This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Pindzola, R. R. Articles by Yonas, H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Pindzola, R. R. Articles by Yonas, H. Related Collections Transient Ischemic Attacks Carotid Stenosis Doppler ultrasound, Transcranial Doppler etc. Other imaging

(Stroke. 2001;32:1811.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Cerebrovascular Reserve in Patients With Carotid Occlusive Disease Assessed by Stable Xenon-Enhanced CT Cerebral Blood Flow and Transcranial Doppler

Ronda R. Pindzola, PhD; Jeffrey R. Balzer, PhD; Edwin M. Nemoto, PhD; Steven Goldstein, MD Howard Yonas, MD

From the Departments of Neurological Surgery (R.R.P., J.R.B., E..N., H.Y.), Neurology (S.G.), and Radiology (H.Y.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Penn.

Correspondence to Ronda R. Pindzola, PhD, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PUH Suite B-400, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. E-mail pindzola{at}neuronet.pitt.edu

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Background and Purpose—— Cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) by both transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) and quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) can identify subgroups of patients at increased risk for stroke. A direct comparison of CVR measurements obtained with both technologies in patients with cerebrovascular occlusive disease is lacking.

Methods—— CVRs before and after acetazolamide administration (1 g IV) were measured by TCD insonation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and CBF obtained with stable xenon CT (Xe/CT) in 38 patients with carotid occlusive disease. Sensitivity/specificity calculations were based on 2 Xe/CT MCA values: an average over 4 levels and the level with the lowest percent change in CBF. Compromised CVR was defined as no reactivity or a decrease in reactivity.

Results—— Using the analysis of the systolic TCD, we found that velocity changes compared with the average Xe/CT MCA CVR showed a sensitivity of 33%, specificity of 90.6%, positive predictive value of 54.5%, and negative predictive value of 80%. The sensitivity of TCD compared with the lowest Xe/CT CBF CVR was 35.5%, specificity and positive predictive values were 100%, and negative predictive value was 66.7%. The index of validity was between 72% and 76%.

Conclusions—— TCD is much less sensitive than Xe/CT CBF in identifying patients with compromised CVR. This may be a result of the inability of TCD to identify patients with compromised reserves when their MCA blood flow comes from collateral sources. The lack of correlation between TCD and Xe/CT CBF for identifying patients with compromised CVR should be considered when stroke risk assessments are made by TCD.

Key Words: acetazolamide • carotid artery occlusion • cerebral blood flow • ultrasonography, Doppler, transcranial • vasoreactivity

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery is associated with a high rate of a subsequent stroke: 24% for the first 18 months for high-grade symptomatic stenosis, 6% per year for occlusion, and 33% to 40% per year for those with stenosis on one side and occlusion on the other.^1–3 In a retrospective study, Webster and colleagues⁴ reported a stroke rate of 28.9% in 2 years (21% the first year, unpublished results) in symptomatic patients with carotid stenosis or occlusion and a negative cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) of -5% or lower determined by xenon-enhanced CT (Xe/CT) cerebral blood flow (CBF) in response to a vasodilatory challenge with acetazolamide. PET has also been used to evaluate patients at risk for stroke. High oxygen extraction fraction, indicating a lack of autoregulation, correlated with a stroke rate of 28% over 31.5 months.⁵ Yamauchi et al⁶ found that the area of lowest perfusion and highest oxygen extraction fraction has the highest risk for infarction.

Several studies indicate that transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) can identify patients at increased risk for stroke (Table 1). Vernieri et al⁷ showed that impaired CVR as revealed by TCD with breath holding is predictive of cerebral ischemic events in patients with carotid artery occlusion. Kleiser and Widder⁸ reported that with TCD and a CO₂ challenge, patients with exhausted CVR ipsilateral to a stenotic or an occluded carotid artery had a significantly elevated rate of stroke similar to but less than that found with Xe/CT by Webster et al.⁴ Silvestrini et al⁹ reported that the risk of stroke or transient ischemic events in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis is related to impaired cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia measured by TCD. Gur et al¹⁰ demonstrated that TCD was useful for evaluating CVRs and identifying patients with a higher risk of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or ischemia. Chimowitz et al¹¹ found an association between compromised reserves and TIA and suggested that TCD with acetazolamide may allow identification of patients who are at higher risk for stroke.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Comparison of Annual Risk for Stroke Found With Different Technologies

Several studies have compared changes of TCD velocity measurements with changes in CBF obtained with single-photon emission CT and xenon-133 (¹³³Xe) inhalation. Dahl et al,¹² Piepgras et al,¹³ and Bishop et al¹⁴ found a correlation between TCD and ¹³³Xe CBF measurements. Brauer et al¹⁵ compared CVR measured by TCD and by Xe/CT CBF in 32 patients who had various clinical indications, including subarachnoid hemorrhage, head trauma, and liver failure. The authors speculated that their finding of a lack of correlation between TCD and CBF CVR could be a result of collateral flow, which is included in the Xe/CT CBF results but not assessed by TCD when insonating the middle cerebral artery (MCA). They also stated that the relationship of velocity changes may depend on the underlying diagnosis.

This study examined the relationship between TCD assessment of CVR compared with quantitative Xe/CT CBF. If TCD provides sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and index of validity equal to that of Xe/CT CBF-measured CVR, this widely available and less expensive technology could be used routinely to identify patients at increased risk for stroke. If the results are different, an understanding of this difference should help to guide the clinical role of each technology in studies of CVR.

	Subjects and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Over 4 years, 38 patients, 12 women (32%) and 26 men (68%) 53 to 88 years of age (mean, 71 years), were entered in the study. Informed consent was obtained by the principal investigator from all patients entered. The study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board. The patients were diagnosed with internal carotid artery stenosis (70%, 3 patients) or occlusion (34 patients) determined by angiography or CT angiography. One additional patient had occlusion of the left common carotid artery. Of these patients, 20 (53%) had 70% stenosis or complete occlusion contralaterally. Twelve additional patients (32%) had between 50% and 70% stenosis contralaterally. All but 4 patients were diagnosed with a TIA or nondisabling stroke. TCD insonation of the MCA could not be performed in 5 patients because of failure to obtain an adequate bone window. In 3 patients, velocities could be obtained from only 1 side. Four patients had Xe/CT CBF and TCD studies both before and after contralateral carotid endarterectomy, and 2 patients had a Xe/CT CBF and TCD study only after contralateral carotid endarterectomy. Seventy-six percent of the patients had hypertensive disease, 16% had diabetes, and 61% had smoked or were still smoking.

Blood Flow Measurements
Xe/CT Method
During Xe/CT CBF studies, patients inhaled through a face mask a 28% concentration of medical-grade Xe gas in 40% oxygen (XeScan stable xenon in oxygen USP, Praxair Pharmaceutical Gases, Praxair, Inc) for 4.3 minutes, during which time rapid sequential CT scanning (General Electric) of 3 or 4 preselected levels (slices) of the brain was performed. Studies covered either 55 or 65 mm of brain tissue. CVRs were assessed by inducing a vasodilatory challenge with 1 g acetazolamide (diamox), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor¹⁶ injected intravenously after the baseline Xe/CT CBF study. The Xe/CT CBF study was repeated 15 to 20 minutes later. The cerebral tissue acidosis caused by acetazolamide dramatically increases the blood flow to uncompromised territories of the brain by 30% to 40%, whereas territories that are hemodynamically compromised are unchanged presumably because vessels are already maximally dilated. Those that are most severely compromised demonstrate a "steal" phenomenon (ie, a decrease in CBF).¹⁷

The signal-to-noise ratio was 8:1 when Xe/CT CBF studies were performed. With this amount of signal, reliable, quantitative CBF values have been obtained when regions of interest (ROIs) include >120 measurements because at that point the measurement error is <12%.¹⁸ The 2 studies were done only 15 to 20 minutes apart, and the same planes were located and scanned. There were no misregistration effects from the use of separate baseline and acetazolamide studies unless the patient moved during image acquisition. Misregistration could be detected from the confidence images, and ROIs with poor confidence were deleted from the analysis.

TCD Method
The TCD ultrasonography was performed to measure blood velocity in the MCA before the standard Xe/CT scan and within 25 to 55 minutes of administration of acetazolamide. The TCD method used a transtemporal approach permitting insonation of the M1 segment of the MCA. The TCD system (Medasonics) used was a pulsed Doppler that operates at 2 MHz (EME TC 2-64). Cranial depths of 35 to 60 mm were sampled at 5-mm steps. The power output of the transducer was set at 100 mV/cm², allowing for optimal insonation via the transtemporal window. Systolic MCA velocities were used for this analysis.

A normal response in mean TCD values after acetazolamide is an increase of 29 cm/s for women and 21 cm/s for men,¹⁹ which is equivalent to a 49.3% and a 38.9% change, respectively. This amount of augmentation found with TCD is similar to the amount found with Xe/CT CBF methods in normal subjects. Therefore, the percent change (reserve status) was calculated the same way for the 2 technologies.

Data Analysis
The percent change between baseline and acetazolamide studies in these patients was calculated on the basis of systolic TCD values and the Xe/CT CBF values of the MCA. This constituted the CVR measurement. The formula for calculating percent change for both types of studies was as follows: postacetazolamide (velocity, cm/s) divided by preacetazolamide (velocity, cm/s) minus 1 times 100, and postacetazolamide (CBF, mL · 100 g^-1 · min^-1) divided by preacetazolamide (CBF, mL · 100 g^-1 · min^-1) minus 1 times 100.

For the Xe/CT CBF study, cortical flow values were obtained by placement of a series of 6 contiguous 2-cm ROIs (more than 300 pixels each) within the MCA territory²⁰ for each of 4 levels (3 levels in 4 patients). Level 1 included the basal ganglia and paralleled the frontal skull base near the orbitomeatal line. Each of the 3 additional levels were cut 1.5 cm above the lowest level. The mean MCA CBF for each level was calculated by summing the values of the ROIs and dividing by the number of ROIs for each level. Results also were analyzed by averaging the percent change for all ROIs of all levels of the MCA territory. For each Xe/CT study, the CT scan was analyzed separately for alterations consistent with stroke, and individual ROIs showing infarction were deleted from the analysis. If an MCA territory >3 ROIs (ie, >50% infarction) with densities indicating infarction, the whole territory for that level was eliminated from the analysis.

Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and an index of validity were calculated for comparison of the TCD and the Xe/CT CBF CVRs. The formula for the index of validity was true positives plus true negatives divided by the total number of cases.²¹ Cohen’s statistic was used as a chance-corrected measure of agreement between the 2 methods. For the analysis, the results of each patient’s blood flow were classified into 1 of 2 groups (0, <0). To take into account the continuous nature of the data, Spearman correlations were also calculated.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
The sensitivity and specificity of the TCD velocity changes compared with the Xe/CT CBF CVR data were calculated different ways: (1) the MCA territory with the lowest percent change for the Xe/CT CBF or the average over 4 levels of the MCA territory for the Xe/CT CBF, and (2) all data, including both sides, only the occluded side, and only the contralateral side (Table 2). The greatest sensitivity was found for the ipsilateral data with the lowest MCA analysis (43%). The lowest sensitivity was found with the analysis of the lowest MCA values for the contralateral side (20%). The sensitivity for all data (both sides) was 33% for the average MCA calculation and 35.5% for the lowest MCA calculation. Although the sensitivity of CVR for TCD compared with the Xe/CT CBF method was marginal, the specificities were relatively high, indicating that there was agreement between the 2 methods for the true negatives (patients correctly identified as negative for compromised reserves, ie, positive reserves). The index of validity was 71% for the lowest MCA analyses and 76% for the average MCA analyses.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 2. Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value, and Index of Validity for Diagnostic Accuracy of TCD in Predicting Patients With Compromised Reserves With Xe/CT CBF Methods

A subanalysis of the marginal reserves (between -5 and 5) and the positive reserves (>5) showed that the sensitivity was low for TCD compared with Xe/CT CBF (22% for the lowest MCA calculation of Xe/CT CBF values and 16.6% for average values; Table 2).

For the Cohen’s analysis, the patients were separated into the following 2 groups on the basis of their percent change in Xe/CT CBF values: positive reserves >0% and compromised reserves <0%. The Cohen’s analysis showed comparatively low agreement between the TCD and Xe/CT CBF CVR measurements (=0.38 for the lowest MCA level, Table 3; 0.27 for the averaged MCA levels, Table 3).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 3. Agreement of TCD and Xe/CT CBF Assessed by Cohen’s

Figure 1 shows the Xe/CT CBF results for a patient who had right symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion and 50% contralateral carotid stenosis. Two Xe/CT CBF studies (baseline and acetazolamide) are included, each showing 4 different levels through the brain. It was determined that this patient’s blood flow did not augment in the right MCA of levels 2, 3, and 4 after acetazolamide in the Xe/CT CBF study but did augment in the TCD study.

View larger version (42K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Xe/CT CBF results for a patient who had right symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion and 50% contralateral carotid stenosis. Included are 2 Xe/CT CBF studies (baseline and acetazolamide), each showing 4 different levels through the brain. This patient had compromised reserves on the occluded side of -8.7% change in level 3. The percent change for level 4 was -8.4% change and for level 2 was -1.2% change. The right MCA of level 1 was not compromised. TCD results for this patient indicated a 16.7% change in the right MCA. It was determined that this patient’s blood flow did not augment in the right MCA of levels 2, 3, and 4 after acetazolamide in the Xe/CT CBF study (arrows) but did augment in the TCD study. Color bar provides the quantitative blood flow reference (from 0 to 160 mL/100 g tissue per minute).

A graph of the CVR (Figures 2 and 3) shows that most patients who had positive reserves by Xe/CT CBF also had positive reserves by TCD. More important, it also shows that there were patients who had negative reserves by the Xe/CT CBF method and positive reserves by TCD (false negatives). There were 12 data points in this category for the averaged data (Figure 2) and 20 data points for the lowest MCA territory data (Figure 3).

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Percent change of the preacetazolamide and postacetazolamide values for Xe/CT CBF vs TCD velocity measurements for 71 hemispheres of patients with occlusive carotid artery disease. Xe/CT CBF values were calculated on the average of the MCA ROIs across all 4 levels.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Percent change of the preacetazolamide and postacetazolamide values for Xe/CT vs TCD. Xe/CT CBF values used in this analysis were based on the territory of lowest percent change.

A Spearman correlation test revealed that there is a moderate correlation between CVR measured by the 2 tests. The Spearman correlation estimate was 0.35 (P=0.003) for the lowest category and 0.32 (P=0.007) for the average Xe/CT CBF category when the hypothesis that TCD and Xe/CT CBF tests were independent was tested.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
We have compared CVR assessed with both TCD and quantitative CBF to understand how differences between these technologies may affect the identification of patients with compromised reserves who may be at increased risk for stroke. The primary result of this study is that changes in velocity measured within the initial portion of the MCA do not reliably predict the changes in tissue perfusion that accompany a vasodilatory stress induced by intravenous acetazolamide. The negative predictive value of TCD is lower if the single level of the brain with the most severe compromise of CVR rather than the average flow change in all levels is compared with MCA velocity changes. A lack of sensitivity to a negative CBF response can be explained in part by the observation that this type of flow response is statistically associated with the absence of blood supply via the circle of Willis and instead a dependence on pial and retrograde ophthalmic collaterals.²² Thus, it does not seem physiologically reasonable to expect that the rate of blood movement within the trunk MCA should be able to reflect changes in CBF when the MCA is not the primary route of blood supply to the MCA territory.

The use of a tomographic high-resolution CBF study appears physiologically sound because it provides the ability to assess flow changes not only within an entire vascular territory but also within the cortical or subcortical regions on each of the levels of study. From the perspective of predicting subsequent ischemic events, only the most severely compromised level that was consistently a level above the basal ganglia was predictive of individuals at increased stroke risk.^4,17 Quantitative CBF studies have also shown that the most dramatic flow changes in patients with chronic occlusive vascular disease are within the periventricular white matter that is the region most prone to infarction in low-flow states and is clinically associated with symptoms of ischemic claudication.²³ This higher resolution to especially low flow within subcortical structures may help explain why Brauer et al,¹⁵ who used stable Xe/CT CBF, may have had conclusions similar to those of our study, which were different from those of Dahl et al¹² and Piepgras et al,¹³ who used either qualitative CBF or regional CBF that has little to no perception of flow changes within subcortical structures.

Although the measurement of oxygen extraction with PET is a useful tool for identification of patients at increased ischemic risk, studies that involve a physiological stress and the repeated measurement of a single flow-related variable also have this capacity.^24,25 By changing only 1 variable, a flow-related stress test examines only the ability of the circulation to respond to a well-understood and predictable physiological stress. Whether a rise in local tissue hydrogen ions is induced by an increase in the level of PCO₂ or by intravenous injection of acetazolamide, the result is the same. This type of challenge can only induce dilatation, and if no elevation in CBF is observed, one can only assume that the vascular bed in question is already maximally vasodilated.^24,25 A maximal CBV is integral to the state of severe hemodynamic compromise reported by Grubb et al⁵ and is associated with a rise in oxygen extraction. Nariai et al²⁶ have reported a correlation between elevated oxygen extraction fraction and decreased Xe/CT CBF in patients with carotid occlusion. It has been our preference to use acetazolamide because it is well tolerated at a dose of about 17 mg/kg (about 1 g for an adult) and it produces a reliable significant physiological challenge. Although a CO₂ challenge is theoretically simpler to induce by breath holding or the inhalation of 3% to 5% CO₂, the resulting PCO₂ change is very unpredictable and is often associated with anxiety and hypertension, thus confounding the interpretation of CBF data.²⁷

Consideration must be given to the potential design problems of the study. The time of the TCD study was between 40 and 70 minutes after acetazolamide administration, whereas the second Xe/CT CBF study was done 20 minutes afterward. Considering that after 90 minutes half of the acetazolamide is still active, we are within the limits for observing an increase in vasoreactivity.²⁸ The second potential problem is that we did not measure CO₂ during the time the TCD studies were performed. Although CO₂ probably decreased during this study because of an increased respiratory rate, the acidification of cerebrospinal fluid by acetazolamide persists despite the counteracting effect of the relative hypocapnia. Consideration must be given to the potential problems of using TCD, such as the inability to obtain TCD values in 5% to 15% of patients^8,29,30 and the operator dependence of the TCD measurements. A potential problem of Xe/CT CBF is the belief that Xe increases blood flow, but this is not significant until 5 minutes of inhalation, which is longer than the 4.3 minutes used in this study. Modeling has provided further support by confirming a minimal effect of Xe inhalation on the calculated versus "real" CBF values using the currently employed method for calculated CBF.³¹ Xe also has an effect on the sensorium, but with the reduction in Xe from 33% to 28%, there has been a significant reduction in even minimal symptoms.

TCD velocity changes by acetazolamide have been shown to be insensitive to areas of negative reactivity compared with quantitative CBF and therefore may not be the optimum method for assessing cerebral hemodynamic compromise in patients with carotid occlusive disease. Further studies are needed to determine whether CVRs measured by TCD or quantitative or qualitative CBF or oxygen extraction fraction measured by PET are comparable in predicting risk for stroke.

	Acknowledgments

 
This study was funded by AHRQ grant RO3 HS09021-01 and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grant 1-K01 HL-03851-01. We would like to thank Margaret-Beth Ott, BA, for obtaining the research xenon/CT scans for the study. We are also grateful to Sheryl Kelsey, PhD, for consultation on the statistical analyses.

Received October 12, 2000; revision received March 20, 2001; accepted May 4, 2001.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 

1. Cote R, Barnett HJM, Taylor DW. Internal carotid occlusion: a prospective study. Stroke. 1983; 14: 898–902.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Hammacher ER, Eikelboom BC, Bast TJ, DeGeest R, Vermeulen FEE. Surgical treatment of patients with a carotid artery occlusion and a contralateral stenosis. J Cardiovas Surg. 1984; 25: 513–517.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3. Nicholls SC, Bergelin R, Strandness E. Neurologic sequelae of unilateral carotid artery occlusion: immediate and late. J Vasc Surg. 1989; 10: 542–548.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Webster MW, Makaroun MS, Steed DL, Smith HA, Johnson DW, Yonas H. Compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity is a predictor of stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid artery occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg. 1995; 21: 338–344.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
5. Grubb RL, Derdeyn CP, Fritsch SM, Carpenter DA, Yundt KD, Videen TO, Spitznagel EL, Powers WJ. The importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. JAMA. 1998; 280: 1055–1060.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Yamauchi H, Fukuyama H, Fujimoto N, Nabatame H, Kimura J. Significance of low perfusion with increased oxygen extraction fraction in a case of internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke. 1992; 23: 431–432.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, Passarelli F, Rossini PM, Silvestrini M. Outcome of carotid artery occlusion is predicted by cerebrovascular reactivity. Stroke. 1999; 30: 593–598.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Kleiser B, Widder B. Course of carotid artery occlusion with impaired cerebrovascular reactivity. Stroke. 1992; 23: 171–174.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Silvestrini M, Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, Matteis M, Passarelli F, Troisi E, Caltagirone C. Impaired cerebral vasoreactivity and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 2000; 283: 2122–2127.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10. Gur AY, Bova I, Bornstein NM. Is impaired cerebral vasomotor reactivity a predictive factor of stroke in asymptomatic patients. Stroke. 1996; 27: 2188–2190.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. Chimowitz MI, Furlan AJ, Jones SC, Sila CA, Lorig RL, Paranandi L, Beck GJ. Transcranial Doppler assessment of cerebral perfusion reserve in patients with carotid occlusive disease and no evidence of cerebral infarction. Neurology. 1993; 43: 353–357.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. Dahl A, Russell D, Nyberg-Hansen R, Rootwelt K, Bakke SJ. Cerebral vasoreactivity in unilateral carotid artery disease: a comparison of blood flow velocity and regional cerebral blood flow measurements. Stroke. 1994; 25: 621–626.[Abstract]
13. Piepgras A, Schmiedek P, Leinsinger G, Haberl RL, Kirsch CM, Einhäupl KM. A simple test to assess cerebrovascular reserve capacity using transcranial Doppler sonography and acetazolamide. Stroke. 1990; 21: 1306–1311.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14. Bishop CCR, Powell S, Rutt D, Browse NL. Transcranial Doppler measurement of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity: a validation study. Stroke. 1986; 17: 913–915.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
15. Brauer P, Kochs E, Werner C, Bloom M, Policare R, Pentheny S, Yonas H, Kofke WA, Schulte AM, Esch J. Correlation of transcranial Doppler sonography mean flow velocity with cerebral blood flow in patients with intracranial pathology. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1998; 10: 80–85.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
16. Vorstrup S, Henriksen L, Paulson OB. Effect of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen. J Clin Invest. 1984; 74: 1634–1639.
17. Yonas H, Smith HA, Durham SR, Pentheny SL, Johnson DW. Increased stroke risk predicted by compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity. J Neurosurg. 1993; 79: 483–489.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
18. Good WF, Gur D. The effect of computed tomography noise and tissue heterogeneity on cerebral blood flow determination by xenon-enhanced computed tomography. Med Phys. 1987; 14: 557–561.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
19. Karnik R, Valentin A, Winkler WB, Khaffaf N, Donath P, Slany J. Sex-related differences in acetazolamide-induced cerebral vasomotor reactivity. Stroke. 1996; 27: 56–58.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
20. Yonas H, Darby JM, Marks EC, Durham SR, Maxwell C. CBF measured by Xe-CT: approach to analysis and normal values. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1991; 11: 716–725 .[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
21. Henderson AR. Assessing test accuracy and its clinical consequences: a primer for receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Ann Clin Biochem. 1993; 30: 521–539.
22. Smith HA, Thompson-Dobkin J, Yonas H, Flint E. Correlation of Xenon-enhanced computed tomography-defined cerebral blood flow reactivity and collateral flow patterns. Stroke. 1994; 25: 1784–1787.[Abstract]
23. Firlik AD, Firlik KS, Yonas H. Physiological diagnosis and surgical treatment of recurrent limb shaking: case report. Neurosurgery. 1996; 39: 607–611.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
24. Kanno I, Uemura K, Higano S, Murakami M, Iida H, Miura S, Shishido F, Inugami A, Sayama I. Oxygen extraction fraction at maximally vasodilated tissue in the ischemic brain estimated from regional CO2 responsiveness measured by positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988; 8: 227–235.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
25. Herold S, Brown MM, Frackowiak RSJ, Mansfield AO, Thomas DJ, Marshall J. Assessment of cerebral haemodynamic reserve: correlation between PET parameters and CO₂ reactivity measured by the intravenous ¹³³xenon injection technique. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988; 51: 1045–1050.[Abstract]
26. Nariai T, Suzuki R, Hirakawa K, Maehara T, Ishii K, Senda M. Vascular reserve in chronic cerebral ischemia measured by the acetazolamide challenge test: Comparison with positron emission tomography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995; 16: 563–570.[Abstract]
27. Sullivan HG, Kingsbury TB, Morgan ME, Jeffcoat RD, Allison JD, Goode J, McDonnell DE. The rCBF response to diamox in normal subjects and cerebrovascular disease patients. J Neurosurg. 1987; 67: 525–534.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
28. Hauge A, Nicolaysen G, Thoresen M. Acute effects of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow in man. Acta Physiol Scand. 1983; 117: 233–239.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
29. Widder B, Paulat K, Hackspacher J, Mayr E. Transcranial Doppler CO₂ test for the detection of hemodynamically critical carotid artery stenoses and occlusions. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci. 1986; 236: 162–168.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
30. Hennerici M, Rautenberg W, Sitzer G, Schwartz A. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound for the assessment of intracranial arterial flow velocity, part 1: examination techniques and normal values. Surg Neurol. 1987; 27: 439–448.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
31. Obrist WD, Zhang Z, Yonas H. Effect of xenon-induced flow activation on xenon-enhanced computed tomography cerebral blood flow calculations. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998; 18: 1192–1195.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. M. Mandell, J. S. Han, J. Poublanc, A. P. Crawley, J. A. Stainsby, J. A. Fisher, and D. J. Mikulis Mapping Cerebrovascular Reactivity Using Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent MRI in Patients With Arterial Steno-occlusive Disease: Comparison With Arterial Spin Labeling MRI Stroke, July 1, 2008; 39(7): 2021 - 2028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Deguchi, M. Yamada, H. Kobata, and T. Kuroiwa Regional Cerebral Blood Flow After Acetazolamide Challenge in Patients with Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: Simple Way to Evaluate Intracranial Venous Hypertension AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2005; 26(5): 1101 - 1106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Ziyeh, J. Rick, M. Reinhard, A. Hetzel, I. Mader, and O. Speck Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent MRI of Cerebral CO2 Reactivity in Severe Carotid Stenosis and Occlusion Stroke, April 1, 2005; 36(4): 751 - 756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Y. Ho, W. W-m. Lam, S. C. P. Ng, M. K. Lam, M. T. V. Chan, W. S. Poon, and C. Metreweli Cerebral Vasoreactivity: A Comparison of Color Velocity Imaging Quantification and Stable Xenon-Enhanced CT Am. J. Roentgenol., March 1, 2005; 184(3): 948 - 952. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Ogasawara, T. Inoue, M. Kobayashi, H. Endo, K. Yoshida, T. Fukuda, K. Terasaki, and A. Ogawa Cerebral Hyperperfusion Following Carotid Endarterectomy: Diagnostic Utility of Intraoperative Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography Compared with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Study AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., February 1, 2005; 26(2): 252 - 257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Liebeskind Collateral Circulation Stroke, September 1, 2003; 34(9): 2279 - 2284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. Edwards, Z. L. Topor, and R. L. Hughson A new two-breath technique for extracting the cerebrovascular response to arterial carbon dioxide Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2003; 284(3): R853 - R859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Pindzola, R. R. Articles by Yonas, H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Pindzola, R. R. Articles by Yonas, H. Related Collections Transient Ischemic Attacks Carotid Stenosis Doppler ultrasound, Transcranial Doppler etc. Other imaging