This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 35/7/1756    most recent 01.STR.0000130423.50191.9fv1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kapral, M. K. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kapral, M. K. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Choosing a Doctor or Health Care Service Stroke Related Collections Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Acute Cerebral Infarction Acute Stroke Syndromes Primary and Secondary Stroke Prevention Anticoagulants Antiplatelets Neuroprotectors Thrombolysis Other Stroke Treatment - Medical

(Stroke. 2004;35:1756.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.

Original Contributions

Stroke Care Delivery in Institutions Participating in the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network

Moira K. Kapral, MD, MSc; Andreas Laupacis, MD, MSc; Stephen J. Phillips, MD; Frank L. Silver, MD; Michael D. Hill, MD, MSc; Jiming Fang, PhD; Janice Richards, RN Jack V. Tu, MD, PhD for the Investigators of the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network

From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (M.K.K., A.L., J.F., J.R., J.V.T.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology and Women’s Health Program (M.K.K), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Clinical Epidemiology and Health Care Research Program and Division of General Internal Medicine (A.L., J.V.T.), Sunnybrook and Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Division of Neurology (F.L.S.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Department of Medicine (M.K.K., A.L., F.L.S., J.V.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Department of Public Health Sciences (M.K.K., A.L., J.V.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Division of Neurology (S.J.P.), Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; and the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (M.D.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Correspondence to Dr Moira K. Kapral, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth St, ENG-246, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4. E-mail moira.kapral{at}uhn.on.ca

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Appendix References

 
Background and Purpose— Guidelines and performance indicators have been established for acute stroke care. However, little is known about the process of stroke care delivery in Canada.

Methods— The Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network (RCSN) captured detailed clinical data on patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack seen at 21 acute care institutions across Canada. Data from phase 1 of the RCSN (June 2001 to February 2002) were used to determine the use of evidence-based acute stroke care interventions in participating institutions.

Results— Overall, 4439 patients were seen during the study time frame and 1701 (38%) consented to full data collection. Thirty-one percent received care on a stroke unit or from a mobile stroke team. Among patients with ischemic stroke, 7% received thrombolysis, 80% underwent carotid imaging, 89% received antithrombotic agents, and 54% of those with atrial fibrillation received warfarin. There were significant intersite variations in the delivery of all of these interventions except for the use of antithrombotic agents, and these persisted after adjustment for age, sex, stroke type, and other comorbid conditions.

Conclusions— Patients in institutions participating in the RCSN received high-quality stroke care based on a number of performance measures. However, gaps exist in the provision of other elements of stroke care, particularly organized inpatient stroke care and warfarin for atrial fibrillation. Future research should explore explanations for these findings and focus on solutions to deficiencies in care.

Key Words: stroke • quality of health care

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Appendix References

 
Clinical trials have established the efficacy of a variety of interventions for acute stroke management, with improved outcomes seen with the use of thrombolysis, early treatment with aspirin, and multidisciplinary care on a stroke unit.^1–4 In addition, clinical trials have established the efficacy of a number of therapies for secondary stroke prevention, including antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation, and carotid endarterectomy for carotid stenosis.^5–12 Based in part on these trials, expert panels have established guidelines and performance indicators for quality stroke care.^13–19 Despite this, studies have demonstrated significant gaps and regional variations in the provision of quality stroke care in a number of countries.^20–27 It is not known whether similar variations exist in Canada.

The Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network (RCSN) was established in 2001, with the goal of measuring, monitoring, and improving stroke care in Canada. Twenty-one institutions from across Canada participated in the RCSN; all were urban tertiary care institutions with specific stroke care resources and expertise. The RCSN recruited consecutive patients with acute stroke presenting to these institutions and recorded data on stroke presentation, type, and severity, prehospital and emergency care, and in-hospital management and outcomes.

We used data from the first 8 months (phase 1) of the RCSN to determine the use of evidence-based acute stroke care interventions in stroke patients seen at participating Canadian hospitals. The stroke care performance indicators selected were based on published standards for in-hospital acute stroke care and included interventions such as thrombolysis and antiplatelet agents in eligible patients, warfarin in those with atrial fibrillation, organized inpatient stroke care (either a stroke ward or a mobile stroke team), and testing for carotid stenosis.¹² We determined the proportion of patients who received each of these interventions and compared the use of stroke care interventions among the 21 participating institutions.

	Materials and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Appendix References

 
Data Source: Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network
The RCSN was established by the Canadian Stroke Network (www.canadianstrokenetwork.ca), which is funded by the Canadian Networks of Centres of Excellence (www.nce.gc.ca). Phase 1 of the RCSN took place between June 2001 and February 2002, and included 21 participating sites from 8 Canadian provinces. Potential sites were identified by soliciting applications from stroke neurologists who were members of the Canadian Stroke Consortium. The Steering Committee then selected sites based on their anticipated volumes and commitment to the RCSN and also attempted to ensure representation from most Canadian provinces. These sites had more resources and stroke expertise than the typical Canadian acute care institution. All participating sites were urban tertiary care institutions with specific stroke care resources: all had a neurologist with expertise in stroke, 81% were teaching hospitals, 67% had a mobile interdisciplinary acute stroke team, and 57% had an acute stroke ward. Although these institutions represented only 3% of acute care institutions in Canada, analyses of Canadian administrative data indicate that 20% of all admitted stroke patients in the country are seen at these Registry institutions (J.V. Tu, unpublished data, 2000). Approval was obtained from the research ethics board at each participating institution. A stroke neurologist served as a project leader at each site and trained neurology research nurses performed patient recruitment and data entry based on chart review and patient and family interviews.

The RCSN recruited consecutive patients from participating sites with acute ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and collected data on patient demographics and medical history, stroke subtype and severity, and prehospital, emergency, and in-hospital interventions and outcomes. Although all stroke and TIA patients were eligible for inclusion in the Registry, signed patient consent was required for full data collection, and only 40% of potentially eligible patients consented to participate in the Registry. A minimal amount of data (including age, sex, stroke type, and use of thrombolysis) was obtained on all patients, including those who did not consent to full data collection. Interrater reliability testing was performed on 10% of charts, and agreement was "substantial" to "almost perfect" for key variables including age, sex, time of stroke onset and hospital arrival, use of thrombolysis, and death in hospital. Data were entered electronically, and the aggregate anonymous database was managed at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Toronto, Ontario.

Performance Indicators for Stroke Care
The literature was reviewed for relevant performance indicators for stroke care delivery during the acute hospitalization phase, and the following 5 quality indicators were selected for evaluation.^{13–17,28,28} First, we evaluated the proportion of all stroke patients who received organized stroke care, defined as either a dedicated stroke ward or a mobile stroke team. Second, we determined the use of thrombolysis in patients with ischemic stroke presenting within 3 hours of stroke symptom onset. Third, we evaluated the use of antithrombotic agents (aspirin, other antiplatelet agents, or warfarin) at the time of discharge from hospital in patients with ischemic stroke or TIA. Fourth, we evaluated the proportion of patients with ischemic stroke or TIA and atrial fibrillation (documented either on past medical history or during the index stroke hospitalization) who received warfarin therapy at discharge. Both antithrombotic and warfarin use were also evaluated in "ideal" patients, defined a priori as those without potential contraindications to therapy such as a history of cirrhosis, peptic ulcer disease, previous gastrointestinal bleeding, or other bleeding disorder. Finally, we determined the proportion of patients with ischemic stroke or TIA who underwent carotid imaging (defined as carotid Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance or computed tomography angiography, or catheter angiography of the cerebral vessels) during the index stroke hospitalization; we did not capture data on testing performed after discharge from hospital. Because carotid imaging is not routinely recommended for the evaluation of posterior circulation events, secondary analyses assessed the use of carotid imaging in the subgroup of patients with carotid territory stroke or TIA. Other indicators and outcomes assessed included the time interval from stroke onset to hospital arrival, the use of prehospital emergency medical services, and the proportion of patients arriving within 2 hours of stroke onset.

Statistical Analysis
The main outcome measure was the proportion of stroke patients in the RCSN who received each of the performance indicators for stroke care. All Registry patients (consented and nonconsented) were included in the analysis of thrombolysis rates; the remainder of the analyses included only those patients who consented to full data collection.

Secondary analyses used ² tests to compare the use of these interventions among participating institutions, with censoring of results from hospitals with <30 eligible cases or with >10% missing data for a given variable. For the use of thrombolysis, antithrombotic agents, carotid imaging, and organized stroke care, multiple logistic regression was used to compare care in different institutions with adjustment for age, sex, level of consciousness (as a surrogate for stroke severity), stroke type, and comorbidity. Analysis of use of thrombolysis, antithrombotic agents, and carotid imaging was limited to those with ischemic stroke. Regression modeling was performed using each performance indicator as the dependent variable, with predictor variables added using backward selection. The Charlson index was used to summarize comorbid illness.²⁹ It was selected for this purpose because it is a widely used and well-validated index of comorbidity, which has been found to correlate with mortality in some studies. It provides a weighted summary score from 0 (no comorbid illness) to 31, based on the presence or absence of each of 17 medical conditions. Previous studies of individuals with stroke have found that the majority of patients (>75%) have Charlson scores of 0 or 1, indicating minimal comorbidity.^{30, 31} SAS (version 8.02) was used for all analyses.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Appendix References

 
During the study time period, 4439 patients were enrolled in the registry, and 1701 (38%) consented to full data collection. The mean age of patients in the study sample was 67 years and 46% were female (Table 1). There was a high prevalence of stroke risk factors documented on medical history, and there were interinstitutional variations in patient risk factors and stroke type and severity (Table 1). Compared with patients who did not consent to participate in the RCSN, participating patients were younger (median age of 69 versus 72 years, P=0.0001), were more likely to speak English or French as a first language (90% versus 84%, P=0.0017), and were more likely to be alert on admission (78% versus 66%, P=0.0001).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients in the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network

Overall, 60% of patients were transported to hospital by ambulance, and 24% arrived within 2 hours of stroke onset (Table 2). The majority (86%) of Registry patients was admitted to hospital. Of these, 18% were admitted to an acute stroke unit, 21% were seen by a mobile stroke team, and 31% received some form of organized stroke care (either ward or team), with a range of 0% to 88% across the country (P<0.0001) (Table 3). An acute stroke ward was available at 12 of 21 participating institutions; at these sites, 34% of patients received stroke ward care.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 2. Emergency Department Stroke Care Performance Indicators

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 3. In-Hospital Stroke Care Performance Indicators

Among patients with ischemic stroke, 7% received thrombolysis, and this ranged from 0% to 12% across the country (P<0.001) (Table 2). Among patients who arrived within 3 hours of stroke onset, 14% received thrombolysis, with a range of 0% to 29%. In this group, the main reported reasons for failure to administer thrombolysis were stroke severity (almost all patients in this category had minimal symptoms or were rapidly improving) (65%), symptoms present for >3 hours at the time of stroke team assessment (15%), and comorbid conditions (6%).

The majority (89%) of patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack was prescribed antithrombotic agents at discharge from hospital, with a range of 76% to 94% (P=0.01) (Table 3). The results were similar when patients with contraindications such as gastrointestinal bleeding were excluded (90% overall, range 80% to 96%). Among patients with a history of atrial fibrillation before admission or during hospitalization, 54% were prescribed warfarin in hospital or at discharge, and results were similar in "ideal" patients without contraindications to warfarin therapy, with 57% receiving warfarin at discharge (Table 3). The number of eligible patients at each site was too small to permit the evaluation of interinstitutional variations in warfarin use. Eighty percent of patients with ischemic stroke or TIA underwent carotid imaging during the index hospitalization, with a range of 62% to 97% among study hospitals (P<0.001); results were similar when the analysis was limited to patients with carotid territory symptoms, with 82% undergoing carotid imaging. There were no differences in the rates of antithrombotic use and warfarin for atrial fibrillation or carotid imaging between patients who received care on a stroke unit or from a stroke team versus those who received usual medical care.

In the multivariate analyses with adjustment for age, sex, level of consciousness, and comorbidity, there were persistent intersite variations in the use of organized stroke care, thrombolysis, warfarin and carotid imaging, but not in the use of antithrombotic agents. Older age and higher Charlson comorbidity index scores were not associated with variations in the use of any interventions; however, women were less likely than men to receive stroke unit care (adjusted odds ratio 0.63; 95% confidence interval: 0.44 to 0.90) and thrombolysis (adjusted odds ratio 0.66; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.99).

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Appendix References

 
We found that patients seen at the institutions participating in the RCSN received high-quality stroke care based on a number of performance indicators. Specifically, 90% of "ideal" patients received antithrombotic agents at discharge from hospital, 80% underwent carotid imaging in hospital, and 14% of potentially eligible patients received thrombolysis. However, we also found gaps in the provision of other components of stroke care: only 18% of Registry patients were admitted to an acute stroke unit, only one third of Registry patients received any form of organized inpatient stroke care, and only 54% of those with atrial fibrillation received warfarin at discharge. In addition, there were significant variations among participating sites in the provision of organized stroke care, thrombolysis, and carotid imaging, and these did not appear to be fully explained by variations in case mix among the sites.

Variations and deficiencies in stroke care delivery have been documented in many other jurisdictions. An Australian stroke audit found that 78% of those with ischemic stroke or TIA received antiplatelet agents, with low rates of warfarin use for those with atrial fibrillation (33%), stroke unit care (23%), and thrombolysis (1%).²⁷ A study of US Medicare patients hospitalized with stroke or transient ischemic attack found rates of discharge antithrombotic use ranging from 74% to 91% across the country, whereas studies from the Scottish Stroke Outcomes Study Group and the United Kingdom General Practitioner Research Database have found underuse and regional variations in the use of antithrombotic agents, multidisciplinary teams, and neuroimaging.^22–24 More recently, the UK National Sentinel Stroke Audit found that 36% of patients across the United Kingdom were admitted to stroke units and 91% were prescribed antithrombotic agents at discharge, with wide interinstitutional variations in the organization and delivery of care.²⁶

Variations in care may be explained in part by appropriate patient selection resulting in exclusion of patients with contraindications to the therapy under consideration. The detailed clinical data in the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network allowed us to examine the use of interventions among "ideal" patients without contraindications to therapy and to explore predictors of use for each intervention. The use of tPA was relatively high (14%) in those presenting to hospital within 3 hours of stroke onset, and the majority of patients who did not receive tPA were excluded on the basis of eligibility criteria derived from the NINDS tPA study.² Similarly, the use of carotid imaging in 80% of patients may be appropriate, given that such imaging is not required for patients in whom the results are unlikely to change management, such as those who are not candidates for carotid endarterectomy because of disabling stroke or other comorbid illness. Additional patients may have undergone carotid imaging soon after discharge, and this would not have been captured by the database. Warfarin was used in only 54% of those with atrial fibrillation; discussion with neurologists participating in the Registry suggests that this may be explained in part by uncertainty about the relative benefits of warfarin versus antiplatelet agents for secondary stroke prevention in elderly patients with severe strokes and a higher perceived risk of complications.^7,32–34 However, even after adjustment for stroke type and other prognostic factors, we observed persistent intersite variations in the use of stroke care interventions, suggesting that patient factors are not the sole explanation for the observed variations in stroke care delivery.

Other explanations for variations in care include the availability and organization of local resources. The use of thrombolysis and antithrombotic agents in RCSN patients was higher than that observed in some previous stroke audits, and likely reflects the specialized nature of the participating institutions.^35–38 However, even among these highly selected institutions, some administered no thrombolysis at all. Discussions with the participating neurologists revealed that in some cases this was attributable to insufficient personnel with expertise in administering thrombolysis, or an institutional or departmental concern about the efficacy of tPA. Furthermore, only 57% of these selected institutions had an acute stroke ward and only 67% had either a stroke ward or a mobile stroke team, and the availability of acute stroke units among other institutions in Canada is almost certainly much lower: a 1999 survey of all Ontario hospitals found that an acute stroke unit existed in only 4% of acute care institutions.³⁹ It is also notable that even at centers with organized stroke units and teams in place, the majority of admitted patients did not receive care from these services. Fortunately, the use of interventions such as antithrombotic agents and carotid imaging was similar in those who received care on stroke units compared with those who did not, suggesting that some elements of quality stroke care delivery do not depend on the existence of stroke units.

Other local initiatives and resources that may influence care include public awareness campaigns and training of emergency medical service personnel to decrease prehospital delays, as well as emergency department protocols to facilitate timely neuroimaging and use of thrombolysis. In this study, only 24% of all stroke patients arrived in hospital within 2 hours of stroke onset. In addition, 15% of patients arriving within 2 hours of stroke onset did not receive thrombolysis because of symptom duration >3 hours at the time of stroke team assessment, suggesting that in-hospital delays may have prevented some eligible patients from receiving this therapy. Further research is needed to determine whether stroke protocols and other local initiatives can result in improvements in these areas.

Variations and deficiencies in stroke care are important if they result in variations in stroke outcomes. Studies evaluating the link between stroke care process and outcome have yielded conflicting results, and we do not yet have long-term stroke outcome data on our study sample.^22,40 In theory, however, assuming that 50% of stroke patients will be dead or dependent (defined as a Rankin grade of 3) 1 year after stroke, and that organized stroke care reduces the odds of death or dependency by 22%, the failure to provide organized inpatient stroke care in 70% of patients could contribute to an increase of 8 patients dead or dependent for every 100 stroke patients seen.^3,41 Similarly, assuming a 15% annual recurrent stroke risk with atrial fibrillation and a 66% relative risk reduction with warfarin therapy, the failure to use warfarin in 46% of patients would be expected to contribute to an excess of 5 preventable strokes per year per 100 eligible patients.^6,8 Given an estimated 50 000 stroke admissions per year in Canada, addressing such deficiencies in care could have a significant impact on reducing death and disability from stroke.⁴²

A number of study limitations merit comment. First, the current analysis captures only in-hospital data. Although this could lead to underestimates of rates of carotid imaging and medication usage, usual Canadian practice patterns suggest that it is unlikely that a significant proportion of patients would have such testing or treatment initiated after hospital discharge. Second, we did not evaluate all potentially relevant care process indicators, but rather chose to focus on selected, easily measurable indicators that would apply to a majority of patients. Third, we do not yet have data on long-term stroke outcomes such as mortality and functional status, so we cannot evaluate the association between the processes of stroke care and stroke outcomes. Fourth, our study sample includes only patients seen at highly specialized institutions with stroke care expertise and resources, and it is probable that deficiencies in stroke care delivery are more marked at other institutions. Finally, even at these institutions, our study sample did not capture all stroke patients. Because of the requirement of informed consent, patients with minor stroke were less likely to participate (they were sometimes discharged before the coordinator had an opportunity to approach them), as were those with severe or fatal stroke (the coordinators were sometimes unable to obtain surrogate consent).⁴³ Although such selection bias could limit the generalizability of results of analyses of patient outcomes, it is unlikely to lead to systematic biases in the current analyses of in-hospital processes of care.

In conclusion, Canadian stroke patients at these specialized institutions received high-quality stroke care based on a number of performance measures. However, gaps and significant interinstitutional variations exist in the provision of other elements of evidence-based stroke care. These data provide a benchmark against which quality improvement in Canadian hospitals can be measured. Future research should explore explanations for these observed differences, evaluate their effect on stroke patient outcomes, and focus on solutions to deficiencies in care.

	Appendix

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Appendix References

 
The following persons and institutions participated in phase 1 of the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network:

Participating Centers:
Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS: S. Phillips, MD (Principal Investigator), G. Gubitz, MD (Principal Investigator), W. Simpkin, RN (Coordinator)

Saint John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB: P. Bailey, MD (Principal Investigator), P. Cook, RN (Coordinator), S. Alward, RN (Coordinator)

Hopital Notre-Dame du CHUM, Montreal, QC: L. Lebrun, MD (Principal Investigator), M. Desrochers, RN (Coordinator), L. Mercille, RN (Coordinator)

Hopital de l’Enfant-Jesus, Quebec City, QC: D. Simard, MD (Principal Investigator), A. Mackey, MD (Principal Investigator), S. Dube, RN (Coordinator), B. Leger, RN (Coordinator)

Hopital Charles le Moyne, Greenfield Park, QC: L. Berger, MD (Principal Investigator), L. Moisan, RN (Coordinator), Y. Serraspino, RN (Coordinator), D. Truong, RN (Coordinator)

Montreal General Hospital and SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC: R. Cote, MD (Principal Investigator), J. Minuk, MD (Principal Investigator), C. Wong, RN (Coordinator)

Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON: S. Black, MD (Principal Investigator), N. Jiang, (Coordinator), J. Bray (Coordinator), M. Kerr-Taylor, RN (Coordinator)

University Health Network/Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON: F. Silver, MD (Principal Investigator), P. Urzua, RN (Coordinator), G. Gutierrez, RN (Coordinator); R. Wiegner, RN (Coordinator)

London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON: V. Hachinski, MD (Principal Investigator), N. Absolon, RN (Coordinator), L. Cotton, RN (Coordinator)

The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON: A. Douen, MD (Principal Investigator), M. Sharma, MD (Principal Investigator), N. Pageau, RN (Coordinator), M. Savage, RN (Coordinator)

Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON: D. Howse, MD (Principal Investigator), D. Brunet, MD (Principal Investigator), S. Weatherby, RN (Coordinator)

Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON: W. Oczkowksi, MD (Principal Investigator), N. Pyette, RN (Coordinator), L. Gould, RPN (Coordinator)

Trillium Health Sciences Centre, Mississauga, ON: D. Selchen, MD (Principal Investigator), H. Hinks, RN (Coordinator), T. Stokes, RN (Coordinator)

Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Winnipeg, MB: B. Anderson, MD (Principal Investigator), D. Gladish, RN (Coordinator), A. Gousseau, RN (Coordinator), P. Pikl, RN (Coordinator)

Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK: C. Voll, MD (Principal Investigator), S. Bishop, RN (Coordinator), L. Schmidt, RN (Coordinator), B. Kwiatkowski, RN (Coordinator)

Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB: M. Hill, MD (Principal Investigator), L. Sinclair, RN (Coordinator), M. Schebel, RN (Coordinator), A. Cole-Haskayne, RN (Coordinator)

University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB: A. Shuaib, MD, (Principal Investigator), A. Nasser, RN (Coordinator)

Lion’s Gate Hospital, Vancouver, BC: D. Cameron, MD (Principal Investigator), C. Tadey, RN (Coordinator)

Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC: P. Teal, MD (Principal Investigator), T. Steele, BSN, RN (Coordinator)

St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC: D. Johnston, MD (Principal Investigator), M. Wong, MD (Principal Investigator), H. Connolly, RN (Coordinator)

Capital Health Region, Victoria, BC: A. Penn, MD (Principal Investigator), M. Laporte, RN (Coordinator)

Coordinating Centre at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ontario:
M. Kapral, F. Silver, J. Fang, A. Laupacis, J. Richards, J. Tu

Steering Committee:
F. Silver (Cochair, phase 1), A. Hakim, M. Hill, M. Kapral (Chair, phase 2), A. Laupacis, M. Lewis, N. Mayo, S. Phillips, (Cochair, phase 1), G. Taylor, J. Tu, K. Willis

Data Privacy and Security Committee:
D. Willison, ScD (Chair), A. Buchan, MD, A. Laupacis, MD, P. Peladeau, A. Penn, J. Richards, F. Silver, J. Williams

Phase 1 Content Committee:
S. Phillips (Chair), C. Bolton, R. Cote, G. deVeber, D. Feeny, V. Flintoft, M. Hill, W. Hopman, C. Jaigobin, M. Kapral, A. Laupacis, K. Leeb, D. Matchar, N. Mayo, S. Nagpal, C. O’Callaghan, P. Porter, J. Richards, R. Riopelle, F. Silver, I. Stiell, J. Tu, A. Wielgosz, D. Willison, E. Wilson

	Acknowledgments

 
This work was funded by an operating grant from the Canadian Stroke Network. Data collection in Ontario institutions was funded in part by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences is supported by an operating grant from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Dr Kapral is supported in part by a scholarship from the Canadian Stroke Network and the Women’s Health Program at the University Health Network. Dr Laupacis is a senior scientist of the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. Dr Tu is supported in part by a Canada Research Chair in Health Services Research. Dr Phillips and Dr Silver have received honoraria and travel benefits and have participated in advisory boards and continuing medical education activities sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry. The authors thank the hospitals, investigators, and research coordinators who participated in the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network (Appendix), as well as the many staff at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences and the Canadian Stroke Network who assisted in the coordination of the Registry.

	Footnotes

 
The results and conclusions are those of the authors and should not be attributed to any supporting or sponsoring agencies.

A list of participants can be found in the Appendix.

Received October 6, 2003; revision received March 4, 2004; accepted March 22, 2004.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Appendix References

 
1. Chen ZM, Sandercock P, Pan HC, Counsell C, Collins R, Liu LS, Xie JX, Warlow C, Peto R. Indications for early aspirin use in acute ischemic stroke: a combined analysis of 40 000 randomized patients from the Chinese Acute Stroke Trial and the International Stroke Trial. Stroke. 2000; 31: 1240–1249.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

2. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rtPA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333: 1581–1587.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

3. Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002: 4.

4. Phillips SJ, Eskes GA, Gubitz GJ. Description and evaluation of an acute stroke unit. Can Med Assoc J. 2002; 167: 655–660.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

5. Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high-risk patients. BMJ. 2002; 324: 71–86.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

6. Albers GW, Dalen JE, Laupacis A, Manning WG, Petersen P, Singer DE. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2001; 119: 194S–206S.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

7. EAFT Study Group. European Atrial Fibrillation Trial: secondary prevention of vascular events in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a recent transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke. Lancet. 1993; 342: 1255–1262.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

8. Koudstall PJ. Anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks [review]. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002: 4.

9. European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70–99%) or with mild (0–29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet. 1991; 337: 1235–1243.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

10. European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial. Lancet. 1998; 351: 1379–1387.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

11. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 445–453.[Abstract]

12. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Fox AJ, Taylor DW, Mayberg MR, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ, Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists’ Collaboration. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet. 2003; 361: 116.

13. The Intercollegiate Working Party for Stroke. National clinical guidelines for stroke: update 2002. Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation Unit, Royal College of Physicians of London. Available at: www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/books/stroke/. Accessed March 13, 2003.

14. Holloway RG, Vickrey BG, Benesch C, Hinchey JA, Bieber J. Development of performance measures for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2001; 32: 2058–2074.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

15. Hacke W, Kaste M, Olsen TS, Orgogozo J-M, Bogousslavsky J, for the European Stroke Initiative Executive Committee. European Stroke Initiative recommendations for stroke management: 2002 update. Available at: www.eusi-stroke.com. Accessed March 13, 2003.

16. Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Swedish national guidelines for the management of stroke: version for health and medical personnel 2000. Available at: www.sos.se/sosmenye.htm. Accessed March 13, 2003.

17. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of patients with stroke: assessment, investigation, immediate management and secondary prevention. 1997. Available at: www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/published/index.html. Accessed May 3, 2004.

18. Alberts MJ, Hademenos G, Latchaw RE, Marler JR, Mayberg MR, Starke RD, Todd HW, Viste KM, Girgus M, Shephard T, Emr M, Schwayder P, Walker MD. Recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers. JAMA. 2000; 283: 3102–3109.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

19. Wilson E, Taylor G, Phillips S, Stewart PJ, Dickenson G, Ramsden VR, Teasell RW, Mayo N, Tu J, Elson S, Strauss B, Canadian Stroke Systems Coalition. Creating a Canadian stroke system. Can Med Assoc J. 2001; 164: 1853–1855.[Free Full Text]

20. Jencks SF, Cuerdon T, Burwen DR, Fleming B, Houck PM, Kussmaul AE, Nilasena DS, Ordin DL, Arday DR. Quality of medical care delivered to medicare beneficiaries: a profile at state and national levels. JAMA. 2000; 284: 1670–1676.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

21. Holloway RG, Benesch C, Rush S. Stroke prevention: narrowing the evidence-practice gap. Neurology. 2000; 54: 1899–1906.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

22. Weir N, Dennis MS, on behalf of the Scottish Stroke Outcomes Study Group. Towards a national system for monitoring the quality of hospital-based stroke services. Stroke. 2001; 32: 1415–1421.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

23. Gibbs RGJ, Newson R, Lawrenson R, Greenhalgh RM, Davies AH. Diagnosis and management of stroke and transient ischemic attack across UK health regions from 1992 to 1996: experience of a national primary care database. Stroke. 2001; 32: 1085–1090.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

24. Jencks SF, Huff ED, Cuerdon T. Change in the quality of care delivered to Medicare beneficiaries, 1998–1999 to 2000–2001. JAMA. 2003; 289: 305–312.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

25. Micieli G, Cavallini A, Quaglini S, for the Guideline Application for Decision Making in Ischemic Stroke (GLADIS) Study Group. Guideline compliance improves stroke outcome: a preliminary study in 4 districts in the Italian region of Lombardia. Stroke. 2002; 33: 1341–1347.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

26. The Intercollegiate Working Party for Stroke. Concise report on the national sentinel stroke audit 2001/02. Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation Unit, Royal College of Physicians of London. Available at: www.rcplondon.ac.uk/college/ceeu/strokeconciseauditreport.pdf. Accessed May 3, 2004.

27. Duffy BK, Phillips PA, Davis SM, Donnan GA, Vedadhaghi ME, on behalf of the Stroke in Hospitals: an Australian Review of Treatment (START) Investigators. Evidence-based care and outcomes of acute stroke managed in hospital specialty units. Med J Aust. 2003; 178: 318–323.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

28. Hinchey JA, Tonn S, Shephard T. Achievable benchmarks for in-hospital ischemic stroke care. Stroke. 2003; 34: 312. Abstract.

29. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Alex KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987; 40: 373–383.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

30. Holroyd-Leduc JM, Kapral MK, Austin PC, Tu JV. Sex differences and similarities in the management and outcomes of stroke patients. Stroke. 2000; 31: 1833–1837.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

31. Tu JV, Gong Y. Trends in treatment and outcomes for acute stroke patients in Ontario, 1992–1998. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 293–297.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

32. Munschauer FE, Priore RL, Hens M, Castilone A. Thromboembolism prophylaxis in chronic atrial fibrillation: practice patterns in community and tertiary-care hospitals. Stroke. 1997; 28: 72–76.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

33. Cohen N, Almoznino-Sarafian D, Alon I, Gorelik O, Koopfer M, Chachashivily S, Shteinshnaider M, Litvinjuk V, Modai D. Warfarin for stroke prevention still underused in atrial fibrillation: patterns of omission. Stroke. 2000; 31: 1217–1222.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

34. Taylor FC, Cohen H, Ebrahim S. Systematic review of long term anticoagulation or antiplatelet treatment in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. BMJ. 2001; 322: 321–326.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

35. Koennecke HC, Nohr R, Leistner S, Marx P. Intravenous tPA for ischemic stroke: team performance over time, safety and efficacy in a single-center, 2-year experience. Stroke. 2001; 32: 1074–1078.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

36. Behrens S, Daffertshofer M, Interthal C, Ellinger K, van Ackern K, Hennerici M. Improvement in stroke quality management by an educational programme. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002; 13: 262–266.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

37. Chiu D, Krieger D, Villar-Cordova C, Kasner SE, Morgenstern LB, Bratina PL, Yatsu FM, Grotta JC. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: feasibility, safety, and efficacy in the first year of clinical practice. Stroke. 1998; 29: 18–22.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

38. Katzan IL, Furlan AJ, Lloyd LE, Frank JI, Harper DL, Hinchey JA, Hammel JP, Qu A, Sila CA. Use of tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: the Cleveland area experience. JAMA. 2000; 283: 1151–1158.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

39. Tu JV, Porter J, eds. Stroke Care in Ontario: Hospital Survey Results. Ontario, Canada: Ontario Hospital Association, Ontario Ministry of Health, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Ontario, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario; 1999.

40. McNaughton H, McPherson K, Taylor W, Weatherall M. Relationship between process and outcome in stroke care. Stroke. 2003; 34: 713–717.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

41. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J, Warlow C. Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet. 1991; 337: 1521–1526.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

42. Hakim AM, Silver F, Hodgson C. Is Canada falling behind international standards for stroke care? Can Med Assoc J. 1998; 159: 671–674.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

43. Tu JV, Willison DJ, Silver FL, Fang J, Richards J, Laupacis A, Kapral MK; for the Investigators in the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network. Impracticability of informed consent in the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 1414–1421.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				B. Indredavik Stroke Unit Care Is Beneficial Both for the Patient and for the Health Service and Should Be Widely Implemented Stroke, January 1, 2009; 40(1): 1 - 2. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. F. Rafay, A.-M. Pontigon, J. Chiang, M. Adams, D. A. Jarvis, F. Silver, D. MacGregor, and G. A. deVeber Delay to Diagnosis in Acute Pediatric Arterial Ischemic Stroke Stroke, January 1, 2009; 40(1): 58 - 64. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Bayley MD, P. Lindsay BScN PhD, C. Hellings BScH, E. Woodbury BCom MHA, S. Phillips MBBS, and on behalf of the Canadian Stroke Strategy (a joint Balancing evidence and opinion in stroke care: the 2008 best practice recommendations Can. Med. Assoc. J., December 2, 2008; 179(12): 1247 - 1249. [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Saposnik, J. Fang, M. O'Donnell, V. Hachinski, M. K. Kapral, M. D. Hill, and on behalf of the Investigators of the Registry of Escalating Levels of Access to In-Hospital Care and Stroke Mortality Stroke, September 1, 2008; 39(9): 2522 - 2530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Saposnik, M. D. Hill, M. O'Donnell, J. Fang, V. Hachinski, M. K. Kapral, and on behalf of the investigators of the Registry of Variables Associated With 7-Day, 30-Day, and 1-Year Fatality After Ischemic Stroke Stroke, August 1, 2008; 39(8): 2318 - 2324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Lindsay RN PhD, M. Bayley MD, A. McDonald BScPT, I. D. Graham PhD, G. Warner PhD, and S. Phillips MBBS Toward a more effective approach to stroke: Canadian Best Practice Recommendations for Stroke Care Can. Med. Assoc. J., May 20, 2008; 178(11): 1418 - 1425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Hakim Vascular Disease: The Tsunami of Health Care Stroke, December 1, 2007; 38(12): 3296 - 3301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. R. Yip and B. M. Demaerschalk Estimated Cost Savings of Increased Use of Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Canada Stroke, June 1, 2007; 38(6): 1952 - 1955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. U. Heuschmann, M. K. Biegler, O. Busse, S. Elsner, A. Grau, U. Hasenbein, P. Hermanek, R. W.C. Janzen, P. L. Kolominsky-Rabas, K. Kraywinkel, et al. Development and Implementation of Evidence-Based Indicators for Measuring Quality of Acute Stroke Care: The Quality Indicator Board of the German Stroke Registers Study Group (ADSR) Stroke, October 1, 2006; 37(10): 2573 - 2551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. J.M. Scholte op Reimer, D. W.J. Dippel, C. L. Franke, R. J. v. Oostenbrugge, G. de Jong, S. Hoeks, and M. L. Simoons Quality of Hospital and Outpatient Care After Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: Insights From a Stroke Survey in The Netherlands Stroke, July 1, 2006; 37(7): 1844 - 1849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Niewada, M. Skowronska, D. Ryglewicz, B. Kaminski, A. Czlonkowska, and on behalf of the Polish National Stroke Prevention Acute Ischemic Stroke Care and Outcome in Centers Participating in the Polish National Stroke Prevention and Treatment Registry Stroke, July 1, 2006; 37(7): 1837 - 1843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Z. Deng, M. J. Reeves, B. S. Jacobs, G. L. Birbeck, R. U. Kothari, S. L. Hickenbottom, A. J. Mullard, S. Wehner, K. Maddox, A. Majid, et al. IV tissue plasminogen activator use in acute stroke: Experience from a statewide registry Neurology, February 14, 2006; 66(3): 306 - 312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Norrving and R. J. Adams Organized Stroke Care Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 326 - 328. [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Norrving Editorial Comment--Organized Stroke Care: The Core of Effective Stroke Care Provision Stroke, July 1, 2005; 36(7): 1616 - 1618. [Full Text] [PDF]

				The Paul Coverdell Prototype Registries Writing Gr Acute Stroke Care in the US: Results from 4 Pilot Prototypes of the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry Stroke, June 1, 2005; 36(6): 1232 - 1240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. K. Kapral, J. Fang, M. D. Hill, F. Silver, J. Richards, C. Jaigobin, A. M. Cheung, and for the Investigators of the Registry of the Canad Sex Differences in Stroke Care and Outcomes: Results From the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network Stroke, April 1, 2005; 36(4): 809 - 814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. P. Lindsay, M. K. Kapral, D. Gladstone, R. Holloway, J. V. Tu, A. Laupacis, and J. M. Grimshaw The Canadian Stroke Quality of Care Study: establishing indicators for optimal acute stroke care Can. Med. Assoc. J., February 1, 2005; 172(3): 363 - 365. [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 35/7/1756    most recent 01.STR.0000130423.50191.9fv1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kapral, M. K. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kapral, M. K. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Choosing a Doctor or Health Care Service Stroke Related Collections Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Acute Cerebral Infarction Acute Stroke Syndromes Primary and Secondary Stroke Prevention Anticoagulants Antiplatelets Neuroprotectors Thrombolysis Other Stroke Treatment - Medical