of a more severe stroke. However, the association of these variables to CD occurring over the next 7 to 10 days after the stroke might support therapeutic attempts to normalize these variables in acute stroke patients.
Finally, experimental neuronal cytotoxicity has been linked to rt-PA.28 However, this explanation for the CD seen in our patients was not supported by our observation that rates of DFI and CD were not different between placebo and rt-PA–treated patients.
In conclusion, DFI and CD occur in at least 15% of stroke patients during the first 24 hours, but neither DFI or CD are more frequent in patients treated with rt-PA. Our data suggest that mechanisms other than cerebral arterial reocclusion may explain the majority of these clinical fluctuations. These mechanisms deserve further study to avoid the poor clinical outcome associated with both DFI and CD.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NO1-NS-02382, NO1-NS-02374, NO1-NS-02377, NO1-NS-02381, NO1-NS-02379, NO1-NS-02373, NO1-NS-02378, NO1-NS-02376, and NO1-NS-02380).
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Footnotes |
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* For a complete list of investigators see Reference 6.
Received June 26, 2000; revision received November 27, 2000; accepted December 18, 2000.
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References |
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W. Whiteley, W. L. Chong, A. Sengupta, and P. Sandercock Blood Markers for the Prognosis of Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review Stroke, May 1, 2009; 40(5): e380 - e389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Kuruvilla, G. M. Norris, S. Manjila, A. R. Xavier, and S. Chaturvedi Factor V Leiden Mutation in Reocclusion After Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis Stroke, February 1, 2009; 40(2): 660 - 662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Moldes, T. Sobrino, M. Millan, M. Castellanos, N. Perez de la Ossa, R. Leira, J. Serena, J. Vivancos, A. Davalos, and J. Castillo High Serum Levels of Endothelin-1 Predict Severe Cerebral Edema in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke Treated With t-PA Stroke, July 1, 2008; 39(7): 2006 - 2010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Uyttenboogaart, M. W. Koch, K. Koopman, P. C. A. J. Vroomen, J. De Keyser, and G.-J. Luijckx Safety of Antiplatelet Therapy Prior to Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke Arch Neurol, May 1, 2008; 65(5): 607 - 611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Millan, T. Sobrino, M. Castellanos, F. Nombela, J. F. Arenillas, E. Riva, I. Cristobo, M. M. Garcia, J. Vivancos, J. Serena, et al. Increased Body Iron Stores Are Associated With Poor Outcome After Thrombolytic Treatment in Acute Stroke Stroke, January 1, 2007; 38(1): 90 - 95. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Saqqur, C. A. Molina, A. Salam, M. Siddiqui, M. Ribo, K. Uchino, S. Calleja, Z. Garami, K. Khan, N. Akhtar, et al. Clinical Deterioration After Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Treatment: A Multicenter Transcranial Doppler Study Stroke, January 1, 2007; 38(1): 69 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 V. Rajajee, C. Kidwell, S. Starkman, B. Ovbiagele, J. R. Alger, P. Villablanca, F. Vinuela, G. Duckwiler, R. Jahan, A. Fredieu, et al. Early MRI and outcomes of untreated patients with mild or improving ischemic stroke. Neurology, September 26, 2006; 67(6): 980 - 984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Kwan and P. Hand Early neurological deterioration in acute stroke: clinical characteristics and impact on outcome QJM, September 1, 2006; 99(9): 625 - 633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Tanne, R. F. Macko, Y. Lin, B. C. Tilley, S. R. Levine, and for the NINDS rtPA Stroke Study Group Hemostatic Activation and Outcome After Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke Stroke, July 1, 2006; 37(7): 1798 - 1804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W.S. Smith and for the Multi MERCI Investigators Safety of Mechanical Thrombectomy and Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Results of the Multi Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) Trial, Part I AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., June 1, 2006; 27(6): 1177 - 1182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. E. Smith, A. R. Abdullah, I. Petkovska, E. Rosenthal, W. J. Koroshetz, and L. H. Schwamm Poor Outcomes in Patients Who Do Not Receive Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator Because of Mild or Improving Ischemic Stroke Stroke, November 1, 2005; 36(11): 2497 - 2499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Rubiera, J. Alvarez-Sabin, M. Ribo, J. Montaner, E. Santamarina, J. F. Arenillas, R. Huertas, P. Delgado, F. Purroy, and C. A. Molina Predictors of Early Arterial Reocclusion After Tissue Plasminogen Activator-Induced Recanalization in Acute Ischemic Stroke Stroke, July 1, 2005; 36(7): 1452 - 1456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Saposnik, B. Young, B. Silver, S. Di Legge, F. Webster, V. Beletsky, V. Jain, Y. Nilanont, and V. Hachinski Lack of Improvement in Patients With Acute Stroke After Treatment With Thrombolytic Therapy: Predictors and Association With Outcome JAMA, October 20, 2004; 292(15): 1839 - 1844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Aiyagari, A. Gujjar, A. R. Zazulia, and M. N. Diringer Hourly Blood Pressure Monitoring After Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Ischemic Stroke: Does Everyone Need It? Stroke, October 1, 2004; 35(10): 2326 - 2330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J. Coull and P. M. Rothwell Underestimation of the Early Risk of Recurrent Stroke: Evidence of the Need for a Standard Definition Stroke, August 1, 2004; 35(8): 1925 - 1929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Barber, P. Langhorne, A. Rumley, G. D.O. Lowe, and D. J. Stott Hemostatic Function and Progressing Ischemic Stroke: D-dimer Predicts Early Clinical Progression Stroke, June 1, 2004; 35(6): 1421 - 1425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. E. Kasner Editorial Comment--More Than One Way to Lyse a Clot Stroke, April 1, 2004; 35(4): 911 - 912. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. I. Qureshi, A. M. Siddiqui, S. H. Kim, R. A. Hanel, A. R. Xavier, J. F. Kirmani, M. F. K. Suri, A. S. Boulos, and L. N. Hopkins Reocclusion of Recanalized Arteries during Intra-arterial Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., February 1, 2004; 25(2): 322 - 328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. C. Johnston and J. D. Easton Are Patients With Acutely Recovered Cerebral Ischemia More Unstable? Stroke, October 1, 2003; 34(10): 2446 - 2450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. C. Johnston Transient Ischemic Attack N. Engl. J. Med., November 21, 2002; 347(21): 1687 - 1692. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. V. Alexandrov and J. C. Grotta Arterial reocclusion in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator Neurology, September 24, 2002; 59(6): 862 - 867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Castellanos, J. Castillo, M. M. Garcia, R. Leira, J. Serena, A. Chamorro, and A. Davalos Inflammation-Mediated Damage in Progressing Lacunar Infarctions: A Potential Therapeutic Target Stroke, April 1, 2002; 33(4): 982 - 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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