This Article Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 35/4/1019    most recent 01.STR.0000120954.27472.8Fv1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Indredavik, B. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Indredavik, B. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Stroke

(Stroke. 2004;35:1019.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.

Controversies in Stroke

Intensive Monitoring Should Not Be the Routine

Bent Indredavik, MD, PhD

From the Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Trondheim, Norway.

Correspondence to Dr Bent Indredavik, Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Trondheim, N 7006 Trondheim, Norway. E-mail Bent.Indredavik{at}medisin.ntnu.no

Key Words: monitoring, physiologic • stroke management • stroke unit

The main objective of acute stroke care should be to reduce death and disability, and the objective of monitoring should be the same. Treatment in stroke units (without intensive monitoring) is the only treatment option proven to reduce death in acute stroke patients, and also the only treatment that has shown beneficial long-term effects on survival and disability.¹ All acute stroke patients seem to benefit from stroke unit treatment.¹

Among the different stroke unit models, the (nonintensive) comprehensive model, which combines acute treatment and rehabilitation, has been most extensively tested in randomized trials and has achieved the most favorable results. The characteristic features of care provided by such units are: (1) a standardized protocol for acute evaluation, monitoring, and medical treatment; (2) a strategy for early mobilization; (3) a strong focus on rehabilitation with an average duration of at least 1 week; (4) a multidisciplinary team; and (5) integration of medical care, nursing, and rehabilitation.² According to our current knowledge, all these aspects are necessary for evidence-based stroke unit care.^1,2

During recent years the importance of one aspect, monitoring and control of physiological factors, has received increased attention. As some data from the randomized stroke unit trials indicate, control of physiological factors might be important for recovery.^2–4 Today most stroke units have a systematic approach to maintenance of physiological homeostasis during the first few days.^2–4 Hence, the question is not whether acute stroke patients should have monitoring or not, but rather how intensive (continuous or intermittent) and how extensive (how long? for all or only selected patients?) this should be.

From the history of acute cardiac care we know that monitoring, if too intensive or too invasive, might be harmful.⁵ From the history of the first stroke units, we know that stroke units where the main focus was on intensive monitoring did not improve outcome.⁶ Only one of the stroke units tested in the randomized trials employed continuous monitoring, and this stroke unit showed no beneficial effect.^1,7

Monitoring must be balanced against the other important aspects of stroke unit care (see above, points 2 through 5) and particularly early mobilization and rehabilitation. Early mobilization has been shown to reduce complications and to enhance recovery.⁴ It might have important effects on circulation, respiratory function, and oxygenation, as well as a positive psychological influence on the patient.⁴ We need more research to elucidate all the mechanisms behind this intervention; however, early mobilization and rehabilitation appear to be very important aspects of effective stroke unit care.^1–4

Intensive continuous monitoring for several days may lead to a delay in mobilization and may also create a psychological dependence on the monitoring equipment with the resultant fear of unmonitored movement/activities. Hence, the use of continuous monitoring is not an indifferent intervention and may have consequences, which could lead to possibly harmful changes in stroke unit care. Convincing evidence should be present before we change the main recommendations for stroke unit care, which is proven to be beneficial.^1–4

Do we today have enough evidence to recommend intensive monitoring for all acute stroke patients? A small randomized pilot trial and a controlled (not randomized) trial have shown promising results of monitoring.^8,9 However, the authors of both studies conclude that we need larger randomized trials before definitive conclusions can be drawn. Additionally, the fact that we do not have trials evaluating the benefit of intervention on the specific physiological variables supports the view that it is very premature to recommend intensive monitoring as a routine for all patients.

In our comprehensive stroke unit we employ the systematic assessment of neurological status and vital functions 4 to 6 times a day during the first 2 to 3 days, during bed rest as well as activity, to all patients, and according to the protocol we have shown to be beneficial.⁴ Candidates for intensive continuous monitoring in our unit are patients with reduced consciousness, patients with progressing neurological deficits, patients with respiratory or circulatory problems (low oxygen saturation, unstable blood pressure, arrhythmia, or other unstable cardiac conditions), as well as some other high-risk patients. These patients are, from our experience, likely to benefit from intensive monitoring, but we do not know. Hence, we (and several other stroke units) have an ongoing research program in order to try to evaluate the consequences of intensive monitoring, identify the patients who seem to need such monitoring, and identify the patients who will likely be treated and trained more quickly and better without. Such research is paramount in the development of better stroke (unit) care.

In addition to its medical consequences, a general recommendation of continuous monitoring will also have economic consequences. Traditionally "high-tech" medicine has more prestige than rehabilitation and demands great resources. Expensive equipment and monitoring in the early phase may, therefore, drain resources both from the evidence-based rehabilitation in the stroke unit and from the further chain of care, which also seems to be very important for stroke patients’ outcome.¹⁰

In summary, through systematic research based on 23 randomized trials, the Stroke Unit Trialists have developed well-defined management strategies for stroke care in stroke units, which reduce death and disability for stroke patients.^1–4

From this evidence base, further research is necessary to improve the management of acute stroke. We should not change our practice before we know other approaches to be definitively superior. More intensive monitoring might lead to improved care for some subgroups of acute stroke patients. However, whether intensive monitoring is beneficial, indifferent, or harmful for the great majority of stroke patients is a yet unanswered question. At this time, we have to conclude that stroke unit care with early intensive mobilization is important, whereas intensive monitoring might be important. Today, the recommendation of intensive continuous monitoring as a routine is far from evidence based, while nonintensive stroke unit care is. It is hoped that further research will give us the answers about the most effective combination of these 2 approaches and allow us to achieve a greater standard of evidence-based stroke care.

Footnotes

The opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Stroke Association.

References

1. Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke: Cochrane Review. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2003.
2. Langhorne P, Pollock A, in conjunction with the Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration. What are the components of effective stroke unit care. Age Ageing. 2002; 31: 365–371.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Langhorne P. Measures to improve recovery in the acute phase of stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1999; 9 (suppl 5): 2–5.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slørdahl SA, Rokseth R, Håheim LL. Treatment in a combined acute and rehabilitation stroke unit: which aspects are most important? Stroke. 1999; 30: 917–923.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Gore JM, Goldberg RJ, Spodick DH, Alperts JS, Dalen JE. A community-wide assessment of the use of pulmonary artery catheters in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Chest. 1987; 92: 721–727.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
6. Kennedy FB, Pozen TJ, Gabelman EH, Tuthill JE, Zaentz SD. Stroke intensive care: an appraisal. Am Heart J. 1970; 80: 188–196.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Ilmavirta M, Frey H, Erila T, Fogelholm R. Stroke outcome and outcome of brain infarction: a prospective randomised study comparing the outcome of patients with acute brain infarction treated in a stroke unit and in ordinary neurological ward. Academic dissertation. Vol 410, series A. Tampere, Finland: University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine; 1994.
8. Sulter G, Steen C, De Kayser J. Admitting acute ischemic stroke patients to a stroke care monitoring unit versus a conventional stroke unit: a randomized pilot study. Stroke. 2003; 34: 101–104.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Cavalinni A, Giuseppe M, Marcheselli S, Quaglini S. Role of monitoring in management of acute ischemic stroke patients. Stroke. 2003; 34: 2599–2603.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10. Indredavik B, Fjærtoft H, Ekeberg G, Løge AD, Mørch B. Benefit of an extended stroke unit service with early supported discharge: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2000; 31: 2989–2994.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				B. Indredavik, G. Rohweder, E. Naalsund, and S. Lydersen Medical Complications in a Comprehensive Stroke Unit and an Early Supported Discharge Service Stroke, February 1, 2008; 39(2): 414 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. P. Adams Jr, G. del Zoppo, M. J. Alberts, D. L. Bhatt, L. Brass, A. Furlan, R. L. Grubb, R. T. Higashida, E. C. Jauch, C. Kidwell, et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation, May 22, 2007; 115(20): e478 - e534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. P. Adams Jr, G. del Zoppo, M. J. Alberts, D. L. Bhatt, L. Brass, A. Furlan, R. L. Grubb, R. T. Higashida, E. C. Jauch, C. Kidwell, et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists Stroke, May 1, 2007; 38(5): 1655 - 1711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J.A.M. van Putten and D. L.J. Tavy Continuous Quantitative EEG Monitoring in Hemispheric Stroke Patients Using the Brain Symmetry Index Stroke, November 1, 2004; 35(11): 2489 - 2492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Aiyagari, A. Gujjar, A. R. Zazulia, and M. N. Diringer Hourly Blood Pressure Monitoring After Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Ischemic Stroke: Does Everyone Need It? Stroke, October 1, 2004; 35(10): 2326 - 2330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 35/4/1019    most recent 01.STR.0000120954.27472.8Fv1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Indredavik, B. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Indredavik, B. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Stroke