This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Marstrand, J.R. Articles by Larsson, H.B.W. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Marstrand, J.R. Articles by Larsson, H.B.W. Related Collections Pathophysiology Other arteriosclerosis Imaging Ischemic biology - basic studies Computerized tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Vascular biology

(Stroke. 2002;33:972.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Cerebral Perfusion and Cerebrovascular Reactivity Are Reduced in White Matter Hyperintensities

J.R. Marstrand, MD; E. Garde, MD, PhD; E. Rostrup, MD, MSc; P. Ring, MSc; S. Rosenbaum, MD, PhD; E.L. Mortensen, PhD H.B.W. Larsson, MD, PhD

From the Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (J.R.M., E.G., E.R., P.R., S.R.), Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, and Department of Health Psychology (E.L.M.), Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and MR-Centre, University Hospital Trondheim (H.B.W.L.), Trondheim, Norway.

Correspondence to Jacob R. Marstrand, MD, Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegård Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark. E-mail marstrand{at}dadlnet.dk

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Background and Purpose— There is growing evidence that white matter hyperintensities (WMH) should not be considered as benign age-dependent changes on MR images but indicate pathological changes with clinical consequences. Previous studies comparing subjects with WMH to normal controls have reported global reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral vascular reactivity. In this study, we examined localized hemodynamic status to compare WMH to normal appearing white matter (NAWM).

Methods— A group of 21 normal 85-year-old subjects were studied using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI together with administration of acetazolamide. From a combination of anatomic images with different signal weighting, regions of interest were generated corresponding to gray and white matter and WMH. Localized measurements of CBF and cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time were obtained directly within WMH and NAWM.

Results— When comparing WMH to NAWM, measurements showed significantly lower CBF (P=0.004) and longer mean transit time (P< 0.001) in WMH but no significant difference in CBV (P=0.846). The increases in CBF and CBV induced by acetazolamide were significantly smaller in WMH than in NAWM (P=0.026, P<0.001).

Conclusion— These results show that a change in the hemodynamic status is present within the WMH, making these areas more likely to be exposed to transient ischemia inducing myelin rarefaction. In the future, MRI may be used to examine the effect of therapeutic strategies designed to prevent or normalize vascular changes.

Key Words: hemodynamics • magnetic resonance imaging, perfusion-weighted • white matter

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
There is increasing evidence of an association between white matter hyperintensities (WMH), also described as leukoariosis,¹ and reduction in different cerebral functions, supporting the view that the presence of WMH represents pathological changes. WMH are related to impaired lower extremity function² and to both subjective and objective cognitive failure^3,4 and are also associated with an age-related decline in cognitive functions.⁵ Changes in white matter tracts measured by diffusion-weighted MRI have been associated with degree of cognitive function.⁶ WMH are known to be highly related to age^7,2 but are also independently related to risk factors for cardiac and cerebral vascular disease.^8–10 It is, however, unclear to what extent white matter changes are caused by pathology in the cerebral vessels. Myelin rarefaction and changes in the small penetrating arteries have been described in conjunction with changes in WMH,^11,12 suggesting that ischemia contributes to lesion formation.¹ In support of this hypothesis, different techniques have shown that reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF)^13,14 and cerebrovascular response to acetazolamide (ACZ) or CO₂ are both related to the degree of white matter changes.^15–17 These studies, however, did not examine specifically the CBF or the cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) within the WMH but measured global CBF or CVR and compared results from subjects with WMH to normal control subjects.

The purpose of this study was to examine the hemodynamics within WMH and compare it to the normal appearing white matter (NAWM) in a group of 85-year old individuals from the Glostrup Population Studies.¹⁸ Hence, perfusion and CVR measurements within WMH, gray matter, and NAWM were performed using a combination of MR perfusion imaging and conventional anatomic MR imaging.

	Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Subjects
Since 1964, a cohort of people born in 1914 and living in municipalities close to Copenhagen County General Hospital and the County Mental Hospital in Glostrup has participated in follow-up studies of their medical, social, and mental health status. Studies have been conducted in 1964, 1974, 1984, 1989, 1995, and 2000. In 2000, the study included physical and psychological examinations performed in the home of the participants. All 121 participants undergoing psychological examination were asked if they would consider participating in the MR examination. Forty-seven persons consented to be contacted for further information; of these, 22 agreed to participate. One subject could not be examined because of a body posture incompatible with the head coil. The 21 subjects examined (13 men, 8 women) had a mean age of 85.8 (range, 85 to 86) years at the time of the MR examination. Sixteen subjects (9 men, 7 women) underwent the full MR protocol, whereas the remaining 5 did not receive ACZ either because of contraindications (2 subjects) or because they were unwilling to go through the entire examination (3 subjects). The study was approved by the local Scientific-Ethical Committee of Copenhagen County (KA 99167).

Imaging Procedure
Imaging was performed using a 1.5 T MR scanner (Vision, Siemens Erlangen) utilizing a circularly polarized head coil. The imaging protocol consisted of a T1-weighted MPRAGE (TR/TE=11.4/4.4 ms, TI=100 ms, FA=8°, FOV= 250 mm, matrix=224x256) with 1-mm isotropic voxels covering the entire head; a proton and T2-weighted double spin-echo (DSE) sequence (TR/TE=2880/20 and 80 ms, FA=90°, FOV=230 mm, matrix=256x256) with 60 slices of 2 mm measured interleaved using 2 separate acquisitions; and a T2-weighted FLAIR sequence (TR/TE=9000/110 ms, TI=2500 ms, FA=180°, FOV=230 mm, matrix=220x512) with 30 slices of 5 mm measured interleaved using 2 separate acquisitions. Perfusion-weighted MRI was performed as a dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI study using a T₂* sensitive gradient echo-echo planar imaging (GE-EPI) sequence (TR/TE=1000/66 ms, FA=60°, FOV= 250 mm, matrix=128x128, 6 slices, 5 mm, 128 measurements). During the GE-EPI sequence, Gd-DTPA (Magnevist, Schering) was injected in an antecubital vein, using an MR-compatible double-syringe power injector (Spectris MR Injector, Medrad Inc). The Gd-DTPA (0.1 mmol/kg) injection was started at the 15th measurement with an injection rate of 3 mL/s, followed by 20 mL saline at 3 mL/s. Two DSC-MRI studies were performed before and after administering 1 g of ACZ (Diamox, Wyeth Lederle) injected manually over a period of 5 minutes. The second DSC-MRI study was performed at an average time of 19 (range, 16 to 27) minutes after ACZ injection. All images were axial, and the DSE, FLAIR, and DSC images were obtained in a plane parallel to the line through the anterior and the posterior commissure.

Image Analysis
All image data were transferred to a Linux-based PC system for post-processing. All images including the DSC-MR images were coregistered to the FLAIR image (DSE in 3 cases) using a rigid-body registration (Figure 1). The registration algorithm is based on the principle of maximal mutual information in the combined histogram of the 2 images being registered.^19,20 Parametric maps representing CBF, cerebral blood volume (CBV), and mean transit time (MTT) were calculated from the DSC-MR images using a method described previously.²¹ In short, the images were converted into R₂ maps by use of the relation in Equation 1,

View larger version (76K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Registered anatomic images (FLAIR, MPR, PD, T2W), parametric maps (CBF, CBV, MTT), and region of interest (ROI) map. The ROI set contains gray matter, white matter, and white matter hyperintensity ROIs. Flair indicates FLAIR; MPR, MPRAGE; PD, proton density; T2W, T2-weighted; CBF, cerebral blood flow; CBV, cerebral blood volume; MTT, mean transit time.

where R₂ is proportional to the concentration of contrast agent with the proportionality constant _voi also known as the relaxivity. S_voi(t) is the voxel signal at time t, S₀ is the baseline voxel signal before contrast arrival, and TE is the echo time. From the converted images, a voxel representing an arterial input curve was selected from voxels having maximal amplitude and short arrival time. CBF was set to the peak point of the solution to Equation 2,

where C_t is the tissue concentration, C_a is the concentration in the feeding artery, and (1 - H (t)) is the residue impulse response function. This solution was found by the singular value decomposition (SVD) method described by Østergaard et al,²² as well as by a least square fitting algorithm, fitting an exponential function as the residue impulse response function. CBV and MTT were then calculated from Equations 3 and 4,

respectively.²³

In our previous work,²¹ GE-EPI DSC-MR studies on healthy volunteers with sequence acquisition parameters equal to this study gave absolute CBF and CBV values 6.5 times higher than positron emission tomography values in the literature,²⁴ because of underestimation of the arterial input function. Consequently CBF and CBV values are therefore scaled by a factor of 1/6.5 in this study. The parametric maps were spatially transformed onto the FLAIR images, and the 6 anatomic slices corresponding to the perfusion maps were selected for semiautomatic region of interest (ROI) generation. This was performed by drawing reference regions in white matter, gray matter, cerebrospinal fluid, and WMH in all 6 slices. Pixels with signal intensities within ±2 SD from the median signal intensity in the reference region on all anatomic image modalities were included in the corresponding ROI. ROIs with volume less than 40 mL for white and gray matter, 2 mL for cerebrospinal fluid, and 0.5 mL for WMH were excluded. To minimize partial volume effects, any voxel falling into more than 1 tissue type ROI was also excluded. By only generating regions in the 6 slices, no signal intensity changes due to field variation along the main magnetic field were present. This procedure resulted in region volumes of 102±26 mL for gray matter, 92±22 mL for white matter, and 7±6 mL for WMH (see Figure). The generated ROI sets were visually inspected, and voxels included as WMH situated outside the area of white matter (eg, plexus choroideus) were excluded. The resliced parametric maps measured before ACZ were subtracted from the maps measured after ACZ to create difference maps. Mean CBF, CBV, and MTT values before and after ACZ as well as the difference for each parameter were calculated for each ROI.

Data Analysis
The data were analyzed statistically using the statistic program package R (http://cran.r-project.org/). To examine the effect of ACZ, tissue region, and interaction between ACZ and region on CBF, CBV, and MTT values, a mixed model ANOVA was performed. Variation between subjects was handled as a random effect, whereas tissue region and ACZ were considered as fixed effects. To compare NAWM to WMH, mixed model analysis of variance was performed on the data after removal of gray matter values. NAWM and WMH region values of CBF, CBV, and MTT from the difference maps were compared using a paired t test. An F-test was used to test for significant difference in variance between the data from the 2 regions. Values of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. No significant differences in variance between NAWM and WMH regions were found for any of the parameters.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Values of CBF, CBV, and MTT before and after ACZ and values from the difference maps, measured in gray and white matter and WMH, are shown in the Table. To control the validity of the exponential function as kernel with a model-free method, both exponential fit and SVD were used solving Equation 2. The 2 methods gave comparable results, with an average difference of 6% and 0.4% in calculated CBF and CBV values, respectively. In our previous work, CBF calculated with exponential fit showed a higher correlation with carotid artery blood flow than SVD calculated values, hence values reported are calculated using the exponential fitting algorithm.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Mean Values±SD of CBF, CBV, and MTT in Grey and White Matter and White Matter Hyperintensities From Images Before and After ACZ, and From the Calculated Difference Images

Overall, after adjusting for variation due to tissue region and subject, administration of ACZ results in a significant increase in CBF (P=0.011) and CBV (P=0.022), with no significant change in MTT (P=0.70). The percentage changes in CBF and CBV are 47±39 and 46±49% in gray matter, 52±48 and 44±54% in NAWM, and 45±41 and 30±38% in WMH, respectively.

When comparing WMH with NAWM, CBF is significantly lower in WMH (P=0.004), and the ANOVA analysis showed a strong tendency toward an interaction between the effect of ACZ on CBF and tissue region (P=0.053). When analyzing the difference maps, the change in CBF due to ACZ was significantly smaller in WMH than in NAWM (P=0.026). CBV in WMH and in NAWM was not significantly different (P=0.846), but there was a significant interaction between the effect of ACZ on CBV and tissue region (P=0.002). The difference maps showed a significantly smaller change in CBV (P>0.001) in the WMH than in the NAWM. MTT was significantly longer in WMH than in NAWM (P<0.001), but there was no significant interaction between ACZ effect and tissue region (P=0.690) and no difference in the change in MTT (P=0.904) between these regions.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
This study has demonstrated that both CBF and CVR are reduced and MTT is increased in areas with WMH as compared with NAWM. Although several previous reports support our findings of altered hemodynamics in relation to WMH, to our knowledge this is the first study demonstrating this by using high-resolution perfusion-weighted MR. Previous studies have not measured the hemodynamic status specifically within the WMH and compared it to surrounding NAWM, but have compared CBF in global white matter in individuals with WMH to individuals without WMH. Reduced CBF in global white matter associated with WMH has been shown by positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and Xe-CT.^14,13,25 In addition, using transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD), Tzourio et al²⁶ found the degree of WMH to be associated with a reduction in MCA blood flow velocity. Because of the absence of a control group, it cannot be excluded that CBF in NAWM is itself reduced in our study population compared with CBF in NAWM in subjects without WMH. Hatazawa et al¹⁴ found a global white matter CBF reduction of 14%, whereas the reduction in CBF between WMH and NAWM in this study was 29%, suggesting that the measured reduction in global white matter CBF reflects local changes in WMH. Our finding of a reduced CVR within WMH is in accord with previous findings. Oishi and Mochizuki, ²⁵ using Xe-CT, found a significantly reduced CVR in patients with leukoariosis compared with controls. Isaka et al¹⁷ measured cortical CVR using a surface detector system and Xe clearance and found a significant negative correlation between CVR and the severity of periventricular hyperintensities. Reduction in CVR measured by CO₂-enhanced TCD has also been associated with the extent of WMH.¹⁵ However, Turc et al¹³ were unable to find any significant reduction in CVR in the white matter of subjects with leukoariosis compared with normals. As pointed out by that group, the limited resolution in their CBF images with subsequent partial volume effects between tissue compartments could explain why no differences were detected.

Our results are a strong indication of an altered hemodynamic status within the WMH compared with the surrounding tissue and of WMH representing a pathological vascular state.¹ Several histological studies report vascular changes in relation to WMH as well as varying degrees of ischemic injury.^11,12,27,28 It would be expected that reduction in CVR would render the tissue more sensitive to alterations in perfusion pressure, and it is noted that WMH have been associated with orthostatic hypotension.² The association between hypertension^9,10,29 as well as atherosclerosis⁸ and WMH supports the theory of vessel disease causing these lesions. Sander et al³⁰ found a relationship between elevated nighttime systolic blood pressure and WMH, whereas Schmidt et al³¹ found that the LL PON1 genotype, which has been associated with small-vessel disease retinopathy, influenced the progression of WMH. The altered hemodynamics due to induced vessel changes could cause rarefaction of the myelin sheaths as consistently found in histological studies of WMH.¹

Our results were obtained in a selected group of 85-year-old subjects with an expected high prevalence of WMH. Whether other age groups exhibit the same hemodynamic changes in WMH as found in this study needs to be established.

Regional differences in vasculature and histopathological changes suggest a distinction between deep and periventricular WMH.¹¹ Our ROI-generating program selected regions with regard to signal intensities, and not anatomical location, on the basis of manually drawn reference regions, and by combining the information from several images with different signal weighting. Partial volume effects were reduced by excluding voxels selected for more than 1 tissue, thereby obtaining ROIs specific to the different tissue types. The WMH ROIs could potentially have been stratified based on their location in deep and periventricular regions, but our data set was not large enough for such a stratification. To perform this stratification in a greater population as well as combining the hemodynamic information with information from MR diffusion and spectroscopic measurements would be of interest and is the aim of future studies.

In the group of 85-year-old volunteers, ACZ induced a significant increase in both CBF and CBV, smaller than the increase measured in our previous study of a group of younger healthy volunteers, ²¹ and suggests a possible reduction in CVR with age. To confirm this, measurements from more individuals with identical imaging protocols are required. An age-dependent reduction in CVR has been demonstrated in studies using TCD. Matteis et al³² showed an age-dependent reduction in CVR in both sexes using a breath-holding technique, whereas Kastrup et al,³³ using CO₂ inhalation as a stimulus, showed a reduction in CVR, only in women between the 4th and 5th decade.

Using our approach, we have demonstrated that it is possible from the absolute values to measure significant ACZ-induced changes. The measured data were scaled by a numerical factor derived from a previous study²¹ because of a known underestimation of the measured input function. Since all subjects and measurements have been scaled by the same numerical factor, this procedure does not influence any of the results of the statistical analysis, and the conclusions drawn from the study are the same independent of this procedure. There is need for a more optimized calibration method of the absolute values measured. One approach used by Østergaard et al³⁴ is to scale the area under the arterial input function by the given dose of contrast agent and then use a common conversion factor to get absolute CBF.

Conclusion
We have shown for the first time that perfusion and CVR are reduced within WMH in comparison to the NAWM in a group of normal elderly. Furthermore, we suggest that this approach could be a step toward examining the effect of therapies designed to prevent or normalize vascular changes.

	Acknowledgments

 
The study was supported by The Danish Medical Research Council, the Foundation for Research in Neurology, and The Danish Medical Association Research Fund.

Received November 13, 2001; revision received January 7, 2002; accepted January 9, 2002.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 

1. Pantoni L, Garcia J. Pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis: a review. Stroke. 1997; 28: 652–659.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Longstreth WTJ, Manolio T, Arnold A, Burke G, Bryan N, Jungreis C, Enright P, O’Leary D, Fried L. Clinical correlates of white matter findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3301 elderly people. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke. 1996; 27: 1274–1282.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. de Groot JC, de Leeuw FE, Oudkerk M, van Gijn J, Hofman A, Jolles J, Breteler M. Cerebral white matter lesions and cognitive function: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Ann Neurol. 2000; 47: 145–151.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. de Groot JC, de Leeuw FE, Oudkerk M, Hofman A, Jolles J, Breteler M. Cerebral white matter lesions and subjective cognitive dysfunction: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Neurology. 2001; 56: 1539–1545.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Garde E, Mortensen E, Krabbe K, Rostrup E, Larsson H. Relation between age-related decline in intelligence and cerebral white-matter hyperintensities in healthy octogenarians: a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2000; 356: 628–634.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
6. O’Sullivan M, Jones D, Summers P, Morris R, Williams S, Markus H. Evidence for cortical "disconnection" as a mechanism of age-related cognitive decline. Neurology. 2001; 57: 632–638.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Christiansen P, Larsson H, Thomsen C, Wieslander S, Henriksen O. Age dependent white matter lesions and brain volume changes in healthy volunteers. Acta Radiol. 1994; 35: 117–122.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8. Bots M, van Swieten J, Breteler M, de Jong P, van Gijn J, Hofman A, Grobbee D. Cerebral white matter lesions and atherosclerosis in the Rotterdam Study. Lancet. 1993; 341: 1232–1237.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Liao D, Cooper L, Cai J, Toole J, Bryan N, Hutchinson R, Tyroler H. Presence and severity of cerebral white matter lesions and hypertension, its treatment, and its control: the ARIC study: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Stroke. 1996; 27: 2262–2270.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10. Dufouil C, de Kersaint-Gilly A, Besancon V, Levy C, Auffray E, Brunnereau L, Alperovitch A, Tzourio C. Longitudinal study of blood pressure and white matter hyperintensities: the EVA MRI Cohort. Neurology. 2001; 56: 921–926.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Offenbacher H, Schmidt R, Kleinert G, Payer F, Radner H, Lechner H. Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities. Neurology. 1993; 43: 1683–1689.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. Englund E. Neuropathology of white matter changes in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1998; 9 (suppl 1): 6–12.[CrossRef]
13. Turc JD, Chollet F, Berry I, Sabatini U, D’emonet J, Celsis P, Marc-Vergnes JP, Rascol A. Cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood flow reactivity to acetazolamide, and cerebral blood volume in patients with leukoaraiosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1994; 4: 287–293.
14. Hatazawa J, Shimosegawa E, Satoh T, Toyoshima H, Okudera T. Subcortical hypoperfusion associated with asymptomatic white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke. 1997; 28: 1944–1947.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
15. Bakker S, de Leeuw F, de Groot J, Hofman A, Koudstaal P, Breteler M. Cerebral vasomotor reactivity and cerebral white matter lesions in the elderly. Neurology. 1999; 52: 578–583.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
16. Isaka Y, Nagano K, Narita M, Ashida K, Imaizumi M. High signal intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and cerebral hemodynamic reserve in carotid occlusive disease. Stroke. 1997; 28: 354–357.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
17. Isaka Y, Okamoto M, Ashida K, Imaizumi M. Decreased cerebrovascular dilatory capacity in subjects with asymptomatic periventricular hyperintensities. Stroke. 1994; 25: 375–381.[Abstract]
18. Hagerup L, Hansen P. [An investigation of 50-year-old persons in Glostrup in 1964-65]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1968; 130: 1145–1148.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
19. Maes F, Vandermeulen D, Suetens P. Comparative evaluation of multiresolution optimization strategies for multimodality image registration by maximization of mutual information. Med Image Anal. 1999; 3: 373–386.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
20. Ring P, Lassen A, Rostrup E. An entropy measure for the registration of 3D MRI. Proceedings of the Society of Magnetic Resonance 3,. vol 2, 1995;Abstract.
21. Marstrand J, Rostrup E, Rosenbaum S, Garde E, Larsson H. Cerebral hemodynamic changes measured by gradient-echo or spin-echo bolus tracking and its correlation to changes in ICA blood flow measured by phase-mapping MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001; 14: 391–400.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
22. Østergaard L, Weisskoff R, Chesler D, Gyldensted C, Rosen B. High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part I: mathematical approach and statistical analysis. Magn Reson Med. 1996; 36: 715–725.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
23. Meier P, Zierler K. On the theory of the indicator-dilution method for measurement of blood flow and volume. J Appl Physiol. 1954; 6: 731–744.[Free Full Text]
24. Leenders K, Perani D, Lammertsma A, Heather J, Buckingham P, Healy M, Gibbs J, Wise R, Hatazawa J, Herold S. Cerebral blood flow, blood volume and oxygen utilization: normal values and effect of age. Brain. 1990; 113: 27–47.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
25. Oishi M, Mochizuki Y. Differences in regional cerebral blood flow in two types of leuko-araiosis. J Neurol Sci. 1999; 164: 129–133.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
26. Tzourio C, Levy C, Dufouil C, Touboul P, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A. Low cerebral blood flow velocity and risk of white matter hyperintensities. Ann Neurol. 2001; 49: 411–414.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
27. Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Leys D, Wolters E, Ravid R, Kamphorst W. Histopathologic correlates of white matter changes on MRI in Alzheimer’s disease and normal aging. Neurology. 1995; 45: 883–888.[Abstract]
28. Imaoka K, Kobayashi S, Fujihara S, Shimode K, Nagasaki M. Leukoencephalopathy with cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a semiquantitative and morphometric study. J Neurol. 1999; 246: 661–666.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
29. Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Kapeller P, Schmidt H, Hartung H. MRI white matter hyperintensities: three-year follow-up of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. Neurology. 1999; 53: 132–139.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
30. Sander D, Winbeck K, Klingelhofer J, Conrad B. Extent of cerebral white matter lesions is related to changes of circadian blood pressure rhythmicity. Arch Neurol. 2000; 57: 1302–1307.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
31. Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Fazekas F, Kapeller P, Roob G, Lechner A, Kostner G, Hartung H. MRI cerebral white matter lesions and paraoxonase PON1 polymorphisms: three-year follow-up of the austrian stroke prevention study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20: 1811–1816.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
32. Matteis M, Troisi E, Monaldo B, Caltagirone C, Silvestrini M. Age and sex differences in cerebral hemodynamics: a transcranial Doppler study. Stroke. 1998; 29: 963–967.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
33. Kastrup A, Dichgans J, Niemeier M, Schabet M. Changes of cerebrovascular CO₂ reactivity during normal aging. Stroke. 1998; 29: 1311–1314.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
34. Østergaard L, Smith D, Vestergaard-Poulsen P, Hansen S, Gee A, Gjedde A, Gyldensted C. Absolute cerebral blood flow and blood volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging bolus tracking: comparison with positron emission tomography values. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998; 18: 425–432.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				N. Altaf, P. S. Morgan, A. Moody, S. T. MacSweeney, J. R. Gladman, and D. P. Auer Brain White Matter Hyperintensities Are Associated with Carotid Intraplaque Hemorrhage Radiology, July 1, 2008; 248(1): 202 - 209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Holland, E. E. Smith, I. Csapo, M. E. Gurol, D. A. Brylka, R. J. Killiany, D. Blacker, M. S. Albert, C. R.G. Guttmann, and S. M. Greenberg Spatial Distribution of White-Matter Hyperintensities in Alzheimer Disease, Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, and Healthy Aging Stroke, April 1, 2008; 39(4): 1127 - 1133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. H. ten Dam, D. M. J. van den Heuvel, A. J. M. de Craen, E. L. E. M. Bollen, H. M. Murray, R. G. J. Westendorp, G. J. Blauw, and M. A. van Buchem Decline in Total Cerebral Blood Flow Is Linked with Increase in Periventricular but Not Deep White Matter Hyperintensities Radiology, April 1, 2007; 243(1): 198 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. G. Munoz Leukoaraiosis and Ischemia: Beyond the Myth Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1348 - 1349. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R Peters Ageing and the brain Postgrad. Med. J., February 1, 2006; 82(964): 84 - 88. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Firbank, A. J. Lloyd, N. Ferrier, and J. T. O'Brien A Volumetric Study of MRI Signal Hyperintensities in Late-Life Depression Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, December 1, 2004; 12(6): 606 - 612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Greenberg, M. E. Gurol, J. Rosand, and E. E. Smith Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Vascular Cognitive Impairment Stroke, November 1, 2004; 35(11_suppl_1): 2616 - 2619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. van der Grond, A. F. van Raamt, Y. van der Graaf, W. P.T.M. Mali, and R. H.C. Bisschops A fetal circle of Willis is associated with a decreased deep white matter lesion load Neurology, October 26, 2004; 63(8): 1452 - 1456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-K. Kuo and L. A. Lipsitz Cerebral White Matter Changes and Geriatric Syndromes: Is There a Link? J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., August 1, 2004; 59(8): M818 - M826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. J. del Zoppo TIAs and the pathology of cerebral ischemia Neurology, April 27, 2004; 62(8_suppl_6): S15 - S19. [Full Text]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Marstrand, J.R. Articles by Larsson, H.B.W. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Marstrand, J.R. Articles by Larsson, H.B.W. Related Collections Pathophysiology Other arteriosclerosis Imaging Ischemic biology - basic studies Computerized tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Vascular biology