doi: 10.1161/hs0402.105246
(Stroke. 2002;33:901.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Occurrence of Secondary Ischemic Events Among Persons With Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease
From RAND, Santa Monica, Calif (B.G.V., P.M.G., S.G., D.F.M.); Center for Health Care Policy and Evaluation, UnitedHealth Group, Minnetonka, Minn (T.S.R., S.L.W., R.A.L.); RAND, Washington, DC (E.M.S.); Rush Medical College, Chicago, Ill (P.B.G.); and Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif (M.D.D.).
Reprint requests to Barbara G. Vickrey, MD, MPH, UCLA Department of Neurology, C128 RNRC, 710 Westwood, Box 951769, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769. E-mail bvickrey{at}ucla.edu
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background and Purpose— Few data exist for large managed care populations on the occurrence of subsequent acute ischemic events in persons with established atherosclerotic vascular disease. We estimated the occurrence of secondary stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and vascular deaths among 2 large, managed care samples.
Methods— With the use of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes, patients aged 
40 years and with stroke, AMI, or peripheral arterial disease (PAD) were identified from administrative data of UnitedHealthcare plans during 1995–1998. Stroke, AMI, and PAD cohorts were identified within a commercial insurance sample and a Medicare sample. Cumulative occurrences of subsequent stroke, AMI, or vascular death were estimated by survival analysis.
Results— In the stroke commercial cohort (n=1631; mean age, 62.1 years), cumulative occurrence of subsequent events was 4.2%, 6.5%, 9.8%, and 11.8% at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively; cumulative secondary event occurrence in the AMI commercial cohort (n=6458; mean age, 56.0 years) was 3.5%, 4.8%, 7.3%, and 8.5% and in the PAD commercial cohort (n=5813; mean age, 59.2 years) was 1.5%, 2.8%, 4.8%, and 6.5%, respectively. Cumulative secondary event occurrences were even higher in stroke (n=1518; mean age, 79.5 years), AMI (n=2197; mean age, 76.2 years), and PAD (n=5033; mean age, 76.6 years) cohorts of the Medicare sample: 18.1%, 17.0%, and 8.7%, respectively, at 3 years. More than 75% of each stroke cohort’s secondary events were strokes; more than 75% of each AMI cohort’s secondary events were AMIs. Of the PAD cohorts’ secondary events, 27% to 39% were strokes, 48% to 57% were AMIs, and 13% to 16% were vascular deaths.
Conclusions— Among these managed care enrollees with existing atherosclerotic vascular disease, subsequent ischemic events represent a significant symptomatic disease burden. Given these findings, it is very important to determine whether secondary prevention strategies are being effectively used to manage patients with diagnosed atherosclerosis.
Key Words: data interpretation, statistical • epidemiology • myocardial infarction • stroke
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
People with symptomatic atherosclerotic vascular disease are at increased risk of subsequent ischemic events including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ischemic stroke, and other vascular events.1–4 Recently developed surgical therapies, devices, and pharmacologic treatments (eg, medications that inhibit platelet aggregation) have the potential to reduce the occurrence of these secondary ischemic events.5
Current estimates of the occurrence of subsequent acute ischemic events among managed care populations in the United States are not generally available and would be useful in estimating the impact of secondary prevention. This study used claims data from several large, managed care organizations from the mid to late 1990s to estimate the cumulative occurrence of secondary ischemic events within samples of employer-based (commercial) and Medicare insurance enrollees identified as having atherosclerotic disease.
|
Subjects and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Identification of Cohorts With Atherosclerotic Disease
Cohorts of members with atherosclerotic disease were identified by administrative data from commercial and Medicare managed care plans affiliated with UnitedHealthcare. The sample with commercial insurance was drawn from enrollees in managed care organizations in 10 states: Georgia, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Utah. The Medicare sample was identified from enrollees in Medicare+Choice plans in 4 states: Georgia, Minnesota, Ohio, and Rhode Island.
Members with atherosclerotic disease were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis codes on claims for medical care received over a period from January 1995 through December 1998. Cohorts were selected on the basis of the first indication of an ischemic stroke, AMI, or peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In the commercial sample, only members aged 40 years were included to reduce the likelihood of including members with events not due to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Only members aged 65 years were included in the Medicare sample.
We designed algorithms for administrative data to select members with atherosclerotic events as similar as possible to enrollees in a trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of secondary ischemic events (ie, the CAPRIE trial). This clinical trial enrolled patients with ischemic stroke, AMI, and PAD.5 These algorithms were based on the consensus of clinical experts involved as coinvestigators in this study and a review of the literature on validity of ICD-9-CM coding for these conditions.
The ICD-9-CM codes 434 (primary or secondary diagnosis of occlusion of cerebral arteries) and 436 (acute but ill-defined cerebrovascular disease) have been shown to be highly predictive for ischemic strokes.6–9 Therefore, we included in the ischemic stroke cohort members hospitalized with a primary or secondary ICD-9-CM code diagnosis of 434.xx or 436. To select this sample, we applied a minimum length-of-stay criterion of 1 day. Because having a carotid endarterectomy significantly changes the prognosis for a secondary event, individuals with a code for carotid endarterectomy during the same hospital stay or within 4 months of discharge were excluded. In addition, the CAPRIE trial did not include individuals who were candidates for anticoagulation, such as those having cardioembolic strokes. Thus, we excluded members who had 1 prescription claim for warfarin or 2 claims on different days for a prothrombin time laboratory test within 4 months of discharge.
Members with AMI were identified from hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of AMI (ICD-9-CM code=410.xx) and with a length of stay of 2 days. The purpose of applying a minimum length of stay was to exclude brief admissions for possible AMI in which an AMI was "ruled out." The ICD-9-CM code of 410 has previously been found to be highly predictive of a clinically validated AMI among hospitalized patients.10,11
To identify a PAD sample, members who had a hospital admission or a physician office visit with a primary or secondary diagnosis of atherosclerosis of native arteries of the extremities (ICD-9-CM code=440.2x) or atherosclerosis of bypass grafts of the extremities (ICD-9-CM code=440.3x) were included. Because existing published literature on the predictive validity of ICD-9-CM codes for PAD was scant, we based this selection on input from coinvestigators with clinical expertise in vascular disease.
Identification of Subgroups With a Secondary Ischemic Event
Nonfatal and Fatal Stroke and AMI
Secondary ischemic events were defined as the first occurrence (within the cohorts identified as having atherosclerotic disease) of a stroke or AMI during the observation period. Secondary events were identified by an emergency department visit with a discharge status of death or by a hospitalization. Codes used to identify a stroke or AMI had to be listed as the primary diagnosis for the emergency department visit or the hospitalization. The diagnosis codes were 434 or 436 (for stroke) and 410 (for AMI). The ICD-9-CM code 434 for stroke had to have a fifth digit equal to 1 (=434.x1), indicating "with cerebral infarction." (Cases with 434.x0 were excluded on the basis of clinical judgment; however, the validity of excluding cases with this fifth digit has not been established.9) Because an AMI ICD-9-CM code equal to 410.x2 refers to care of a prior AMI, admissions or emergency department visits coded in this way were not counted as a secondary AMI, similar to the approach taken in another study.10 No minimum length of stay requirement was applied. Fatal stroke or AMI was identified by claims with a discharge status code indicating death.
Other Vascular Death
The criteria we used to define an "other vascular death" were evidence from the administrative database for fatal events due to pulmonary embolism; congestive heart failure attributable to cardiovascular disease; visceral or limb infarction due to peripheral vascular disease; vascular operation, procedure, or amputation related to atherosclerosis; or another diagnosis strongly indicating an atherosclerotic disease vascular event as the potential cause of death.
Within the study samples (with the exclusion of patients identified as having a secondary stroke or AMI as described above), patients with a hospital or emergency department facility claim with a discharge status code of "death" were identified. Among these, patients with primary diagnosis codes unrelated to a potential vascular death were excluded, leaving 308 patients identified as possibly eligible for categorization as "other vascular death." For these patients, all facility and provider claims for the hospital admission or emergency department visit associated with the discharge code of death were reviewed by a cardiologist and a neurologist. Each patient was categorized as either a definite or possible vascular death or not a vascular death on the basis of diagnoses and procedures listed on claims. The disposition of each possible vascular death was determined by a stroke neurologist with expertise in vascular death identification for clinical trials. To validate the discharge status of death, we conducted an administrative database review, looking for evidence of claim activity after the indicated date of death. If claims were found with dates of service after the date of death, these cases were excluded from the other vascular death category.
With the use of these procedures, a total of 88 of 308 patients were judged to meet the criteria for "other vascular death." The types of other vascular deaths identified among these 88 patients were 1 related to pulmonary embolism, 11 related to congestive heart failure, 9 related to cardiovascular procedures, 9 indicating cardiac arrest in the presence of a cardiac condition, 6 with other acute cardiac events, 9 with aortic aneurysm, 2 following carotid endarterectomy, and 41 following peripheral vascular operations, procedures, infections, or amputations.
Statistical Analysis
Within each sample, duration of observation, sex, and age were determined overall and for each atherosclerotic disease cohort. While the actual prevalence of comorbidities of hypertension, diabetes, and transient ischemic attack cannot be determined from claims data, we constructed a proxy measurement of their prevalence by assessing the proportion of each cohort having 1 of these diagnoses coded on a claim either at the time of or during the 3 months preceding the qualifying event.
Cumulative occurrences of subsequent events (stroke, AMI, and other vascular death) were estimated for each cohort (stroke, AMI, and PAD) of the commercial and Medicare samples by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.12 The significance of differences between the survival curves was assessed by the log-rank statistic. For each of the atherosclerotic disease cohorts in the commercial and Medicare samples, the percentages of each type of secondary event (AMI, stroke, or other vascular death) by 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 years after the initially identified event were also calculated.
This study was approved by the RAND Institutional Review Board, and procedures for data privacy met guidelines of both RAND and the Center for Health Care Policy and Evaluation of UnitedHealth Group.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Characteristics of Stroke, AMI, and PAD Cohorts
Of the 23 490 members who met study inclusion criteria, 840 either died or disenrolled during their index atherosclerotic event hospitalization or were still hospitalized with their index atherosclerotic event at the end of the study observation period (December 31, 1998). After these members were excluded, the commercial sample included 1631 members in the stroke cohort, 6458 in the AMI cohort, and 5813 in the PAD cohort, while the Medicare sample included 1518 in the stroke cohort, 2197 in the AMI cohort, and 5033 in the PAD cohort (Table 1).
|
The average observation period across all atherosclerotic disease cohorts was approximately 1.3 years in the commercial sample and 1.2 years in the Medicare sample. Relative to the AMI cohorts, higher percentages of the stroke and PAD cohorts were female. Stroke patients in both the Medicare and commercial samples were older on average than corresponding patients in the AMI and PAD cohorts. Hypertension was coded frequently on concurrent or recent claims for all cohorts, ranging from a low of 37% of the PAD cohort of the commercial sample to a high of 71% of the stroke cohort of the Medicare sample. Comparable estimates for diabetes ranged from 21% to 31% across these cohorts. Transient ischemic attack was recorded as a diagnosis in a recent claim for >20% of each stroke cohort and was rare in the other cohorts.
Cumulative Occurrence of Secondary Events by Cohort Within the Medicare and Commercial Samples
Across the 3 atherosclerotic vascular disease cohorts combined, 566 in the Medicare sample and 665 in the commercial sample experienced a secondary event (stroke, AMI, or vascular death) at some time during the observation period (Table 2). More than 75% of the secondary events were strokes in the stroke cohorts and were AMIs in the AMI cohorts (Table 2). A higher percentage of secondary events occurring in the PAD cohorts were fatal events (ie, other vascular deaths and fatal stroke and AMI) than of secondary events occurring in the AMI and stroke cohorts (Table 2).
|
The Figure shows cumulative occurrence data for each atherosclerotic disease cohort of the Medicare and commercial samples. In the stroke cohort of the commercial sample, cumulative occurrence of subsequent events was 4.2%, 6.5%, 9.8%, and 11.8% at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Cumulative occurrence of secondary events in the AMI cohort of the commercial sample was 3.5%, 4.8%, 7.3%, and 8.5% and in the PAD cohort of the commercial sample was 1.5%, 2.8%, 4.8%, and 6.5% at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. In the Medicare sample, secondary event occurrences at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 years were 4.3%, 7.7%, 14.1%, and 18.1% in the stroke cohort; 6.0%, 8.8%, 13.9%, and 17.0% in the AMI cohort; and 2.3%, 3.7%, 6.6%, and 8.7% in the PAD cohort, respectively. Overall cumulative occurrences were higher in the AMI and PAD cohorts of the Medicare sample than in analogous cohorts of the commercial sample (P<0.001 in both cases), with a trend toward higher overall cumulative occurrences for the stroke cohort of the Medicare sample than for the stroke cohort of the commercial sample (P=0.06). The cumulative occurrences of each of the 3 types of secondary ischemic events (AMI, stroke, and other vascular disease) at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 years, by atherosclerotic disease cohort, are shown in Tables 3 and 4 for commercial and Medicare samples, respectively.
|
|
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
This study found a substantial occurrence of subsequent ischemic events among members of commercial and Medicare managed care plans that were identified by claims whose ICD-9-CM codes were consistent with atherosclerotic disease. Within the Medicare and commercial samples, the stroke cohorts were the oldest and the AMI cohorts were the youngest and were predominantly male. As expected given the older age of the Medicare sample in our study, the cumulative incidence of secondary events was higher in the Medicare sample’s atherosclerotic disease cohorts than in the commercial sample’s analogous cohorts. These findings are consistent with the findings of past epidemiological studies.
We also found that >75% of secondary events in the stroke cohort were strokes; analogously, AMI accounted for >75% of secondary events in the AMI cohort. Thus, a large majority of subsequent ischemic events in each of these cohorts is the same type as that of the preceding event. Such data should aid in targeting risk reduction and patient education efforts regarding subsequent events. The results of this study also show that while the PAD cohort we identified had the lowest cumulative occurrence of secondary events compared with the stroke and AMI cohorts, the PAD cohort experienced the highest case fatality or proportion of secondary events that were fatal stroke, fatal AMI, and other vascular deaths. This finding should heighten attention focused on determining the reasons for the higher proportion of fatal secondary events among those with PAD who have a secondary event, to guide future preventive efforts.
In contrast to this study, previously published studies of rates of subsequent atherosclerotic events have tended to focus on 1 atherosclerotic disease cohort and/or 1 subsequent event. In addition, many previous analyses examined cohorts selected for clinical trials. One study of factors predicting recurrent AMI after an initial AMI reported 1-year reinfarction rates of 6.9% for men and 5.6% for women in a sample of survivors of a hospitalization for a first AMI in Israel in the early 1980s.13 A second study of sex-related differences in factors predicting recurrent AMI found 26-month reinfarction rates of 8.5% in men and 5.5% in women.14 A clinical trial of the impact of an 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor on stroke occurrence in subjects (mean age, 59 years) with an AMI showed an approximately 0.6% 1-year stroke incidence in the placebo arm, which is similar to the 1-year stroke occurrence in the commercial AMI sample in the managed care plans we studied.15 The Edinburgh Artery Study, a population-based epidemiological study of PAD that began in the late 1980s, found that the 5-year incidence of AMI in subjects with intermittent claudication was 8.2% and the 5-year incidence of stroke or transient ischemic attack was 6.8%.16
The CAPRIE trial included all 3 of our study cohorts and assessed the same study outcome variables of ischemic stroke, AMI, and vascular death; the mean duration of follow-up was 1.9 years.5 The total secondary event rate per year in the stroke cohort was between 7% and 8%; the event rate per year in the AMI cohort was 4.8% to 5.0%; and the event rate per year in the PAD cohort ranged from 3.7% to 4.9%. The mean age of the CAPRIE study cohort was 62.5 years. While direct comparisons must take into account differences in study designs, these rates appear similar to or slightly higher than the occurrence rates reported herein.
There are several limitations of this study. We note that this study may include individuals with third and later events and is not limited to patients with second events. This is because some initial events would have preceded the observation period of our analysis. Thus, this study is not strictly an analysis of the incidence of second events after an initial event within a cohort with established atherosclerotic vascular disease, but it represents an analysis of subsequent events after an event first identified within an administrative database of health plan members over a specific time frame. However, the present study represents those members a managed care organization might be able to identify for disease management programs.
A second limitation is that in contrast to stroke and AMI, there are scarce published data on the utility of ICD-9-CM codes for identifying PAD. It is likely that the PAD cohorts we identified included some individuals without PAD or who would not meet more specific clinical criteria. It is possible that the diagnosis codes used might have included, particularly in an outpatient setting, individuals with potential or suspected PAD but who had not undergone confirmatory testing. It is not possible to assess the outcome of diagnostic testing from these administrative claims data. Given that the algorithm might overestimate the "denominator" of the occurrence estimates for PAD, the estimates reported herein probably reflect lower bound estimates of the occurrence of secondary events among individuals with PAD.
Because administrative databases are likely to have some coding errors and do not contain extensive clinical information, some members and secondary events may have been misclassified. In addition, the algorithms used could have missed some ischemic events. For example, a member with a primary diagnosis of cardiac arrest and a secondary diagnosis of AMI may have had a cardiac arrest induced by AMI, but that would not be identified by the protocol used in this study. To address this issue, we used diagnostic codes for AMI and stroke that have high positive predictive values,6–11,17–19 and we reviewed more detailed facility and provider claims in judging the inclusion of potential vascular deaths.
Finally, the cumulative occurrence estimates reported here may not apply to other practice settings and locations. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the members of these plans, as well as care patterns, may differ from those in other plans or areas in the United States not included in our study. We note, however, that commercial plans represented here are from 10 states in 4 regions of the United States, and Medicare managed care plans from which that sample was drawn are from 4 states in 3 regions of the United States.
In conclusion, this analysis shows that among persons with atherosclerotic vascular disease enrolled in several managed care plans in the mid to late 1990s, the occurrence of subsequent ischemic events is substantial. In light of therapeutic advances demonstrated to be effective for secondary prevention, future research should include assessment of care patterns for secondary prevention in these high-risk patients, with the goal of determining whether there are gaps between actual care and evidence-based recommendations for high-quality care that can be bridged through quality improvement programs.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
Bristol-Myers-Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership provided funding to RAND for this study. The topic of the study was agreed upon with the funding organization at the outset of the project, but RAND retained full rights to design, analyze, interpret, and publish results as judged appropriate by the research team. All authors were funded through RAND either as employees, subcontractors, or consultants. Dr Gorelick was a consultant to RAND on the project and is on the Speakers Bureau of Bristol-Myers-Squibb. No other authors have potential conflicts of interest related to the subject of the manuscript. We thank Margaret J. Burgess for technical assistance in conducting the SAS programming for the data analyses.
Received October 1, 2001; revision received December 12, 2001; accepted December 17, 2001.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
- Khoury Z, Schwartz R, Gottlieb S, Chenzbraun A, Stern S, Keren A. Relation of coronary artery disease to atherosclerotic disease in the aorta, carotid, and femoral arteries evaluated by ultrasound. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 80: 1429–1433.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Brass LM, Hartigan PM, Page WF, Concato J. Importance of cerebrovascular disease in studies of myocardial infarction. Stroke. 1996; 27: 1173–1176.
-
Murabito JM, D’Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF. Intermittent claudication: a risk profile from the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997; 96: 44–49.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] -
Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, Forbes S, Burvill PW, Anderson CS, Stewart-Wynne EG. Five-year survival after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke. 2000; 31: 2080–2086.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomized, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996; 348: 1329–1339.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Benesch C, Witter DM, Wilder AL, Duncan PW, Samsa GP, Matchar DB. Inaccuracy of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-9-CM) in identifying the diagnosis of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Neurology. 1997; 49: 660–664.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Leibson CL, Naessens JM, Brown RD, Whisnant JP. Accuracy of hospital discharge abstracts for identifying stroke. Stroke. 1994; 25: 2348–2355.[Abstract]
-
Rosamond WD, Folsom AR, Chambles LE, Wang CH, McGovern PG, Howard G, Copper LS, Shahar E. Stroke incidence and survival among middle-aged adults: 9-year follow-up of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort. Stroke. 1999; 30: 736–743.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] -
Goldstein LB. Accuracy of ICD-9-CM coding for the identification of patients with acute ischemic stroke: effect of modifier codes. Stroke. 1998; 29: 1602–1604.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Ellerbeck EF, Jencks SF, Radford MJ, Kresowik TF, Craig AS, Gold JA, Krumholz HM, Vogel RA. Quality of care for Medicare patients with acute myocardial infarction: a four-state pilot study from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. JAMA. 1995; 273: 1509–1514.[Abstract]
-
Fisher ES, Whaley FS, Krushat WM, Malenka DJ, Fleming C, Baron JA, Hsia DC. The accuracy of Medicare’s hospital claims data: progress has been made, but problems remain. Am J Public Health. 1992; 82: 243–248.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958; 53: 457–481.[CrossRef]
- Kornowski R, Goldbourt U, Boyko V, Behar S, and the SPRINT Study Group. Clinical predictors of reinfarction among men and women after a first myocardial infarction. Cardiology. 1995; 86: 163–168.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Kalaria VG, Zareba W, Moss AJ, Pancio G, Marder VJ, Morrissey JH, Weiss HF, Sparks CE, Greenberg H, Dwyer E, Goldstein R, Watelet LFM, for the THROMBO Investigators. Gender-related differences in thrombogenic factors predicting recurrent cardiac events in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 85: 1401–1408.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Plehn JF, Davis BR, Sacks FM, Rouleau JL, Pfeffer MA, Bernstein V, Cuddy TE, Moye LA, Piller LB, Rutherford J, Simpson LM, Braunwald E, for the CARE Investigators. Reduction of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction with pravastatin: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Study. Circulation. 1999; 99: 216–223.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] -
Leng GC, Lee AJ, Fowkes FGR, Whiteman M, Dunbar J, Housley E, Ruckley CV. Incidence, natural history and cardiovascular events in symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol. 1996; 25: 1172–1181.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] -
Jollis JG, Ancukiewicz M, DeLong ER, Pryor DB, Muhlbaier LH, Mark DB. Discordance of databases designed for claims payment versus clinical information systems: implications for outcomes research. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119: 844–850.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Soumerai SB, McLaughlin TJ, Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, Thibault G, Goldman L. Adverse outcomes of underuse of beta-blockers in elderly survivors of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1997; 277: 115–121.[Abstract]
- Iezzoni LI, Burnside S, Sickles L, Moskowitz MA, Sawitz E, Levine PA. Coding of acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 1988; 109: 745–751.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  P. Amarenco and P. G. Steg Stroke is a coronary heart disease risk equivalent: implications for future clinical trials in secondary stroke prevention Eur. Heart J., July 1, 2008; 29(13): 1605 - 1607. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Bravata, S.-Y. Ho, T. P. Meehan, L. M. Brass, and J. Concato Readmission and Death After Hospitalization for Acute Ischemic Stroke: 5-Year Follow-Up in the Medicare Population Stroke, June 1, 2007; 38(6): 1899 - 1904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. K. Liao Secondary Prevention of Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: Is More Platelet Inhibition the Answer? Circulation, March 27, 2007; 115(12): 1615 - 1621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Ph. G. Steg, D. L. Bhatt, P. W. F. Wilson, R. D'Agostino Sr, E. M. Ohman, J. Rother, C.-S. Liau, A. T. Hirsch, J.-L. Mas, Y. Ikeda, et al. One-Year Cardiovascular Event Rates in Outpatients With Atherothrombosis JAMA, March 21, 2007; 297(11): 1197 - 1206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Ruland, D. Richardson, E. Hung, J. R. Brorson, S. Cruz-Flores, W. L. Felton III, G. Ford-Lynch, C. Helgason, C. Hsu, J. Kramer, et al. Predictors of recurrent stroke in African Americans. Neurology, August 22, 2006; 67(4): 567 - 571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in C High-Dose Atorvastatin after Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack N. Engl. J. Med., August 10, 2006; 355(6): 549 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Arima, C. Tzourio, K. Butcher, C. Anderson, M.-G. Bousser, K. R. Lees, J. L. Reid, T. Omae, M. Woodward, S. MacMahon, et al. Prior Events Predict Cerebrovascular and Coronary Outcomes in the PROGRESS Trial Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1497 - 1502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Fisher Results of the Management of Atherothrombosis With Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients Trial: Implications for the Neurologist Arch Neurol, January 1, 2006; 63(1): 20 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. S. Kirshner, J. Biller, and A. S. Callahan III Long-Term Therapy to Prevent Stroke J Am Board Fam Med, November 1, 2005; 18(6): 528 - 540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C. Kaplan, D. L. Tirschwell, W. T. Longstreth Jr, T. A. Manolio, S. R. Heckbert, D. Lefkowitz, A. El-Saed, and B. M. Psaty Vascular events, mortality, and preventive therapy following ischemic stroke in the elderly Neurology, September 27, 2005; 65(6): 835 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Gebel Jr Secondary Stroke Prevention With Antiplatelet Therapy With Emphasis on the Cardiac Patient: A Neurologist's View J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 6, 2005; 46(5): 752 - 755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. G. Jamieson, A. Parekh, and M. D. Ezekowitz Review of Antiplatelet Therapy in Secondary Prevention of Cerebrovascular Events: A Need for Direct Comparisons Between Antiplatelet Agents Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, July 1, 2005; 10(3): 153 - 161. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Brown, L. D. Lisabeth, C. Roychoudhury, Y. Ye, and L. B. Morgenstern Recurrent Stroke Risk Is Higher Than Cardiac Event Risk After Initial Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack Stroke, June 1, 2005; 36(6): 1285 - 1287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Parekh, L. Zhang, B. A. Fivush, and M. J. Klag Incidence of Atherosclerosis by Race in the Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study: A Sample of the US ESRD Population J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2005; 16(5): 1420 - 1426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. F. Gordon, M. Gulanick, F. Costa, G. Fletcher, B. A. Franklin, E. J. Roth, and T. Shephard Physical Activity and Exercise Recommendations for Stroke Survivors: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the Stroke Council Stroke, May 1, 2004; 35(5): 1230 - 1240. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. F. Gordon, M. Gulanick, F. Costa, G. Fletcher, B. A. Franklin, E. J. Roth, and T. Shephard Physical Activity and Exercise Recommendations for Stroke Survivors: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the Stroke Council Circulation, April 27, 2004; 109(16): 2031 - 2041. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Adams, M. I. Chimowitz, J. S. Alpert, I. A. Awad, M. D. Cerqueria, P. Fayad, and K. A. Taubert Coronary Risk Evaluation in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Circulation, September 9, 2003; 108(10): 1278 - 1290. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Adams, M. I. Chimowitz, J. S. Alpert, I. A. Awad, M. D. Cerqueria, P. Fayad, and K. A. Taubert Coronary Risk Evaluation in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke, September 1, 2003; 34(9): 2310 - 2322. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||