Published online before print February 26, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000120741.34866.1D
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(Stroke. 2004;35:948.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contribution |
Transient Ischemic Attacks in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Implications for Secondary Prevention: The European Atrial Fibrillation Trial and Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Trial
From the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (R.G.H.); Minot, ND (L.A.P.); and Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (P.J.K.).
Correspondence to Robert G. Hart, MD, Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, MSC 7883, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900. E-mail hartr{at}uthscsa.edu
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Abstract |
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Background and Purpose— Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are infrequent in patients with atrial fibrillation, and little is known about the long-term prognosis and response to antithrombotic therapy.
Methods— This study was a pooled analysis of participants in 2 randomized trials, the European Atrial Fibrillation Trial and the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Trial, comparing those with prior TIA to those with prior stroke.
Results— Among 834 atrial fibrillation patients with prior TIA (n=222), prior ischemic stroke (n=551), or both (n=61), the mean age was 71 years, 64% were men, and 56% had hypertension. The frequency of major vascular risk factors was similar for both types of cerebral ischemia. The annualized rate of ischemic stroke during aspirin therapy was 7% per year (95% confidence interval, 4 to 12) for prior TIA and 11% per year (95% confidence interval, 9 to 15) for prior stroke (P=0.08 for rate difference) and was reduced by 56% (P=0.09) and 63% (P<0.001), respectively, by anticoagulation.
Conclusions— Atrial fibrillation patients with TIA have a lower long-term risk of subsequent stroke than those with prior stroke, but their stroke risk during aspirin therapy is still high. For atrial fibrillation patients with either type of cerebral ischemia, recent or remote, secondary prevention with adjusted-dose warfarin instead of aspirin results in substantial absolute reductions in ischemic stroke.
Key Words: anticoagulants • aspirin • atrial fibrillation • cerebral ischemia, transient • stroke
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Introduction |
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Atrial fibrillation is a strong, independent risk factor for ischemic stroke, but this common cardiac dysrhythmia is only weakly associated with transient ischemic attack (TIA).1–4 Most strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation are cardioembolic caused by embolism of left atrial appendage thrombi, but an important minority is caused by coexisting intrinsic cerebrovascular diseases in these typically elderly, often hypertensive patients. The relative infrequency of TIAs in atrial fibrillation patients prompts speculation that the mechanism of ischemia may less often be cardioembolic and is more likely a result of intrinsic cerebrovascular diseases. If so, then the prognosis for recurrent ischemia and the response to antithrombotic therapy might be different for atrial fibrillation patients with TIAs versus those with prior ischemic stroke.
Little is known about the prognostic implications of TIAs in atrial fibrillation patients and the relative efficacy of antithrombotic therapies for long-term secondary prevention. Previously reported analyses from the European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (EAFT) and Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF) III trial combined patients with prior TIA and those with prior ischemic stroke.5–7 Here, participants in these 2 randomized trials with prior TIA versus prior ischemic stroke at study entry are considered separately to explore the management implications for secondary stroke prevention.
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Methods |
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In both the EAFT and SPAF III trials, TIA was diagnosed if focal neurological symptoms and signs resolved completely in
24 hours; stroke required symptoms or signs to persist longer. Key differences between the 2 trials relevant to these analyses are summarized in Table 1.
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All 1001 EAFT participants had experienced TIA or nondisabling ischemic stroke between 1 day and 3 months before entry and were randomly assigned to receive adjusted-dose oral vitamin K antagonist, aspirin 300 mg/d, or placebo as previously described.7 The target international normalized ratio (INR) range was 3 to 4.5. All participants had CT before study entry; there was no specific requirement for carotid imaging before entry into EAFT (or the SPAF trial). Mean follow-up was 2.3 years per patient. Prior TIAs were not recorded in EAFT participants with recent stroke as their qualifying event; hence, those with prior stroke include an uncertain fraction who also had prior TIA. For these analyses, only EAFT participants who were deemed eligible for anticoagulation and randomized to receive either anticoagulation or aspirin (n=454) are considered. Hypertension was defined as a history of hypertension or current drug treatment for hypertension.
Details of the design and main results of the SPAF III trial have also been reported previously.5,6 Of the 1044 high-risk participants, 380 (36%) had prior TIA or prior ischemic stroke; eligibility required that >1 month had elapsed since the most recent cerebral ischemic event and that stroke be nondisabling (patients had to be independent in basic activities of daily living and able to ambulate in some fashion).6 Participants were randomly assigned to receive either adjusted-dose warfarin (target INR, 2 to 3) versus aspirin 325 mg/d plus low, fixed-dose warfarin (mean achieved INR, 1.3). The trial was terminated after a mean follow-up of 1.1 years because of the pronounced benefits of adjusted-dose warfarin.5 The low, fixed dose of warfarin offered minimal additional protection over aspirin alone,5 and for these analyses, SPAF III patients assigned to this combination were pooled with those from EAFT receiving aspirin. Hypertension was defined as an observed blood pressure of 
140/90 mm Hg on at least 2 occasions or current drug treatment for hypertension.
Distributions of patient characteristics were compared between groups by use of Student’s t test or the 
2 test (Fisher’s exact test if any expected cell was <5). Relative risk of stroke was estimated through the use of Cox proportional-hazards regression, and relative risk reduction was computed by subtracting this relative risk estimate from unity, with statistical significance determined by the likelihood ratio test. The differential effect of warfarin versus aspirin according to the type of cerebral ischemic event or trial was assessed by testing the statistical significance of an interaction term in the model after adjustment for main effects. Annualized ischemic stroke rates were computed by dividing the number of observed first strokes during the trial by the number of patient-years of observation, with comparison of rates and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) computed with Poisson regression models. All statistical tests were 2 sided, and statistical significance was accepted at P=0.05.
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Results |
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Among 834 participants with prior cerebral ischemia in the EAFT (n=454) and SPAF III trial (n=380), the mean age was 71 years; most (64%) were male, and about half (56%) had hypertension. A major difference between participants in the 2 trials was the interval between the last cerebral ischemic event and trial entry: a median of 0.5 months in the EAFT compared with 27 months in the SPAF III trial (Table 1). In both trials, the frequencies of the major vascular risk factors were similar for patients with TIA versus those with prior ischemic stroke, excepting a higher frequencies of diabetes (P=0.02) in those with prior stroke (Table 2).
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The efficacy of adjusted-dose warfarin versus aspirin was not significantly different for ischemic stroke or TIA for either trial individually (P>0.4 for each interaction term) or for ischemic stroke (P=0.9 for interaction term) or TIA (P=0.3 for interaction term) across trials (Table 3), and the data were pooled. The annualized rate of ischemic stroke during aspirin therapy was 7% per year (95% CI, 4 to 12) for TIA patients versus 11% per year (95% CI, 9 to 15) for those with prior stroke (P=0.08 for rate difference). The relative risk reduction in ischemic stroke by warfarin versus aspirin was 56% (P=0.09) for those with prior TIA versus 63% (P<0.001) for those with prior stroke (the Figure). The absolute rate reduction in stroke by anticoagulation over aspirin averaged 4% per year for TIA patients and 7% per year for those with prior stroke.
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Discussion |
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Atrial fibrillation patients with prior TIA participating in the EAFT and SPAF III trial had lower rates of subsequent stroke during aspirin therapy than those with ischemic stroke, but the observed stroke rate was still substantial (7% per year) and halved by the use of warfarin. The absolute rate reduction in stroke by anticoagulation was particularly large for atrial fibrillation patients with prior ischemic stroke. These observations were consistent for atrial fibrillation patients with recent cerebral ischemia enrolled in the EAFT and for those with remote TIA and stroke participating in the SPAF III trial.
The limitations of these analyses merit attention. Atrial fibrillation patients with disabling strokes were excluded from both trials. The CIs were wide for the estimates of response to anticoagulation in participant subgroups because of the limited number of observed strokes. The lack of statistically significant interactions does not definitively exclude clinically relevant differences because of potential ß error (eg, the observed reduction in stroke by warfarin over aspirin of 37% in the EAFT and 80% in the SPAF III trial among those with TIA). Finally, 8% of SPAF III trial participants and an uncertain fraction of the EAFT participants underwent carotid endarterectomy before trial entry, which could have influenced the observed event rates during aspirin therapy.
There is evidence that atrial fibrillation patients with noncardioembolic stroke may not benefit from treatment with warfarin over aspirin therapy.8,9 The response of atrial fibrillation patients with TIA to anticoagulation supports indirectly a cardioembolic mechanism. At present, we remain unconvinced that subgroups of atrial fibrillation patients with prior cerebral ischemia who do not benefit importantly from anticoagulation therapy can be reliably identified.10
These analyses of participants from 2 large randomized clinical trials revealed no evidence that atrial fibrillation patients with prior TIA should be managed differently from those with prior ischemic stroke regarding long-term secondary prevention. Atrial fibrillation patients with prior TIA, recent or remote, have a high risk of stroke if given aspirin and have substantial reduction in ischemic stroke when treated with adjusted-dose warfarin.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported in part by a grant (RO1 NS24224) from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Md). Dr Marie-Germaine Bousser (Paris, France) posed the question that stimulated these analyses.
Received August 25, 2003; revision received December 16, 2003; accepted December 22, 2003.
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References |
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1. Mead GE, Lewis SC, Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS. Comparison of risk factors in patients with transient and prolonged eye and brain ischemic syndromes. Stroke. 2002; 33: 2383–2390.
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4. Anderson DC, Kappelle LJ, Eliasziw M, Babikian VL, Pearce LA, Barnett HJM. Occurrence of hemispheric and retinal ischemic events during follow-up of patients with atrial fibrillation versus carotid stenosis. Stroke. 2002; 33: 1963–1968.
5. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Adjusted-dose warfarin versus low-intensity, fixed-dose warfarin plus aspirin for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III randomized clinical trial. Lancet. 1996; 348: 633–638.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
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