This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by van Dijk, J. M. C. Articles by Wallace, M. C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by van Dijk, J. M. C. Articles by Wallace, M. C. Related Collections Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Cerebral Aneurysm, AVM, & Subarachnoid hemorrhage Risk Factors for Stroke

(Stroke. 2002;33:1233.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Clinical Course of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas With Long-Term Persistent Cortical Venous Reflux

J. Marc C. van Dijk, MD; Karel G. terBrugge, MD; Robert A. Willinsky, MD M. Christopher Wallace, MD, MSc

From the Division of Neurosurgery and Division of Neuroradiology (K.G.T., R.A.W., M.C.W.), University of Toronto Brain Vascular Malformations Study Group, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.C. van D.), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Correspondence to J. Marc C. van Dijk, MD, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery, West Pavillion, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada. E-mail vandijk.md{at}planet.nl

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Background and Purpose— The natural history of aggressive (Borden 2 and 3) cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) is not well described. Reported annual mortality and hemorrhage rates vary widely and range up to 20% per year. A consecutive single-center cohort of 236 cases that presented with a cranial DAVF between June 1984 and May 2001 was reviewed for the consequences of long-term persistent cortical venous reflux (CVR).

Methods— A group of 118 cranial DAVFs was selected for the presence of CVR. All patients were offered treatment aimed at the disconnection of the CVR. Patients who declined or had partial treatment with persistence of the CVR had long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up to study the disease course of this select group.

Results— Treatment was instituted in 101 of the 118 patients (85.6%). Three patients were lost to follow-up. The remaining 14 nontreated patients (11.9%) and the partially treated patients (n=6) were assessed clinically and angiographically over time. The mean follow-up in this select group was 4.3 years (86.9 patient-years). During follow-up, 7 patients suffered an intracranial hemorrhage (35%). The incidence of nonhemorrhagic neurological deficit was 30%. Nine patients (45%) died: 6 patients expired after a hemorrhage, and 3 patients died of progressive neurological deterioration. Two patients demonstrated a spontaneous closure of the DAVF (10%).

Conclusions— Persistence of the CVR in cranial DAVFs yields an annual mortality rate of 10.4%. Excluding events at presentation, in this series the annual risk for hemorrhage or nonhemorrhagic neurological deficit during follow-up was 8.1% and 6.9%, respectively, resulting in an annual event rate of 15.0%.

Key Words: central nervous system vascular malformations • natural history • reflux, cortical venous • treatment outcome

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
To justify treating a cranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), the expected risk of sequelae in its natural course should be compared with the risk and the expected success rate of the proposed treatment. It is generally accepted that the risks of cranial DAVFs are dictated by their pattern of venous drainage, with features such as cortical venous reflux (CVR), galenic drainage, and venous congestion believed to contribute to an aggressive presentation with hemorrhage, nonhemorrhagic neurological deficit (NHND), or death.^1–4 However, the reported annual morbidity and mortality rates of DAVFs with an aggressive presentation differ widely, ranging from 1.8% to 20% per year.^5,6 Moreover, nearly all studies are restricted to the events at presentation, and the minority of studies focus on the follow-up behavior of DAVFs.

Davies et al⁷ validated the popular classification scales of Borden et al⁸ and Cognard et al.⁹ Both scales only looked at presentation events; however, they can be used to categorize DAVFs into benign or aggressive based on the presence of CVR. The disease course of lesions without CVR has been predicted as benign.^10,11 However, despite attempts from several authors,^5,6,12 evidence is limited about the disease course of the aggressive lesions after presentation. In this article, we aim to clarify the behavior of aggressive cranial DAVFs with long-term persistence of the CVR.

	Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
The University of Toronto Brain Vascular Malformation Study Group has consecutively assessed 236 patients with cranial DAVFs. All cases were evaluated at The Toronto Western Hospital between June 1984 and May 2001, prospectively since 1989. The patients were clinically and radiologically assessed in a multidisciplinary clinic, attended by both neurosurgeons and interventional neuroradiologists. The assessment included a detailed medical history, a full neurological examination, and at least 1 angiogram.

The Borden classification and the Cognard classification were used to categorize the cranial DAVFs (Table 1). A cohort of 118 patients with an aggressive cranial DAVF was selected for the presence of CVR (Borden grade 2 or 3; Cognard type IIb, IIa+b, III or IV) on the initial angiogram, which was reviewed by an experienced neuroradiologist.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Classification of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas

Among the 101 patients who were treated, 95 patients were cured within 1 week (median, 2 days; range, 1 to 7 days) after the initial angiogram. They were excluded from this review.

A subgroup of 20 patients who had persistent CVR, either after refusing a procedure to disconnect the CVR or after partial treatment, were studied in detail. These patients were closely followed both clinically and by medical imaging. Clinical review was performed on a 3-month basis in the multidisciplinary clinic and in between upon deterioration or any other change in symptoms. Medical imaging consisted of a yearly MRI and an angiographic reevaluation if considered necessary.

During the follow-up period, events such as intracranial hemorrhage (both clinical and radiological), NHND, and death were considered aggressive. Headache, bruit, orbital phenomena, and cranial nerve deficit due to cavernous sinus lesions (ophthalmoplegia) were regarded as benign and not accounting for morbidity or mortality, even if considered intolerable by the patient or causing ophthalmologic sequelae. At the end of the follow-up period, the clinical status of the patients was evaluated using the following outcome scale: death; severe disability; moderate disability; good recovery; and (spontaneous) cure. Statistical significance was calculated using the Fisher exact test.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
All 118 patients with an aggressive DAVF were offered treatment. This advice was followed by 101 patients (85.6%). Three patients were lost to follow-up before having treatment (2.5%) and were excluded from this review. The remaining 14 patients who declined treatment were selected to assess their disease course, together with 6 patients who had persistence of CVR despite treatment (Table 2).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 2. Summary of Patients With Persistent Cortical Venous Reflux

The initial clinical presentation was symptomatic in all but 1 patient. Five patients (25%) presented with an intracranial hemorrhage. Eleven patients (55%) had NHND, of which 2 patients presented with generalized seizures. Four patients (20%) had a benign presentation. Two patients were assessed because of a cranial bruit, and 1 patient presented with orbital symptoms. The asymptomatic DAVF was incidentally discovered in the work-up of a superior sagittal sinus thrombosis (Table 3).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 3. Clinical Presentation

During the follow-up time of mean 4.3 years (89.6 patient-years), 7 patients suffered an intracranial hemorrhage, of which 3 patients had presented with hemorrhage. The hemorrhages occurred at a median of 2.33 (range, 0.29 to 5.42) years after the initial presentation, without a significant difference between partially treated and untreated individuals. Hemorrhage during follow-up was the direct cause of death in 6 of these patients. The occurrence of NHND is outlined in Table 4. Six patients (30%) suffered an NHND. Four of these 6 cases developed a progressive dementia syndrome related to a diffuse venous congestive encephalopathy, which in 3 cases led to death and in 1 case to a moribund state.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 4. Nonhemorrhagic Neurological Deficits

Among the 20 patients with persistent CVR, 9 patients (45%) died during follow-up. One patient (5%) was severely disabled because of progressive dementia. Five patients (25%) remained stable with moderate disabilities, and 5 patients (25%) had a resolution of the preexisting symptoms, of which an angiographic cure of the DAVF was demonstrated in 2 nontreated cases. Overall, 5 of 6 patients treated partially had a bad outcome versus 6 of 14 untreated patients. This difference is not significant (P=0.12).

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Cranial DAVFs with CVR should be considered aggressive lesions. Their behavior includes the likelihood of intracranial hemorrhage, NHND, and death at presentation.¹ However, the disease course after their aggressive presentation is less well understood. Davies et al⁶ reported a 20% annual mortality and morbidity rate, and Duffau et al¹² published their experience of a 35% rebleeding rate in the 2 weeks after the first hemorrhage. These numbers mandate treatment of these lesions urgently, with the aim of disconnection of the CVR. This can be achieved by either surgical or endovascular procedures.^13–18 Total resection of the DAVF itself with or without sacrifice of the dural sinus may not be necessary. Disconnection of the CVR alone may suffice because lesions without CVR have been shown to follow a benign course.^10,11 Radiosurgical treatment, although reported in the literature to be effective in several case reports or small series,^19–22 carries an unacceptable delay of 1 to 3 years in the cure of DAVFs with CVR and therefore is not recommended as primary therapy for these lesions.

Based on the aforementioned, DAVFs with CVR require treatment. However, in this series, 14 patients declined a treatment offer and 6 patients had persistence of the CVR despite attempts at cure. It is well understood that these 20 cases are subjected to a bias because they were not randomly chosen; however, they form a unique group providing more insight into the risk of a neurological event in patients harboring a DAVF with persistent CVR.

In the literature, several large series describe the aggressive findings related to DAVFs with CVR; however, they are restricted to events at presentation. Malik et al³ recognized CVR as an important factor. They presented case histories of 6 patients with hemorrhages among 10 patients in their own experience, and they reported 213 earlier published cases. Only 1 of their personal cases had persistent CVR after treatment, with repeated rebleeding as a result. Awad and coworkers¹ described their experience of 17 cases and reviewed 360 cases from the literature. They discriminated between benign and aggressive DAVFs and related the latter group to venous features such as CVR and galenic drainage. However, again, they just looked at the presenting symptoms. Cognard et al⁹ followed only 120 of their 258 patients over a mean period of 52 months, treated and not treated. Although they give a good overview of the incidence of aggressive neurological events, they do not elucidate in how may cases the CVR was obliterated after treatment, nor do they discriminate between events occurring at presentation versus during follow-up. A statement about the expected disease course of DAVFs with CVR can therefore not be determined. The only studies predominantly focused on events later than the initial presentation were performed by Duffau et al, ¹² Brown et al,⁵ and Davies et al.⁶ Duffau et al¹² looked at their short time frame between the diagnosis and treatment, which lasted a mean of only 20 days. Brown et al⁵ followed patients for a mean of 6.6 years; however, they did not specifically select for CVR, making the present study unique in concentrating on the disease course of DAVFs with persistent CVR during a long-term follow-up, disregarding the signs and symptoms at presentation. The present study examines an expanded patient cohort initially published in 1997 by Davies et al.⁶ They calculated an annual mortality of 19.2%, with a 19.2% annual rate of hemorrhage and a 10.9% annual rate of NHND during the disease course of DAVFs with persistent CVR. The present study recalculates these rates based on a larger population and 4 times the follow-up time.

In the present study, 16 (80%) of the 20 patients had an aggressive presentation, as outlined in Table 3. During the combined follow-up time of 86.9 patient-years, 9 of the 20 patients died (45%), resulting in an annual mortality rate of 10.4%.

Seven patients suffered a hemorrhage (35%), 6 of whom died as a direct result of the hemorrhages. As a result, the annual hemorrhage rate was calculated as 8.1%, exactly 4.5 times the annual rate of 1.8% reported by Brown and coworkers.⁵ An explanation for this remarkable difference might be the fact that Brown et al⁵ did not discriminate for the presence of CVR in their whole group, because in their series a full angiographic study was only available in 27 patients (50%). It is therefore likely that the great majority of the DAVFs of their whole group of 54 patients were benign, ie, without CVR. Although Brown et al⁵ mentioned the occurrence of 3 intracranial hemorrhages in a subpopulation of 14 patients during their follow-up, they did not find a significant relationship with CVR. However, they reported a significant influence of venous drainage into the petrosal or straight sinus and of the occurrence of a venous ectasia of a draining vein. These anatomical factors were not of significant influence in the current study. As stated in Table 2, there was only 1 case with drainage into straight sinus and 1 case with a venous ectasia (Cognard type IV). Moreover, the former case had a spontaneous cure.

In the present series, NHND occurred in 6 patients (30%), 4 of them suffering from a progressive dementia syndrome due to generalized venous hypertension. This phenomenon was already described by Lasjaunias et al² and further elaborated by others.^23–25 As described by Cognard et al, all patients with a dementia syndrome in this series demonstrated retrograde flow in the draining sinus (Cognard type II), causing the venous hypertensive state.²³ It resulted in death or severe disability in all 4 cases. The other 2 patients with an NHND in this series suffered venous infarction, resulting in a 6.9% annual event rate.

Although 5 cases had a favorable outcome, with angiography-proven spontaneous occlusion in 2 cases (10.0%), the combined annual hemorrhage and NHND rate of 15.0%, together with the annual mortality rate of 10.4%, mandates prompt diagnosis and subsequent surgical or endovascular treatment of these lesions.

Of course, this study also has its limitations. During the study period of 17 years, the understanding and treatment possibilities of cranial DAVFs have changed, although the 20 studied cases were equally distributed over the whole period. Moreover, the possibility exists that the favorable outcome in the 3 cases without angiographic occlusion of the DAVF reflects a too short follow-up at the time of evaluation.

Conclusion
DAVFs with CVR carry a high risk for neurological sequelae or death, both at presentation and in their disease course. During the disease course, in this series the persistence of CVR yields an annual mortality rate of 10.4%. In addition, disregarding aggressive events at presentation, the annual risk of intracranial hemorrhage or NHND is 8.1% and 6.9%, respectively, adding up to a 15.0% annual event rate. These numbers mandate prompt diagnosis and treatment of these aggressive lesions.

Received October 23, 2001; revision received December 20, 2001; accepted January 1, 2002.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
1. Awad IA, Little JR, Akarawi WP, Ahl J. Intracranial dural arteriovenous malformations: factors predisposing to an aggressive neurological course. J Neurosurg. 1990; 72: 839–850.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

2. Lasjaunias P, Chiu M, ter Brugge K, Tolia A, Hurth M, Bernstein M. Neurological manifestations of intracranial dural arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1986; 64: 724–730.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

3. Malik GM, Pearce JE, Ausman JI, Mehta B. Dural arteriovenous malformations and intracranial hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1984; 15: 332–339.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

4. Willinsky R, Goyal M, TerBrugge K, Montanera W. Tortuous, engorged pial veins in intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: correlations with presentation, location, and MR findings in 122 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999; 20: 1031–1036.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

5. Brown RD Jr, Wiebers DO, Nichols DA. Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae: angiographic predictors of intracranial hemorrhage and clinical outcome in nonsurgical patients. J Neurosurg. 1994; 81: 531–538.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

6. Davies MA, TerBrugge K, Willinsky R, Wallace MC. The natural history and management of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae, part 2: aggressive lesions. Interv Neuroradiol. 1997; 3: 303–311.

7. Davies MA, TerBrugge K, Willinsky R, Coyne T, Saleh J, Wallace MC. The validity of classification for the clinical presentation of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas. J Neurosurg. 1996; 85: 830–837.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

8. Borden JA, Wu JK, Shucart WA. A proposed classification for spinal and cranial dural arteriovenous fistulous malformations and implications for treatment. J Neurosurg. 1995; 82: 166–179.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

9. Cognard C, Gobin YP, Pierot L, Bailly AL, Houdart E, Casasco A, Chiras J, Merland JJ. Cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical and angiographic correlation with a revised classification of venous drainage. Radiology. 1995; 194: 671–680.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10. Davies MA, Saleh J, TerBrugge K, Willinsky R, Wallace MC. The natural history and management of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae, part 1: benign lesions. Interventional Neuroradiology. 1997; 3: 295–302.

11. Fermand M, Reizine D, Melki JP, Riche MC, Merland JJ. Long term follow-up of 43 pure dural arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) of the lateral sinus. Neuroradiology. 1987; 29: 348–353.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

12. Duffau H, Lopes M, Janosevic V, Sichez JP, Faillot T, Capelle L, Ismail M, Bitar A, Arthuis F, Fohanno D. Early rebleeding from intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: report of 20 cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 1999; 90: 78–84.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

13. Collice M, D’Aliberti G, Talamonti G, Branca V, Boccardi E, Scialfa G, Versari PP. Surgical interruption of leptomeningeal drainage as treatment for intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas without dural sinus drainage. J Neurosurg. 1996; 84: 810–817.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

14. Endo S, Kuwayama N, Takaku A, Nishijima M. Direct packing of the isolated sinus in patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas of the transverse-sigmoid sinus. J Neurosurg. 1998; 88: 449–456.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

15. Hoh BL, Choudhri TF, Connolly ES, Jr, Solomon RA. Surgical management of high-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: leptomeningeal venous disruption without nidus excision. Neurosurgery. 1998; 42: 796–804.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

16. Mironov A. Selective transvenous embolization of dural fistulas without occlusion of the dural sinus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998; 19: 389–391.[Abstract]

17. Roy D, Raymond J. The role of transvenous embolization in the treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas. Neurosurgery. 1997; 40: 1133–1141.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

18. Thompson BG, Doppman JL, Oldfield EH. Treatment of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae by interruption of leptomeningeal venous drainage. J Neurosurg. 1994; 80: 617–623.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

19. Chandler HC, Friedman WA. Successful radiosurgical treatment of a dural arteriovenous malformation: case report. Neurosurgery. 1993; 33: 139–141.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

20. Guo WY, Pan DH, Wu HM, Chung WY, Shiau CY, Wang LW, Chiou HJ, Yen MY, Teng MM. Radiosurgery as a treatment alternative for dural arteriovenous fistulas of the cavernous sinus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998; 19: 1081–1087.[Abstract]

21. Pollock BE, Nichols DA, Garrity JA, Gorman DA, Stafford SL. Stereotactic radiosurgery and particulate embolization for cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulae. Neurosurgery. 1999; 45: 459–466.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

22. Shin M, Kurita H, Tago M, Kirino T. Stereotactic radiosurgery for tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulae draining into the vein of Galen: report of two cases. Neurosurgery. 2000; 46: 730–733.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

23. Cognard C, Casasco A, Toevi M, Houdart E, Chiras J, Merland JJ. Dural arteriovenous fistulas as a cause of intracranial hypertension due to impairment of cranial venous outflow. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998; 65: 308–316.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

24. Hurst RW, Bagley LJ, Galetta S, Glosser G, Lieberman AP, Trojanowski J, Sinson G, Stecker M, Zager E, Raps EC, Flamm ES. Dementia resulting from dural arteriovenous fistulas: the pathologic findings of venous hypertensive encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998; 19: 1267–1273.[Abstract]

25. Willinsky R, TerBrugge K, Montanera W, Mikulis D, Wallace MC. Venous congestion: an MR finding in dural arteriovenous malformations with cortical venous drainage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994; 15: 1501–1507.[Abstract]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				L-K Tsai, S-J Yeh, Y-C Chen, H-M Liu, and J-S Jeng Screen for intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae with carotid duplex sonography J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, November 1, 2009; 80(11): 1225 - 1229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P.W.A. Willems, R.I. Farb, and R. Agid Endovascular Treatment of Epistaxis AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., October 1, 2009; 30(9): 1637 - 1645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R.I. Farb, R. Agid, R.A. Willinsky, D.M. Johnstone, and K.G. terBrugge Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: Diagnosis and Classification with Time-Resolved MR Angiography at 3T AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., September 1, 2009; 30(8): 1546 - 1551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. C. van Dijk, K. G. TerBrugge, R. A. Willinsky, and M. C. Wallace The Natural History of Dural Arteriovenous Shunts: The Toronto Experience Stroke, May 1, 2009; 40(5): e412 - e412. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Soderman, L. Pavic, G. Edner, S. Holmin, and T. Andersson Response to Letter by van Dijk et al Stroke, May 1, 2009; 40(5): e413 - e414. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Geibprasert, V. Pereira, T. Krings, P. Jiarakongmun, F. Toulgoat, S. Pongpech, and P. Lasjaunias Dural Arteriovenous Shunts: A New Classification of Craniospinal Epidural Venous Anatomical Bases and Clinical Correlations Stroke, October 1, 2008; 39(10): 2783 - 2794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Soderman, L. Pavic, G. Edner, S. Holmin, and T. Andersson Natural History of Dural Arteriovenous Shunts Stroke, June 1, 2008; 39(6): 1735 - 1739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Cognard, A.C. Januel, N.A. Silva Jr, and P. Tall Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas with Cortical Venous Drainage: New Management Using Onyx AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., February 1, 2008; 29(2): 235 - 241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R.G. Nogueira, G. Dabus, J.D. Rabinov, C.J. Eskey, C.S. Ogilvy, J.A. Hirsch, and J.C. Pryor Preliminary Experience with Onyx Embolization for the Treatment of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., January 1, 2008; 29(1): 91 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W.J. van Rooij, M. Sluzewski, and G.N. Beute Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas with Cortical Venous Drainage: Incidence, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., April 1, 2007; 28(4): 651 - 655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D.J. Kim, D.I. Kim, S.H. Suh, J. Kim, S.K. Lee, E.Y. Kim, and T.S. Chung Results of Transvenous Embolization of Cavernous Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: A Single-Center Experience with Emphasis on Complications and Management AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., November 1, 2006; 27(10): 2078 - 2082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Noguchi, M. Kubo, N. Kuwayama, Y. Kamisaki, G. Tomizawa, K. Kameda, H. Kawabe, S. Ogawa, N. Watanabe, S. Endo, et al. Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas with Retrograde Cortical Venous Drainage: Assessment with Cerebral Blood Volume by Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., June 1, 2006; 27(6): 1252 - 1256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Metoki, S. Mugikura, S. Higano, M. Ezura, Y. Matsumoto, K. Hirayama, and S. Takahashi Subcortical Calcification on CT in Dural Arteriovenous Fistula with Cortical Venous Reflux. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2006; 27(5): 1076 - 1078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Horie, M. Morikawa, N. Kitigawa, K. Tsutsumi, M. Kaminogo, and I. Nagata 2D Thick-Section MR Digital Subtraction Angiography for the Assessment of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., February 1, 2006; 27(2): 264 - 269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Alatakis, G. Koulouris, and S. Stuckey CT-Demonstrated Transcalvarial Channels Diagnostic of Dural Arteriovenous Fistula AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., October 1, 2005; 26(9): 2393 - 2396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Deguchi, M. Yamada, H. Kobata, and T. Kuroiwa Regional Cerebral Blood Flow After Acetazolamide Challenge in Patients with Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: Simple Way to Evaluate Intracranial Venous Hypertension AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2005; 26(5): 1101 - 1106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L.-K. Tsai, H.-M. Liu, C.-J. Lu, J.-S. Jeng, and P.-K. Yip Carotid Duplex Sonography in the Follow-Up of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., March 1, 2005; 26(3): 625 - 629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. D. Brown Jr, K. D. Flemming, F. B. Meyer, H. J. Cloft, B. E. Pollock, and M. J. Link Natural History, Evaluation, and Management of Intracranial Vascular Malformations Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2005; 80(2): 269 - 281. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. Kiyosue, Y. Hori, M. Okahara, S. Tanoue, Y. Sagara, S. Matsumoto, H. Nagatomi, and H. Mori Treatment of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Current Strategies Based on Location and Hemodynamics, and Alternative Techniques of Transcatheter Embolization RadioGraphics, November 1, 2004; 24(6): 1637 - 1653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-K. Lee, R. A. Willinsky, W. Montanera, and K. G. terBrugge MR Imaging of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas Draining into Cerebellar Cortical Veins AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., September 1, 2003; 24(8): 1602 - 1606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by van Dijk, J. M. C. Articles by Wallace, M. C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by van Dijk, J. M. C. Articles by Wallace, M. C. Related Collections Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Cerebral Aneurysm, AVM, & Subarachnoid hemorrhage Risk Factors for Stroke