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(Stroke. 2003;34:2399.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Diabetic Patients Have an Impaired Cerebral Vasodilatory Response to Hypercapnia Under Propofol Anesthesia

Yuji Kadoi, MD; Hiroshi Hinohara, MD; Fumio Kunimoto, MD; Shigeru Saito, MD; Masanobu Ide, MD; Haruhiko Hiraoka, MD; Fuminori Kawahara, MD Fumio Goto, MD

From Intensive Care Medicine (Y.K., H. Hinohara, K. Kunimoto) and the Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology(S.S., M.I., H. Hiraoka, F. Kawahara, F.G.), Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.

Correspondence to Yuji Kadoi, Intensive Care Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan. E-mail kadoi{at}med.gunma-u.ac.jp

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Background and Purpose— The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of diabetes mellitus and its severity on the cerebral vasodilatory response to hypercapnia.

Methods— Thirty diabetic patients consecutively scheduled for elective major surgery were studied. After induction of anesthesia, a 2.5-MHz pulsed transcranial Doppler probe was attached to the patient’s head at the right temporal window, and mean blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery (Vmca) was measured continuously. After the baseline Vmca, arterial blood gases, and cardiovascular hemodynamic values were measured, end-tidal CO₂ was increased by reducing ventilatory frequency by 2 to 5 breaths per minute. Measurements were repeated when end-tidal CO₂ increased and remained stable for 5 to 10 minutes.

Results— Significant differences were observed in absolute and relative CO₂ reactivity between the diabetes and control groups (absolute CO₂ reactivity: control, 2.8±0.7; diabetes mellitus, 2.1±1.3; P<0.01; relative CO₂ reactivity: control, 6.3±1.4; diabetes mellitus, 4.5±2.7; P<0.01, Mann-Whitney U test). Significant differences were also found between diabetic patients with retinopathy and those without retinopathy in absolute (P=0.002) and relative (P=0.002) CO₂ reactivity, glycosylated hemoglobin (P=0.0034), and fasting blood sugar (P=0.01) (Scheffé’s test, Mann-Whitney U test). There was an inverse correlation between absolute CO₂ reactivity and glycosylated hemoglobin (r=0.69, P<0.001).

Conclusions— Insulin-dependent diabetic patients have an impaired vasodilatory response to hypercapnia compared with that of the control group, and the present findings suggest that their degree of impairment is related to the severity of diabetes mellitus.

Key Words: carbon dioxide • diabetes mellitus • vasodilation

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References

 
It remains controversial as to whether vasoregulation in diabetic patients is intact and whether it is affected by severity of diabetes.^1–7 Dandona et al^2,3 reported that CBF decreased or was unchanged in response to the inhalation of 5% CO₂ in 36 of 56 diabetic patients. In contrast, Pelligrino et al⁷ reported that CO₂ reactivity was unchanged in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In a previous study,⁸ we found that there was a significant difference in the mean slopes of jugular venous oxygen saturation versus cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) for the increasing CPP between insulin-dependent diabetic patients and diabetic patients on diet therapy or glibenclamide. We hypothesized that diabetic patients have an abnormal CO₂ reactivity and that this abnormality is attributable to the severity of diabetes mellitus. To date, there have been no reports describing whether severity of diabetes mellitus might be associated with cerebrovascular CO₂ reactivity in diabetic patients.

In this study, we examined the effects of diabetes mellitus and its severity on the cerebral vasodilatory response to hypercapnia.

	Patients and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References

 
This study was approved by the ethics committee of our institution, and written, informed consent was obtained from all patients. Thirty-five diabetic patients consecutively scheduled for elective major surgery were studied.

Patients were defined as having diabetes mellitus if their medical records showed a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and current medical treatment with antidiabetic therapy such as diet, oral, or insulin therapy. Duration of disease was defined as the duration from the start of medical treatment. Patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease, psychiatric illness, active liver disease (glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase or glutamine pyruvate transaminase >50 U/dL) were excluded. All patients were examined preoperatively for the presence of carotid artery stenosis by ultrasonography and MRI. The presence of carotid artery stenosis was defined as luminal narrowing >50%.⁹ Three diabetic patients had moderate or severe carotid artery stenosis and were therefore excluded. In addition, all patients were examined for the presence of silent lacunar infarction by preoperative brain CT and MR tomography. Two diabetic patients had silent lacunar infarction and were excluded. A total of 30 diabetic patients met the entry criteria.

All enrolled patients had undergone ophthalmologic examination for detection of diabetic retinopathy. According to the modification of the Diabetic Retinopathy Study and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy grading scale, the severity of the worst affected eye was used, and patients with retinopathy were further divided into 3 categories: those with mild to moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR); those with a severe stage of NPDR; and those with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).¹⁰

Because glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (normal value, 4.5% to 5.8%) is an indicator of well-or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, all diabetic patients were examined for preoperative HbA1c level.

As a control, 30 age-matched nondiabetic patients consecutively scheduled for elective major surgery were studied.

Anesthesia was induced by 0.1 mg/kg midazolam, 5 µg/kg fentanyl, and 0.2 mg/kg vecuronium, and the trachea was intubated. After anesthesia induction, 3 to 5 mg · kg^-1 · h^-1 propofol was infused with a syringe pump and was continued until the patients arrived at the intensive care unit. Muscular relaxation was achieved by intermittent administration of vecuronium. No volatile anesthetic was administrated. All patients were ventilated with oxygen 50% and N₂ 50%. End-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO₂) was monitored (UltimaR, Datex). PaO₂ was maintained at 150 to 300 mm Hg during the study. Tympanic membrane temperature was continuously monitored by Mon-a-ThermR (Mallinckrodt Co).

The study was performed after the induction of anesthesia, before the start of surgery, and during the stable hemodynamic period (20 to 30 minutes after the induction of anesthesia). A 2.5-MHz pulsed transcranial Doppler (TCD) probe was attached to the patient’s head at the right temporal window, and mean blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery (Vmca) was measured continuously (Hewlett-Packard SONOS 5500R, 2.5-MHz transducer). After the signals were identified at a depth of 45 to 60 mm, the probe was fixed with a probe folder so as to not change the insonating angle. The Vmca value at end expiration was recorded.

After baseline Vmca, arterial blood gases, and cardiovascular hemodynamic values were measured, PetCO₂ was increased by reducing the ventilatory frequency by 2 to 5 breaths per minute. This resulted in an increase in PaCO of 6 to 9 mm Hg within several minutes. The measurements were repeated when PetCO₂ increased and remained stable for 5 to 10 minutes.

The cerebral vasodilatory response to hypercapnia in each patient was calculated as both the absolute change in Vmca (cm · s^-1 · mm Hg^-1) and the percentage change in Vmca (percentage of baseline Vmca/mm Hg) per millimeter of mercury change in PaCO using the following formulas⁴: absolute CO₂ reactivity=Vmca/PaCO₂; relative CO₂ reactivity=(Vmca/PaCO₂/baseline Vmca)x100, where Vmca is the difference between flow velocity after PaCO₂ elevation and baseline flow velocity, and PaCO₂ is the difference between final PaCO₂ and baseline PaCO₂.

Statistical Analysis
All data were expressed as mean±SD. An unpaired t test and Mann-Whitney U test or Scheffé’s test were used for analysis. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.

Association of absolute CO₂ reactivity in diabetic patients was evaluated with a stepwise linear regression model, taking into consideration fasting blood sugar, duration of disease, diabetic therapy, HbA1c, and retinopathy.

After the study was completed, we evaluated sample size, which was calculated from the hypothesis that absolute CO₂ reactivity in insulin-dependent diabetic patients would be decreased by 1.0 cm · s^-1 · mm Hg^-1 compared with that in control patients. The sample size provides 90% power to detect a 10% difference between groups with a 5% probability of an a-type error. In addition, sample size calculation was based on the hypothesis that absolute CO₂ reactivity in diabetic patients with retinopathy would be decreased by 1.0 cm · s^-1 · mm Hg^-1 compared with that in diabetic patients without retinopathy. The sample size provides 80% power to detect a 20% difference between groups with a 5% probability of an a-type error.

All calculations were performed on a Macintosh computer with SPSS (SPSS, Inc) and Stat View 5.0 (Abacus Concepts, Inc) software packages.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Table 1 shows the demographic data from the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in age, height, and weight between 2 groups. A significant difference was observed in absolute and relative CO₂ reactivity between the 2 groups (absolute CO₂ reactivity: control, 2.8±0.7; diabetes mellitus, 2.1±1.3; P<0.01; relative CO₂ reactivity: control, 6.2±1.4; diabetes mellitus, 4.5±2.7; P<0.01, Mann-Whitney U test). Table 2 shows the data of individual diabetic patients.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 1. Demographics of and CO2 Reactivity in the 2 Study Groups

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 2. Individual Data for the Diabetic Patients

Because of the heterogeneous population of diabetes mellitus in this study, we subdivided the diabetes group into 3 groups: diet, glibenclamide, and insulin groups (Table 3). Significant differences were found in the absolute (P=0.048) and relative (P=0.024) CO₂ reactivity between the insulin group and the other 2 diabetic groups (Scheffé’s test). In addition, we subdivided the diabetes group into 2 groups: patients with retinopathy and patients without retinopathy (Table 3). Significant differences were observed in the absolute (P=0.002) and relative (P=0.002) CO₂ reactivity, HbA1c (P=0.0034), and fasting blood sugar (P=0.01) between groups (Scheffé’s test, Mann-Whitney U test).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 3. Comparison of the 3 Diabetic Groups

In addition, we subdivided the diabetes patients with retinopathy into 3 groups: patients with mild to moderate NPDR, patients with severe NPDR, and patients with PDR (Table 3). However, there were no significant differences in the absolute (P=0.63) and relative (P=0.62) CO₂ reactivity between groups (Scheffé’s test).

Stepwise linear regression showed that HbA1c was the only inverse factor related to absolute CO₂ reactivity (Y=6.832 to 0.783X, r=0.69, P<0.001).

There were no significant differences in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, PaO₂, and tympanic membrane temperature both at pretreatment and posttreatment between the groups.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References

 
The major findings of this study are that (1) diabetic patients have an impaired vasodilatory response to hypercapnia compared with the control group and (2) the impaired vasodilatory response to hypercapnia was related to the severity of diabetes mellitus.

Before interpreting our results, we should discuss the validity of TCD measurement. Dahl et al¹¹ reported that changes in blood flow velocity measured by TCD correlated well with changes in blood flow measured by single-photon emission CT. Sugimori et al¹² examined blood flow velocity with TCD in the middle cerebral artery and cerebrovascular vasodilator responses to CO₂ in 22 patients with or without carotid artery occlusive disease and minor stroke. They concluded that TCD is a reliable method to evaluate decreases in the cerebral circulation in patients with hypertension or diabetes mellitus.

There have been controversial results regarding the effects of diabetes mellitus on cerebral circulation.^1–7 Croughwell et al¹ examined cerebral metabolic autoregulation during the cardiopulmonary bypass period using the ¹³³Xe-clearance method and reported that the CBF of their diabetic group remained constant despite an increase in temperature from 27°C to 37°C, in contrast to an 83% increase in CBF in the control group. They concluded that diabetic patients lose cerebral autoregulation during cardiopulmonary bypass and compensate for an imbalance in adequate oxygen delivery by increasing oxygen extraction. In a previous study,⁸ we found a significant difference in the mean slopes of jugular venous oxygen saturation versus CPP for increasing CPP between insulin-dependent diabetic patients and diabetic patients on diet therapy and glibenclamide therapy.

In regard to cerebrovascular CO₂ reactivity in diabetic patients, Griffith et al¹³ reported that of 22 diabetic patients, 14 responded normally and 8 failed to show a significant increase in CBF after hypercapnia when the ¹³³Xe-clearance method was used. Dandona et al^2,3 reported that there was a significant variation in CBF after administration of 5% CO₂ in insulin-dependent diabetics compared with normal subjects using the ¹³³Xe-inhalation method, concluding that diabetics had diminished cerebrovascular reserve and were unable to compensate when necessary with an increased CBF. Rodriguez et al¹⁴ reported that compared with control subjects, the percentage of global CBF increment measured by the ¹³³Xe-inhalation method after acetazolamide administration was significantly impaired in 4 insulin-dependent diabetic patients and was a borderline response in 2 insulin-dependent diabetic patients. In contrast, Kawata et al⁴ examined the effects of diabetes mellitus on CO₂ reactivity using TCD and found that the relative values of CO₂ reactivity in diabetic patients were equivalent to those of control subjects during isoflurane anesthesia. Sieber et al^5,6 reported that 4 months of hyperglycemia in an animal model increased both CBF and the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen. They speculated that the effects of diabetes mellitus on the cerebral vasculature were complicated by a host of factors, including diabetic microangiopathy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, renal disease, and chronic hyperglycemia, and concluded that it was likely that many of the reported abnormalities in CBF physiology were the result of diabetic vascular disease rather than hyperglycemia.

In the present study, diabetic patients with retinopathy had abnormal cerebrovascular CO₂ reactivity compared with diabetic patients without retinopathy and the control groups. It is not clear why the presence of retinopathy was associated with abnormal cerebrovascular CO₂ reactivity. However, it has been reported that retinal circulation might represent the cerebrovascular circulation^10,15 because the retina develops from the forebrain.¹⁶ Abnormal cerebral microangiopathy in diabetic patients would be represented by diabetic retinopathy. In addition, Stratton et al¹⁷ reported that in patients with type 2 diabetes, the risk of diabetic complications such as macrovascular and microvascular disease was strongly associated with previous hyperglycemia. This implies that the primary cause of microvascular disease is chronic hyperglycemia itself. The fact that HbA1c was related to impaired CO₂ reactivity in our study suggests that impaired CO₂ reactivity was responsible for microvascular disease in the brain, which was induced by hyperglycemia.

This present study is the first to show that HbA1c and retinopathy are related to an impaired vasodilatory response to CO₂. This finding is inconsistent with those of Griffith et al¹³ and Rodriguez et al.¹⁴ Rodriguez et al¹⁴ reported that duration of diabetes, serum glucose concentration, and HbA1c did not correlate with the percentage of postacetazolamide global CBF changes. This discrepancy might be due in part to differences in demographic data. The mean age of the subject of Rodriguez et al¹⁶ was 30 years; that of our subjects was 64 years. Age is a factor associated with the cerebral vasodilatory response to hypercapnia.¹⁸ Hartl et al¹⁹ reported that absolute and relative mean CO₂ reactivities in elderly subjects were markedly lower than those in young subjects. In contrast, Yamamoto et al¹⁸ examined the effect of aging on cerebral vasodilator responses to hypercapnia and found that mean CBF in the elderly was 10% to 20% less than in young volunteers and that vasodilatory response to hypercapnia in elderly patients without risk factors was similar to that in young volunteers. Another possible mechanism might be prolonged hyperglycemia. Stratton et al¹⁷ reported that in patients with type 2 diabetes, the risk of diabetic macrovascular and microvascular complications was strongly associated with previous hyperglycemia. Klein et al¹⁵ reported that HbA1c predicted the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. In addition, Pallas and Larson²⁰ noted that hyperglycemia leads to impaired vascular function through endothelial cell function. The pathway that appears most affected by the diabetic state is that of nitric oxide. Loss of this pathway is accompanied by loss of response to PaCO and lack of autoregulation related to flow-pressure relationships.

In this study, we examined the response to PaCO using hypoventilation to increase middle cerebral artery velocity rather than using hyperventilation to decrease middle cerebral artery velocity. Cenic et al²¹ reported that cerebrovascular CO₂ reactivity was maintained during hypercapnia but was markedly diminished during hypocapnia under propofol anesthesia. We examined the cerebrovascular vasodilatory response to CO₂ in diabetic patients using hypoventilation to rule out the possibility that hyperventilation would have some effect on the cerebral vasodilatory response to hypercapnia.

Study Limitations
Some factors such as blood pressure, cardiac output, temperature, cerebral metabolism, and anesthetic agents are likely to influence CBF. In this study, no changes were observed in arterial blood pressure, tympanic membrane temperature, or anesthetic depth at pretreatment and posttreatment. Thus, we conclude that changes in CBF velocity were attributable to changes in PaCO.

We examined the cerebral vasodilatory response to hypercapnia under propofol anesthesia. Propofol has been widely used for neurosurgical anesthesia and as a sedative agent in intensive care units.²² It is important for anesthesiologists and intensivists to know whether cerebrovascular CO₂ reactivity in diabetic patients is intact. However, there are no data describing this under propofol anesthesia. Some reports have described the effects of propofol on cerebrovascular CO₂ reactivity.^10,23,24 Matta et al²³ examined cerebral CO₂ reactivity using TCD during propofol-induced electrical silence of the electroencephalogram in 10 patients undergoing anesthesia for nonneurosurgical procedures (mean age, 37 years) and found that cerebral CO₂ reactivity remained intact during propofol anesthesia. Fox et al²⁴ reported in 7 patients undergoing elective gynecologic or orthopedic surgery (mean age, 40.5±7 years) that the slope of the CBF-CO₂ response measured by the ¹³³Xe-inhalation method was similar to that found in awake individuals and during propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Myburgh et al²² reported in sheep (n=6) that the mean slopes of the CO₂ reactivity curves in the sagittal sinus measured by a Doppler probe did not differ between awake conditions and propofol anesthesia. However, the possibility that propofol exerts some effect only on cerebrovascular CO₂ reactivity in diabetic patients cannot be ruled out.

The number of patients with nephropathy (n=1) or neuropathy (n=1) was too small to consider them indicators of the severity of diabetes. Further study is necessary to clarify the relationship between neuropathy and nephropathy as indicators of severity of diabetes.

Stepwise linear regression showed that only HbA1c was a factor related to absolute CO₂ reactivity. This finding might point to HbA1c is an indicator of the severity of diabetic microangiopathy in brain.

In conclusion, insulin-dependent diabetic patients showed an impaired vasodilatory response to hypercapnia compared with that of the control group, and our data suggest that this impaired response was related to severity of diabetes mellitus.

	Acknowledgments

 
This study was supported in part by a grant (to Dr Kadoi) from the Japanese Ministry of Science and Education.

Received December 11, 2002; revision received March 31, 2003; accepted May 9, 2003.

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This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 34/10/2399    most recent 01.STR.0000090471.28672.65v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kadoi, Y. Articles by Goto, F. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kadoi, Y. Articles by Goto, F. Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Hazardous Substances DB CARBON DIOXIDE PROPOFOL Medline Plus Health Information Diabetes Related Collections Brain Circulation and Metabolism