Published online before print November 20, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000099125.30731.97
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(Stroke. 2003;34:2951.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Teleneurology to Improve Stroke Care in Rural Areas
The Telemedicine in Stroke in Swabia (TESS) Project
From the Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Bezirkskrankenhaus, Günzburg, Germany.
Correspondence to Andreas Wiborg, MD, Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Bezirkskrankenhaus, Ludwig-Heilmeyer-Strasse 2, D-89312 Günzburg, Germany. E-mail andreas.wiborg{at}bkh-guenzburg.de
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Abstract |
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Background and Purpose— Assessing both stroke patients and their CT scans by using a conventional videoconference system offers an interesting opportunity to improve stroke care in rural areas. However, until now there have been no studies to suggest whether this method is feasible in routine stroke management.
Methods— Seven rural hospitals in the southern part of Germany in Swabia were connected to the stroke unit of Günzburg with the use of a videoconference link (Telemedicine in Stroke in Swabia [TESS] Project). The local physicians are free to present every admitted stroke patient to the Günzburg stroke expert, who can assess the clinical status and CT images, thereafter giving therapeutic recommendations. All teleconsultations are rated concerning transmission quality and relevance of telemedicine for stroke management.
Results— A total of 153 stroke patients were examined by teleconsultation. Mean age was 67.5 years. Eighty-seven patients had suffered an ischemic stroke, 9 had an intracerebral hemorrhage, and 17 suffered a transient ischemic attack. Forty patients were revealed to have a diagnosis other than stroke. Duration of teleconsultation was 15 minutes on average. User satisfaction was good concerning imaging and audio quality, and patient satisfaction was very good or good in all cases. Relevant contributions could be made in >75% of the cases concerning diagnostic workup, CT assessment, and therapeutic recommendations.
Conclusions— Teleconsultation using a videoconference system seems to be a feasible and promising method to improve stroke care in rural areas where management in a stroke unit is hindered by long transportation distances.
Key Words: stroke, acute • stroke assessment • stroke management • telemedicine
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Introduction |
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During the last decade, the importance of specialized so-called stroke units for acute care and early rehabilitation has been demonstrated. It is especially in rural areas, however, that the implementation of stroke units offering all diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for state-of-the-art stroke management is very costly if the whole population is to gain access to this "maximum" level of stroke care.
In regard to this situation, the question arises of whether a telemedicine network connecting general wards in rural community hospitals with a stroke center could improve stroke care significantly by conveying the stroke expertise in the assessment of patients and CT (or MRI) to the emergency physician "on the scene." First trials with general neurological patients in which a videoconference system was used showed encouraging results.1,2 Even the administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator seems possible in a stroke network.3,4
After interrater reliability in assessing both patients and CT scans by teleconsultation was shown to be comparable to the examination on the scene in preliminary studies,5–7 we started a project (Telemedicine in Stroke in Swabia [TESS]) to examine the feasibility, acceptance, and economic consequences of a telemedicine network including a special stroke training program.
See Editorial Comment, page 2957
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Subjects and Methods |
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The 7 cooperating rural community hospitals are all situated in the southern part of Germany in Swabia, where the population outside larger cities is 100 to 150 inhabitants per square kilometer. The first hospital was connected in March 2001 and the last in March 2002 (Table 1). The distance between the hospitals and the stroke unit in Günzburg ranges from 53 to 136 km, with an average transportation time of approximately 80 minutes to reach Günzburg. All hospitals are provided with the possibility of CT scanning and extracranial ultrasound on 24-hour standby, and 3 of them can also offer daytime cerebral MRI. All laboratory examinations (including cerebrospinal fluid analysis), ECG, echocardiography (transthoracic and transesophageal), 24-hour ECG recording, and 24-hour blood pressure recording are available. There is no on-site neurologist available in any of the hospitals.
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All hospitals were provided with the videoconference system Sony Contact (cost, approximately $8000), consisting of a portable device including a color video camera and microphone that can be connected to a commercial television monitor. Data were transmitted over 3 parallel integrated services digital network (ISDN) lines at speeds up to 384 kilobits per second. The video transmission used standard compression algorithms in MPEG-2 standard with a resolution of 360x288 pixels (still picture, 720x576 pixels). The video cameras may be rotated in all directions and offer a x12 zoom. Both functions (movement and zooming) can be controlled by the remote neurologist (Figure). All of the hospitals have the additional possibility of transmitting CT raw data by using a DICOM standard protocol (Radworks).
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According to the study protocol, all departments have the opportunity to present stroke patients and their CT images to the stroke unit in Günzburg via the telemedicine link. To fit best with the "real-life" situation, we decided that the local physician can decide whether and at what time a teleconsultation is demanded. Independent of that decision, however, the physician is obliged to complete a standardized form (Bavarian Workgroup for Quality Assessment [BAQ] form) to assess procedural quality. Collected items are date and time of admission, date and time (or estimate) of stroke onset, primary care, symptomatology on admission, modified Rankin Scale score, modified Barthel Index score, relevant cardiovascular history, diagnostic procedures, monitoring, applied therapies (including physiotherapy and occupational and speech therapy), complications, stroke classification and localization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code, and date of discharge. Moreover, documentation is required regarding why teleconsultation was considered unnecessary in a form (teleform) developed by the study group (multiple choice between the following: clear diagnostic situation, clear CT scan, no additional therapeutic aspects to be expected, no therapeutic consequences because of patient’s unfavorable state, no time, other considerations) (Table 2).
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If teleconsultation is demanded and informed consent is given by the patients or their relatives, the local physician calls the neurologist by mobile telephone, who then establishes the videoconference link, which is possible within a maximum of 15 minutes. According to a semistandardized procedure, the physician on the scene first reports the patient’s history, symptoms, and the actual medical findings (eg, laboratory examinations and ECG and ultrasound results). Thereafter, the remote stroke neurologist interviews and examines the patient (depending on the patient’s ability to cooperate) with the support of the local physician. In the same session, the corresponding CT scan (for a first impression presented on a conventional x-ray viewer) is assessed concerning the presence or absence of intracerebral bleeding, ischemic signs (including so-called early signs of ischemia), signs of intracerebral edema, and other abnormalities. Finally, the results and therapeutic implications are discussed with the local physician, and, after disruption of the telemedicine link, a written protocol containing presumptive diagnosis, diagnostic/therapeutic implications, and recommendations ("consultation protocol") is transmitted to the local department by fax. Follow-up teleconsultations are possible at any time. All teleconsultations were made by 4 senior neurologists (A.W. [author], N.B., R.K., W.A. [see Acknowledgments]), all of whom have many years of experience in stroke managment. At the rural hospitals, all physicians were introduced to the management of the videoconference system, thus enabling every physician on duty to build up a telemedicine link.
Immediately after the teleconsultation, the teleform must be completed by both participating physicians, ie, the stroke neurologist and the local physician; on this form the relevance of the telemedicine contribution to clinical, CT, and ultrasound assessment and to the therapeutic procedures is rated on a trichotomized scale ("relevant," "moderately relevant," "not relevant") (Table 2). In addition, the imaging quality of both the patient and the CT, the audio quality, the time needed, and the patient’s satisfaction are rated on a 5-point scale.
In conjunction with the "pure telemedicine link," all physicians of the cooperating hospitals are invited to periodic quarterly meetings in which new findings concerning differential diagnosis of stroke, assessment of CT in acute stroke, therapeutic aspects, and ultrasound procedures in acute stroke (including practical exercises) are presented. In addition, the nursing staff is educated in all aspects of stroke care (medical problems, nursing, speech therapy, physiotherapy), including diagnosis and management of dysphagia, in annually occurring courses (4 days within 1 month).
For statistical analysis, the 
2 test was used for comparison of categorical data. For interpretation of ordered categorical data, the 2 test for trend was used. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare ordinal data; for normally distributed data, the Student t test was applied. The significance level was 0.05 for all statistical testing.
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Results |
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General Data
Between March 2001 and September 2002, data of 623 patients admitted with the diagnosis of stroke were registered in the TESS hospitals. A total of 153 patients underwent teleconsultation (25%). There were no technical failures. Seventy-seven of the consulted patients (50%) were male. Patients presented by teleconsultation were significantly younger (67.5 versus 75.2 years; P=0.001, t test), but there was a comparable range in both groups (patients with teleconsultation were aged 26 to 94 years; patients without teleconsultation were aged 28 to 94 years). Use of teleconsultation differed between the associated hospitals (Table 1), ranging from 2% to 86% of all stroke patients admitted.
Patients Without Teleconsultation
Diagnosis of subjects without teleconsultation was transient ischemic attack (TIA) in 117 cases (25%), ischemic stroke in 181 cases (39%), hemorrhagic stroke in 22 cases (5%), and "apoplexy" without differentiation into ischemic or hemorrhagic in 113 cases (24%). Eight patients (2%) had other diagnoses (1 transient global amnesia, 1 Ménière’s disease, 3 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 2 subdural hematoma, 1 intracerebral aneurysm), and in 27 cases (6%) data were missing (data based on the ICD-10 discharge protocol of the local hospital). Thirty-seven percent of the patients with ischemic stroke or TIA reached the hospital within 3 hours, with 49% having a score on the modified Rankin Scale of 
3, which indicates that stroke in these patients was severe enough to make them potential candidates for intravenous thrombolysis (Table 3).
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In most cases videoconferencing was not performed because the local physician expected no additional therapeutic advantages from teleconsultation (71%); in 61% the diagnostic situation was thought to be clear. In 98 cases (30%) the CT scans seemed to be unmistakable, and in 52 cases (16%) the patient’s physical state was thought to be so poor that no further consequences could be expected from teleconsultation. In 5 cases (2%), the local physician claimed to have no time for teleconsultation, and in 25 cases other reasons were mentioned.
Patients With Teleconsultation
Of the 153 patients presented by teleconsultation, 87 patients (57%) had an ischemic stroke, 9 (6%) had an intracranial hemorrhage, and 17 (11%) suffered a TIA. Twenty-five patients (16%) had a diagnosis different from the primarily suspected stroke: the most frequent diagnoses were focal epilepsia and Bell’s palsy (Table 4), and in 15 patients (10%) the diagnosis remained unclear after teleconsultation but was considered different from the primarily suspected diagnosis of stroke by the stroke expert. Teleconsultation took place within the first 3 hours after admission to the local hospital in 35 cases, within 6 hours in 54 cases, and after 24 hours in 40 cases (missing data: n=37). The time span between first telephone call and start of the presentation was 69 minutes on average (range, 2 to 362 minutes; SD 82.1 minutes), with no difference between acute (<3 hours) or subacute cases. Delay in all cases was due to the local physician’s decision regarding the time when teleconsultation should take place.
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Rankin scores showed no difference between patients with and without teleconsultation (Table 3). Patients who arrived early after stroke onset at the rural hospital were more often presented for teleconsultation. More patients with teleconsultation had reached the hospital within a 3-hour period (teleconsultation patients, n=46 [58%; 74 data missing]/non-teleconsultation patients, n=86 [39%; 253 data missing]; P=0.001, 2 test), whereas the patients not presented for teleconsultation arrived significantly more frequently >24 hours after stroke onset (teleconsultation patients, n=6 [8%]; non-teleconsultation patients, n=36 [16%]; P=0.049, 2 test).
Relevant contributions to stroke management were rated highly by both the local physicians and the neurologists in all categories (Table 5). In the diagnostic workup category, ratings for relevant contributions ranged from 41% to 80% for the local physicians and from 37% to 79% for the neurologists. In the CT assessment category, ratings for relevant contributions ranged from 21% to 47% for the local physicians and from 6% to 48% for the neurologists. Proportions were within the same range for the therapeutic decisions category. In most cases, ratings by the stroke expert and the local physician were similar. If ratings were divergent, it was usually the local physicians who considered teleconsultation to have some relevance, even if the stroke expert did not. In 11 patients recombinant tissue plasminogen activator application was discussed, but thus far, only 2 patients have received intravenous thrombolysis after teleconsultation.
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Imaging quality of both patients (mean, 1.9) and CTs (mean, 2.1) was considered good by the stroke neurologists. Audio quality was rated mediocre, especially by the physician on the scene (stroke neurologist: mean, 2.4; local physician: mean, 2.6; P=0.494, 2 test). Time needed was rated good by the neurologists but significantly worse by their medical partners (stroke neurologist: mean, 1.9; local physician: mean, 2.5; P<0.0001, 2 test). As far as data were available, patients were satisfied with the tele-examination (mean, 1.5) and primarily commented that it was easy to speak to and cooperate with the remote neurologist (mean, 1.8).
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Discussion |
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To our knowledge, the present study is the first to establish a "telestroke" network in a larger population following the recommendations of Levine and Gorman.8 It confirms the results of our preliminary studies,5,6 which have shown that the videoconference-based examination of both patients and their CT scans (so-called teleconsultation) in cases of acute stroke is reliable and practicable and offers relevant contributions to stroke care in most cases from the viewpoint of both the neurologist and the local physician.
Under the supervision of a stroke neurologist, basic medical examination practice is sufficient for the physician on the scene. The necessary preparation time for the 4 neurologists of the Günzburg stroke unit was restricted to only a few examinations, which primarily involved remote camera movement and motion training.
Moreover, the time needed for the complete teleconsultation took 15 minutes on average, which was acceptable for both sides, although the physicians on the scene rated the time needed as somewhat longer. As far as information on the patients’ opinions is available, they were satisfied with the way the examination was performed and found it easy to speak with the remote neurologist; only 1 patient refused teleconsultation.
To a remarkably high degree, both the "teleneurologists" and the local physicians rated the contribution of the teleconsultation as important for stroke management. The emergency physician received no relevant information in only 1 case, and in 4 cases the teleneurologist thought that he had given no relevant contribution. In most of the cases, both the neurologist and the local physician assessed the relevance of telemedicine equally; if a rating was divergent, the neurologist tended to be more skeptical than the participating local physician.
The importance of teleconsultation is underscored by the fact that 26% of the patients had diagnoses other than stroke, which had been suspected by the emergency physician. This high number corresponds with previously published data.9 This casts doubt on the opinion of the local physicians who did not present many stroke patients because they thought the diagnosis was clear.
Until now, only 2 patients have received "teleguided" thrombolysis. In 1 case (male; aged 69 years; stroke onset 45 minutes before hospital admission; no relevant medical history; severe left-sided hemiparesis), thrombolysis following the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke protocol resulted in a nearly complete recovery. The second patient (male; aged 51 years; stroke onset 2 hours before hospital admission; medical history of hypertension, absolute arrhythmia, and obesity; severe left-sided hemiparesis) showed signs of a secondary hemorrhagic transformation on control CT. He therefore was transferred to the Günzburg stroke unit, where he died 1 week later, following severe pulmonary embolism. Nevertheless, our experience with teleconsultation gives no relevant hints regarding why such thrombolysis should not be performed. This is compatible with the first results from LaMonte et al4 and with the results of the OSF Network in Illinois,3 with the latter using only telephone contact. In our opinion, however, we doubt whether telephone and CT alone provide sufficient information for thrombolysis.
Despite the aforementioned possibilities of telemedicine, our actual experiences reveal some basic problems of teleneurological stroke care as well. First, across the associated hospitals, the number of teleconsultations in patients with suspected stroke differed widely, from 2% to 86%. Intense discussions with the physicians involved showed considerable acceptance problems. Despite the conceded improvement in stroke care, the additional time needed (including transporting the patient to the videoconference room, obtaining the patient’s consent, and documentation necessities) is hard to accept without additional medical staff in the local hospitals. In future telemedicine programs, these requirements must be considered.
Second, the relatively low frequency of teleconsultations at present results in a lack of familiarity with the method. In our opinion, however, telestroke can only be successful if almost all stroke patients are presented, resulting in teleconsultation being a routine procedure for all physicians on duty. Only then can we expect to reduce the current length of time between a patient’s admission and teleconsultation.
Third, although we initiated a continuous education program for both physicians and nursing staff of our associated hospitals, we have the impression that teleneurology, even in combination with regular follow-up consultations, cannot reach the standard of a specialized stroke unit with a trained stroke team in the associated hospitals, as characterized in previous published studies.10
We are aware that the relatively high number of missing evaluation forms may have biased some outcome variables and is certainly due to the additional time needed for documentation at the rural hospital. Despite these restrictions, however, we believe that telestroke is practicable and can contribute to the improvement of stroke care in rural hospitals that are too distant from a specialized stroke unit. Whether this results in a better outcome remains to be investigated by further studies, including the long-term follow-up of stroke patients comparing telestroke hospitals and hospitals without such a telemedicine link.
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Acknowledgments |
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The TESS study is supported by the government of Bavaria, Germany, within the Bayern Online project. Participating stroke neurologists (all Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg) are W. Aurnhammer, MD; N. Breitinger, MD; and R. Kimm, MD. TESS study collaborators are as follows: W. Berg, MD; S. Parys, MD (Kreiskrankenhaus Lindau); D. Blechschmidt, MD; P. Fakhoury, MD (Kreiskrankenhaus Nördlingen); G. König, MD; A. Pfeiffer, MD (Klinikum Memmingen); J. Sailer, MD; W. Rilk, MD (Kreiskrankenhaus Oettingen); F. Seidel, MD; T. Gallwitz, MD (Klinikum Kempten); K. Weigand, MD; S. Waibel, MD (Stauferklinik Mutlangen); H. Wurm, MD; H-M. Linsenmeyer, MD; U. Issler, MD (Donau-Ries-Klinik Donauwörth).
Received January 30, 2003; revision received June 13, 2003; accepted July 25, 2003.
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References |
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