This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 35/1/83    most recent 01.STR.0000106139.38566.B2v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Chen, C.-J. Articles by Wong, Y.-C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Chen, C.-J. Articles by Wong, Y.-C. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Carotid Artery Disease CT Scans

(Stroke. 2004;35:83.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Multi-Slice CT Angiography in Diagnosing Total Versus Near Occlusions of the Internal Carotid Artery

Comparison With Catheter Angiography

Chi-Jen Chen, MD; Tsong-Hai Lee, MD, PhD; Hui-Ling Hsu, MD; Ying-Chi Tseng, MD; Shinn-Kuang Lin, MD; Li-Jen Wang, MD Yon-Cheong Wong, MD

From the 2nd Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (C.-J.C., H.-L.H., Y.-C.T., L.-J.W., Y.-C.W.) and Neurology (T.-H.L., S.-K.L.), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.

Correspondence to Chi-Jen Chen, 2nd Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199 Tung-Hwa Rd, Taipei, 105 Taiwan. E-mail radcjc{at}adm.cgmh.org.tw

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Background and Purpose— To determine the accuracy of multislice computed tomographic (CT) angiography in diagnosing total versus near occlusions of the internal carotid artery (ICA).

Methods— Fifty-seven ICA total or near occlusions identified by catheter angiography were studied with multislice CT angiography 1 to 3 days after catheter angiography. CT angiography in diagnosing total versus near occlusions was analyzed by 2 radiologists independently. The results were compared with those of catheter angiography.

Results— Catheter angiography depicted 31 total occlusions, including 10 without a stump, 19 with a stump <2 cm, and 2 with a stump >2 cm. Among them, 22 had a downward extent of the retrograde ICA flow at or above the carotid siphon, 8 at the carotid canal, and 1 at the distal cervical ICA. Catheter angiography depicted 26 near occlusions, including 21 with a tight stenosis at the proximal third cervical ICA, 1 at the middle third, and 4 at the carotid canal or siphon. CT angiography correctly depicted all total and near occlusions. In total occlusions, the length of the stump and the retrograde flow were all accurately described by CT angiography. In near occlusions, the sites of tight stenoses were also correctly identified by CT angiography.

Conclusions— Multislice CT angiography had an excellent correlation with catheter angiography in diagnosing total versus near occlusion of the ICA. It may be considered as a substitute of catheter angiography in confirming the ultrasonographic results in diagnosing total versus near occlusions of the ICA.

Key Words: angiography, computed tomographic • carotid arteries • carotid stenosis • computed tomography

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
An exact differentiation between total and near occlusions of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is important for the therapeutic approach. Patients with occlusive lesions are usually treated medically, whereas patients with near occlusions may benefit from surgery. In the initial workup, these patients are usually examined by color-coded carotid duplex ultrasonography (US). A sensitivity of 86% to 94% for near occlusions and 100% for total occlusions has been reported.¹ In respect of magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic techniques, gadolinium-enhanced 3-dimensional MR angiography was found to be the best MR technique, with a sensitivity of 100% for near occlusions and 100% for total occlusions.² With regard to CT angiography, a review of the literature did not reveal any CT angiographic study focusing on the subject. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the multislice CT angiography in diagnosing total versus near occlusions of the ICA.

	Subjects and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Patients
Between July 2000 and February 2003, 512 patients with clinical suspicion of ischemic stroke were selected for catheter angiography. A total of 276 of these who had ICA diameter stenosis >60% were selected as potential candidates for multislice CT angiography on the next 1 to 3 days after catheter angiography. Patients were excluded if they declined to enter this study (n=6) or did not have an accessible large intravenous line (n=4). The study protocol was approved by the local medical ethics committee and all patients gave their informed consent. A total of 266 patients were enrolled. Among them, 57 were identified with total or near occlusion of the ICA. Thirty-one of them had totally occluded ICAs (2 women and 29 men; age range, 34 to 83 years; mean, 65.3±12.0 years) and 26 had nearly occluded ICAs (5 women and 21 men; age range, 37 to 84 years; mean, 67.4±11.8 years).

Catheter Angiography
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of the aortic arch was obtained, followed by selective catheterization of the common carotid arteries (CCA) and vertebral arteries. At least frontal and lateral views were obtained. Delayed imaging was performed in all patients. The images were retrospectively reviewed by 1 neuroradiologist blinded to any clinical and prior imaging results. A near occlusion was defined by the following angiographic criteria³: severe stenosis with delayed cranial arrival of ICA compared with the external carotid artery, collateral flow toward the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere from other arterial territories, and evidence of narrowing of the poststenotic ICA. For total occlusions, the stump’s length and the downward extent of the retrograde ICA flow were evaluated. The stump was classified into 3 groups: (1) no stump, (2) stump <2 cm, and (3) stump >2 cm. The retrograde ICA flow was divided into (1) at or above the carotid siphon, (2) at the carotid canal, and (3) at the distal cervical ICA groups. For near occlusions, the stenotic site was grouped into (1) at the proximal third cervical ICA, (2) at the middle third, (3) at the distal third, and (4) at the carotid canal or siphon.

CT Angiography
CT angiography was obtained with a 4-slice scanner (LightSpeed; GE Medical Systems). Helical acquisition starting from the aortic arch to the circle of Willis was initiated 20 seconds after the start of injecting 120-mL nonionic contrast medium at a rate of 3 mL/sec. A helical protocol was performed by using a 1.25-mm nominal section thickness, a table speed of 7.5 mm per rotation, and a 0.8-second gantry rotation period. Two radiologists blinded to clinical information were asked to reformat and analyze these images independently. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. All CT angiograms were processed into maximum intensity projections (MIP) and curved planar reformations (CPR). The time invested in each case was 30 minutes. Total occlusion was considered if a long segment of nonenhanced lumen was noted along the cervical ICA. Near occlusion was considered if a continuously enhanced lumen or only a tiny segment of nonenhanced lumen (due to a very tight stenosis) was seen along the cervical ICA. For total occlusions, the stump’s length and the downward extent of the retrograde flow were recorded. For near occlusions, the stenotic site and the thickness of the vascular wall were recorded. Interobserver agreement for lesion detection was evaluated by statistics.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Catheter angiography depicted 31 ICA total occlusions, including 10 without a stump, 19 with a stump <2 cm, and 2 with a stump >2 cm (Figure 1). Among them, 22 had a downward extent of the retrograde ICA flow at or above the carotid siphon, 8 at the carotid canal, and 1 at the distal cervical ICA. Catheter angiography also depicted 26 ICA near occlusions, including 21 with a tight stenosis at the proximal third cervical ICA, 1 at the middle third, and 4 at the carotid canal or siphon.

View larger version (114K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Right CCA catheter angiograms of the neck (a) and brain (b) show a total occlusion of the ICA with a tiny stump (large arrow in a). A downward extent of the retrograde flow to the distal third cervical ICA is noted (small arrows in a and b). c, CT angiography clearly demonstrated the occluded ICA and the stump (large arrow) as well as the downward extent of the retrograde flow (small arrows).

CT angiography correctly depicted all the 31 total occlusions and 26 near occlusions. The sensitivity and specificity of CT angiography in diagnosing total and near occlusions were both 100%. With regard to the stump measurement and the retrograde ICA flow, CT angiography showed 100% correlation with catheter angiography. With respect to identifying the site of tight stenosis, CT angiography also showed 100% correlation with catheter angiography. The value (95% CI) for interobserver agreement in evaluating total versus near occlusion, the stump’s length, the retrograde ICA flow, and the stenotic site was 1.000 (1.000 to 1.000), 0.936 (0.814 to 1.000), 0.859 (0.681 to 1.000), and 0.891 (0.670 to 1.000), respectively. In 2 near occlusions, CT angiography demonstrated a hypoplastic carotid canal on axial and reformatted images (Figure 2). With regard to depicting the vascular wall, 2 out of the 26 near occlusions had a diffusely thick and irregular distal wall (Figure 3) and the others had only a focal stenosis along the course of the ICA.

View larger version (96K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. a, A left CCA catheter angiogram of the neck shows a slim ICA above the carotid bulb (arrows). b, CT angiography shows the same slim ICA (arrows). Axial (c) and true coronal reformatted (d, e) CT images at the carotid canal show a hypoplastic left carotid canal (small black arrow in c and e).

View larger version (129K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Left CCA catheter angiograms of the neck (a, c) and brain (b) in anteroposterior (a, b) and lateral (c) projections show a tight stenosis at the proximal ICA (large arrow in c) and a diffusely slim ICA (small arrows in a, b, c). Reformatted (d) and axial (e) CT images show a slim left ICA (small arrows in d) surrounded by a very thick vascular wall (small arrows e). This is a poor candidate for carotid endarterectomy.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Several single-slice CT studies have reported excellent correlation with catheter angiography in depicting high-grade ICA stenoses and total occlusions.^4–6 Four-slice CT provides the advantage of speed, which enables imaging of the entire craniocervical vessels in approximately one third of the time with 1.12 times the spatial resolution of that of single-slice CT.⁷ The results of our study showed that multislice CT angiography had 100% accuracy in diagnosing total versus near occlusions, classifying stump or retrograde flow of total occlusions, and recognizing stenoses of near occlusions. In addition, multislice CT angiograms helped distinguish the underlying pathology such as dissection or diffusely subtotal thrombosis. Another advantage of CT angiography is to allow observation of the bony structures. Catheter angiography can hint at a hypoplastic ICA, while CT angiography can confirm the diagnosis by finding a hypoplastic carotid canal.

There are disadvantages to CT angiography. One disadvantage shared by catheter angiography is the use of ionizing radiation as well as intravenous contrast and its inherent risks. Another disadvantage is that in contrast to US, catheter, and MR angiographies, CT angiography cannot give information about flow velocity and directionality of flow. Therefore, it is better to conjoin with other modalities if the above information is critical.

In conclusion, multislice CT angiography may be considered as a substitute for catheter angiography in diagnosing total versus near occlusions of the ICA.

	Acknowledgments

 
This study was supported by grant NSC 89-2314-B-182A-0 (to C.J. Chen) from the National Science Council, Taiwan and grant CMRP 1112 (to C.J. Chen) from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, ROC.

Received July 2, 2003; revision received August 27, 2003; accepted September 12, 2003.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References

 

1. Berman SS, Devine JJ, Erdoes LS, Hunter GC. Distinguishing carotid artery pseudo-occlusion with color-flow Doppler. Stroke. 1995; 26: 434–438.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Remonda L, Heid O, Schroth G. Carotid artery stenosis, occlusion, and pseudo-occlusion: first pass, gadolinium-enhanced, three dimensional MR angiography: preliminary study. Radiology. 1998; 209: 95–102.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Fox AJ. How to measure carotid stenosis. Radiology. 1993; 186: 316–318.[Free Full Text]
4. Cumming MJ, Morrow IM. Carotid artery stenosis: a prospective comparison of CT angiography and conventional angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994; 163: 517–523.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Link J, Brossmann J, Penselin V, Gluer CC, Heller M. Common carotid artery bifurcation: preliminary results of CT angiography and color-coded duplex sonography compared with digital subtraction angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997; 168: 361–365.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Marks MP, Napel S, Jordan JE, Enzmann DR. Diagnosis of carotid artery disease: preliminary experience with maximum-intensity-projection spiral CT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993; 160: 1267–1271.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Prokop M. Multislice CT angiography. Eur J Radiol. 2000; 36: 86–96.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				E. R. Bates, C. J. D. Babb, D. E. Casey, C. U. Cates, G. R. Duckwiler, T. E. Feldman, W. A. Gray, K. Ouriel, E. D. Peterson, K. Rosenfield, et al. ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Carotid Stenting: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN Clinical Expert Consensus Document Committee on Carotid Stenting) Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2007; 12(1): 35 - 83. [PDF]

				B. Thanvi and T. Robinson Complete occlusion of extracranial internal carotid artery: clinical features, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management Postgrad. Med. J., February 1, 2007; 83(976): 95 - 99. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				American Society of Interventional & Therapeutic N, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interve, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, E. R. Bates, J. D. Babb, D. E. Casey Jr, C. U. Cates, G. R. Duckwiler, T. E. Feldman, et al. ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Carotid Stenting: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN Clinical Expert Consensus Document Committee on Carotid Stenting) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 2, 2007; 49(1): 126 - 170. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.M. Silvennoinen, S. Ikonen, L. Soinne, M. Railo, and L. Valanne CT Angiographic Analysis of Carotid Artery Stenosis: Comparison of Manual Assessment, Semiautomatic Vessel Analysis, and Digital Subtraction Angiography AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., January 1, 2007; 28(1): 97 - 103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E.S. Bartlett, T.D. Walters, S.P. Symons, and A.J. Fox Diagnosing Carotid Stenosis Near-Occlusion by Using CT Angiography AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., March 1, 2006; 27(3): 632 - 637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E.S. Bartlett, S.P. Symons, and A.J. Fox Correlation of Carotid Stenosis Diameter and Cross-Sectional Areas with CT Angiography AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., March 1, 2006; 27(3): 638 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E.S. Bartlett, T.D. Walters, S.P. Symons, and A.J. Fox Quantification of Carotid Stenosis on CT Angiography AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., January 1, 2006; 27(1): 13 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. R. Tahmasebpour, A. R. Buckley, P. L. Cooperberg, and C. H. Fix Sonographic Examination of the Carotid Arteries RadioGraphics, November 1, 2005; 25(6): 1561 - 1575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Berg, Z. Zhang, A. Ikonen, P. Sipola, R. Kalviainen, H. Manninen, and R. Vanninen Multi-Detector Row CT Angiography in the Assessment of Carotid Artery Disease in Symptomatic Patients: Comparison with Rotational Angiography and Digital Subtraction Angiography AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2005; 26(5): 1022 - 1034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. R. Nandalur, E. Baskurt, K. D. Hagspiel, C. D. Phillips, and C. M. Kramer Calcified Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Is Associated Less with Ischemic Symptoms Than Is Noncalcified Plaque on MDCT Am. J. Roentgenol., January 1, 2005; 184(1): 295 - 298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 35/1/83    most recent 01.STR.0000106139.38566.B2v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Chen, C.-J. Articles by Wong, Y.-C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Chen, C.-J. Articles by Wong, Y.-C. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Carotid Artery Disease CT Scans