Published online before print July 17, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000080939.39414.83
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Stroke. 2003;34:1913.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Development and Progression of Leukoaraiosis in Patients With Brain Ischemia and Carotid Artery Disease
From the Neurology Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Golda Campus, Petach Tikva, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (J.Y.S.); Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.E.); Department of Medicine/Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (O.R.B.); Department of Neurology, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France (S.A.); Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook and Women’s College Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.J.F.); and Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, and The John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada (V.H., H.J.M.B.).
Correspondence to Dr J.Y. Streifler, Neurology Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Golda Campus, 7 Keren Kayemet St, Petach-Tikva 49372, Israel. E-mail jonathans{at}clalit.org.il
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background and Purpose— Leukoaraiosis (LA) or the presence of white matter changes, a frequent finding on brain CT scans of elderly individuals, is a risk factor for stroke and vascular death. The aim of the study was to seek development and progression of LA and associated risk factors in patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease.
Methods— Presence and extent of LA were determined on entry and follow-up CT scans from 685 patients in the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial.
Results— Among 596 patients without LA at entry, 107 (18.0%) developed restricted LA and 18 (3.0%) developed widespread LA during a mean follow-up of 6.1 years (range, 3.0 to 9.6 years). Older age was associated significantly with LA development (P<0.001). History of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, and intermittent claudication had weak associations with LA development. During follow-up, 36.0% of patients who developed LA had 1 or more strokes, particularly of the lacunar type, in comparison to 23.5% of patients who did not develop LA (P=0.01). In patients who developed LA, the percentage with small deep infarcts (diameter 
1.5 cm) increased from 34.4% on entry to 45.6% on follow-up CT scans compared with no increase (20.4% and 20.4%, respectively) in patients who did not develop LA. Among 89 patients who had restricted LA at entry, 28 (31.5%) progressed to widespread LA. Progression was associated with occurrence of strokes.
Conclusions— LA is common in elderly patients with symptomatic cerebrovascular disease. Its development and progression are associated with higher occurrence of strokes, mainly of the lacunar type.
Key Words: carotid endarterectomy • leukoaraiosis • prognosis • stroke • white matter
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Leukoaraiosis (LA), or the presence of diffuse white matter changes, is frequently observed on CT scans of elderly individuals, particularly those with dementia or a history of stroke or hypertension.1,2 The presence of LA is associated with an increased risk of stroke and vascular death,1,3–5 yet not much is known about the development of LA and in particular the underlying mechanisms and risk factors. The aim of the study was to seek development and progression of LA, as well as associated risk factors, in patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease who were followed prospectively for
3 years. |
Subjects and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
All patients were recruited by the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET). This was a multicenter,
See Editorial Comment, page 1916
randomized trial designed to determine the role of carotid endarter- ectomy for symptomatic patients with carotid artery disease. Full details of the trial protocol have been published.6 In brief, patients with transient or nondisabling retinal or hemispheric ischemic events and angiographically determined carotid artery disease were recruited within 180 days of their last ischemic event, provided that there was no cardiac source of embolism or any life-threatening or other disabling condition that could interfere with the interpretation of outcome events.
All patients had a detailed history and physical examination at baseline, including routine blood tests, ECG, chest x-rays, cerebral angiogram, and a CT scan of the head. Hard copies of all angiograms and CT scans were sent to the central office, where they were reviewed independently and in a blinded fashion by the study neuroradiologist (A.J.F). Patient follow-up consisted of examinations by a stroke neurologist at 30 days, every 3 months in the first year, and every 4 months thereafter. The territory and type of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) occurring during follow-up were reviewed centrally. The cause of each ischemic stroke was designated as either large artery, lacunar, or cardioembolic. Lacunar strokes were defined by criteria of classic lacunar syndromes, with or without radiological deep lesions no more than 1 cm in diameter.7 Cardioembolic strokes were defined by a combination of clinical and echocardiographic criteria. Ischemic strokes without a lacunar or cardioembolic origin were classified as large-artery strokes.8
Three neurologists (J.Y.S, O.R.B, S.A.) centrally reviewed the scans for the purpose of identifying LA according to a published rating scale.9 Our first study reported no association between LA and the severity of carotid artery stenosis.2 Our second study of 2618 patients who had a good-quality entry CT scan in the NASCET identified LA as a risk factor for stroke and vascular death.5 In the present study patients were identified from the group of 2618 who had a follow-up CT scan performed 3 years from their time of entry, either as requested (but not mandated) by the protocol at the end of the trial (exit CT scan) or for reasons other than for the evaluation of a stroke outcome. Some participating centers did not perform any exit CT scans. Patients who were studied only by MRI at the time of follow-up were excluded from the present study because their findings were not comparable to the entry CT scans.
All follow-up CT scans were reviewed blindly and rated by the same observers (J.Y.S, O.R.B, S.A.) using the same method as in the previous studies.2,5,9 In brief, LA was assessed by a scale that required separate evaluation of the anterior and posterior locations using 3 sequential CT scan slices. LA was identified by the presence of poorly delineated hypodense lesions unlike the sharply defined low-density lesions within a specific arterial territory characteristic of an infarct. The extent of LA was considered to be "restricted" when the lesions were confined to the region adjoining the ventricles, whereas "widespread" LA involved the entire region from the lateral ventricle to the cortex. Patients with LA in either hemisphere were categorized according to the greatest extent of LA in the 2 hemispheres. The presence of deep and cortical infarctions was also recorded. Deep infarcts were divided into those with diameters 1.5 cm and those with diameters >1.5 cm. Because LA was previously shown to be unrelated to the degree of carotid artery stenosis,2 the present study used the binary factor "stenosis 70% in either carotid artery" in all analyses.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Of the 2618 patients who had good-quality CT scans available for review at entry into the NASCET, 354 had restricted and 139 had widespread LA.5 A total of 1469 patients had a follow-up CT scan, 45 had MRI only, and 1104 had no follow-up brain imaging. Of the 1469 patients, the present study focused primarily on the 596 patients who had no LA on their entry scan and had a follow-up CT scan
3 years later. A secondary analysis was performed on the 89 patients who had restricted LA on their entry scan. Excluded from the present study were 33 patients who had widespread LA on both their entry and exit scans, 104 patients whose only follow-up CT scans were done because of stroke outcomes, and 647 patients whose follow-up CT scans were all done within 3 years of the entry scan. The mean time interval between the entry and follow-up CT scans for the 685 (596+89) patients in the present study was 6.1 years (SD 2.0; median, 6.0; range, 3.0 to 9.6 years), and there was no difference between those without LA and those with restricted LA at entry. Among the 596 patients without LA at entry, 107 (18.0%) developed restricted LA and 18 (3.0%) developed widespread LA during follow-up. The mean time interval between the entry and follow-up CT scan for the 125 patients who developed LA was 6.4 years and was similar to the mean time interval of 6.1 years for the 471 patients who did not develop LA (P=0.17). The most statistically significant baseline characteristic associated with LA development was age (Table 1). The mean age of patients who developed LA was 66.8 years in comparison to 62.9 years in those who did not develop LA (P<0.001). History of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction or angina, and intermittent claudication had weak associations with LA development. History of hyperlipidemia was inversely associated.
|
Over the course of follow-up, 36.0% of patients who developed LA had 1 or more strokes in comparison to 23.5% of patients who did not develop LA (Table 2). Even after adjustment for all baseline characteristics listed in Table 1 in a logistic regression analysis (including older age and severe carotid stenosis), patients who developed LA were 1.5 times more likely to have had a stroke (95% CI, 1.0 to 2.4). Patients who developed LA were also more likely to have multiple strokes. The distribution of stroke origin differed slightly between the 62 strokes that occurred in patients who developed LA and the 152 strokes in patients without LA development (Table 3). Although the percentage of cardioembolic strokes was similar, lacunar strokes occurred more commonly among patients who developed LA than in those who did not (29.0% versus 21.1%).
|
|
The frequency of deep infarcts was similar on the entry and follow-up CT scans in patients who did not develop LA during follow-up (Table 4). In contrast, the percentage of patients with small deep infarcts (diameter 1.5 cm) increased from 34.4% to 45.6% in patients who developed LA. Although the percentage of patients with cortical lesions increased over the period of follow-up, the percentages were similar between the 2 groups of patients (Table 4).
|
Among the 89 patients who had restricted LA at entry, 28 (31.5%) progressed to widespread LA during follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline patient characteristics between the 28 patients who progressed and the 61 who did not progress to widespread LA. Progression to widespread LA was associated with the occurrence of strokes. Patients who progressed were 1.7 times more likely to have had a stroke (95% CI, 0.5 to 5.6). There were too few stroke outcomes to analyze their cause. There were no apparent differences in the distribution of deep infarcts between the entry and follow-up CT scans in patients who did and did not progress.
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The present study showed that 21.0% of the patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease at a mean age of 64 years developed LA over an average of 6.1 years, and 31.5% progressed from restricted to widespread LA. The development of LA was associated with a higher frequency of multiple strokes, particularly of the lacunar type. This is the first study to report on the development and progression of LA as well as on the clinical outlook for patients exhibiting this lesion during a long follow-up period. The importance of the observations is strengthened by the fact that the acquisition of follow-up CT scans was not related to stroke outcomes.
A previous small study on the natural history of LA reported similar results.10 Twenty-six percent of 107 stroke patients who were followed for 3 years had LA progression on brain CT scans (average rate of 8.7% per year). However, these results are difficult to interpret because 15% of the patients had LA at study entry. A 3-year brain MRI study of an elderly cohort reported 17.9% progression of white matter hyperintensities, which was not associated with any clinical symptoms.11 The present study observed an average rate of development of 3.5% per year and progression of 5.2% per year. As supported by the present study, it is known that the extent of LA is related to age, and its prevalence on CT scans in patients with symptomatic cerebrovascular disease is approximately 15% to 20%.2,5,12 The association between small deep infarcts and LA development is not surprising because deep infarcts, lacunar strokes, and even silent infarcts are known to be associated with LA and may share a common mechanism of small-artery disease.10,13–15 In conclusion, LA is common in elderly patients with symptomatic cerebrovascular disease. Its development and progression are associated with higher occurrence of strokes, mainly of the lacunar type.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This study was supported by grant R01-NS-24456 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. The authors acknowledge the support of all patients and participating professionals in NASCET.
Received January 3, 2003; revision received March 24, 2003; accepted April 4, 2003.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Pantoni L, Garcia JH. The significance of cerebral white matter abnormalities 100 years after Binswanger’s report: a review. Stroke. 1995; 26: 1293–1301.
2. Streifler JY, Eliasziw M, Benavente OR, Hachinski VC, Fox AJ, Barnett HJM. Lack of relationship between leukoaraiosis and carotid artery disease. Arch Neurol. 1995; 52: 21–24.
3. Van Swieten JC, Kappelle LJ, Algra A, van Latum JC, Koudstaal PJ, van Gijn J. Hypodensity of the cerebral white matter in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke: influence on the rate of subsequent stroke. Ann Neurol. 1992; 32: 177–183.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Leys D, Englund E, Del Ser T, Inzitari D, Fazekas F, Bornstein N, Erkinjuntti T, Bowler JV, Pantoni L, Parnetti L, et al. White matter changes in stroke patients: relationship with stroke subtype and outcome. Eur Neurol. 1999; 42: 67–75.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
5. Streifler JY, Eliasziw M, Benavente OR, Alamowitch S, Fox AJ, Hachinski VC, Barnett HJM. Prognostic importance of leukoaraiosis in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke. 2002; 33: 1651–1655.
6. Steering Committee of NASCET. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial: methods, patient characteristics, and progress. Stroke. 1991; 22: 711–720.
7. Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Sharpe BL, Fox AJ, Barnett HJM. Risk factors and outcome of patients with carotid artery stenosis presenting with lacunar stroke. Neurology. 2000; 54: 660–666.
8. Barnett HJM, Gunton RW, Eliasziw M, Fleming L, Sharpe B, Gates P, Meldrum H. Causes and severity of ischemic stroke in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 2000; 283: 1429–1436.
9. Van Swieten JC, Hijdra A, Koudstaal PJ, van Gijn J. Grading white matter lesions on CT and MRI: a simple scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990; 53: 1080–1083.
10. Van Zagten M, Boiten J, Kessels F, Lodder J. Significant progression of white matter lesions and small deep (lacunar) infarcts in patients with stroke. Arch Neurol. 1996; 53: 650–655.
11. Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Kapeller P, Schmidt H, Hartung HP. MRI white matter hyperintensities: three-year follow-up of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. Neurology. 1999; 53: 132–139.
12. Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Leukoaraiosis in stroke patients: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke. 1995; 26: 588–592.
13. Miyao S, Takano A, Teramoto J, Takahashi A. Leukoaraiosis in relation to prognosis for patients with lacunar infarction. Stroke. 1992; 23: 1434–1438.
14. Wiszniewska M, Devuyst G, Bogousslavsky J, Ghika J, van Melle G. What is the significance of leukoaraiosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke? Arch Neurol. 2000; 57: 967–973.
15. Longstreth WT, Dulberg C, Manilo TA, Lewis MR, Beauchamp NJ, O’Leary D, Carr J, Furberg CD. Incidence, manifestations and predictors of brain infarcts defined by serial cranial magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke. 2002; 33: 2376–2382.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  H. J.M. Barnett Personal Reflections From a Front-Row Seat at the Greatest Show on Earth (Life): Part II (Stroke Research Commentary) Stroke, March 1, 2009; 40(3): e53 - e65. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Saba, R. Sanfilippo, L. Pascalis, R. Montisci, and G. Mallarini Carotid Artery Abnormalities and Leukoaraiosis in Elderly Patients: Evaluation with MDCT Am. J. Roentgenol., February 1, 2009; 192(2): W63 - W70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Altaf, P. S. Morgan, A. Moody, S. T. MacSweeney, J. R. Gladman, and D. P. Auer Brain White Matter Hyperintensities Are Associated with Carotid Intraplaque Hemorrhage Radiology, July 1, 2008; 248(1): 202 - 209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Yamada, Y. Nagakane, H. Sasajima, M. Nakagawa, K. Mineura, T. Masunami, K. Akazawa, and T. Nishimura Incidental Acute Infarcts Identified on Diffusion-Weighted Images: A University Hospital-Based Study AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2008; 29(5): 937 - 940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Schmidt, K. Petrovic, S. Ropele, C. Enzinger, and F. Fazekas Progression of Leukoaraiosis and Cognition Stroke, September 1, 2007; 38(9): 2619 - 2625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Lin, L. Svensson, R. Gupta, B. Lytle, and D. Krieger Chronic ischemic cerebral white matter disease is a risk factor for nonfocal neurologic injury after total aortic arch replacement J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., April 1, 2007; 133(4): 1059 - 1065. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. van Harten, J. Oosterman, D. Muslimovic, B.-J. P. van Loon, P. Scheltens, and H. C. Weinstein Cognitive impairment and MRI correlates in the elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Age Ageing, March 1, 2007; 36(2): 164 - 170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. van Harten, F.-E. de Leeuw, H. C. Weinstein, P. Scheltens, and G. J. Biessels Brain Imaging in Patients With Diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Care, November 1, 2006; 29(11): 2539 - 2548. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. G. Munoz Leukoaraiosis and Ischemia: Beyond the Myth Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1348 - 1349. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Naka, E. Nomura, T. Takahashi, S. Wakabayashi, Y. Mimori, H. Kajikawa, T. Kohriyama, and M. Matsumoto Combinations of the presence or absence of cerebral microbleeds and advanced white matter hyperintensity as predictors of subsequent stroke types. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., April 1, 2006; 27(4): 830 - 835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N.F. Fanning, T.D. Walters, A.J. Fox, and S.P. Symons Association between Calcification of the Cervical Carotid Artery Bifurcation and White Matter Ischemia. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., February 1, 2006; 27(2): 378 - 383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Bocti, R. H. Swartz, F.-Q. Gao, D. J. Sahlas, P. Behl, and S. E. Black A New Visual Rating Scale to Assess Strategic White Matter Hyperintensities Within Cholinergic Pathways in Dementia Stroke, October 1, 2005; 36(10): 2126 - 2131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. H. Kuller, W.T. Longstreth Jr, A. M. Arnold, C. Bernick, R. Nick Bryan, N. J. Beauchamp Jr, and for the Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative White Matter Hyperintensity on Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Predictor of Stroke Stroke, August 1, 2004; 35(8): 1821 - 1825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Schmidt, Ph. Scheltens, T. Erkinjuntti, L. Pantoni, H. S. Markus, A. Wallin, F. Barkhof, and F. Fazekas White matter lesion progression: A surrogate endpoint for trials in cerebral small-vessel disease Neurology, July 13, 2004; 63(1): 139 - 144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Leukoaraiosis (LA), Blotchy Old White Matter: Say No More Journal Watch Neurology, December 12, 2003; 2003(1212): 4 - 4. [Full Text]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||