Published online before print November 29, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000150489.47080.67
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(Stroke. 2005;36:158.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.
Research Reports |
Expression and Function of Recombinant S1179D Endothelial NO Synthase in Human Pial Arteries
From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (J.S., A.V.R.S., L.A.S., M.A., Z.S.K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Cardiobiology Program (W.C.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
Correspondence to Dr Zvonimir S. Katusic, Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail katusic.zvonimir{at}mayo.edu
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Abstract |
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Background and Purpose— Mutation of serine 1179 to aspartate on the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) increases NO production in the absence of stimulation by agonists. The present study was designed to determine the effect of recombinant S1179DeNOS gene expression on the vasomotor function of human pial arteries.
Methods— Pial arteries were isolated from 28 patients undergoing temporal lobectomy for intractable seizures. Adenoviral vectors (1010 pfu/mL) encoding ß-galactosidase (AdCMVLacZ) or S1179DeNOS (AdCMVS1179DeNOS) were used for ex vivo gene transfer, and vasomotor function was evaluated in control and transduced arteries.
Results— Contractions to cumulative additions of U46619 were not affected by expression of LacZ or S1179DeNOS. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin or endothelium-independent relaxations to Diethylaminodiazen-1-ium-1,2-dioate were significantly reduced in arteries expressing S1179DeNOS. A superoxide dismutase mimetic, manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride, failed to improve the reduced relaxations to bradykinin. The levels of cGMP were significantly elevated in arteries expressing S1179DeNOS.
Conclusions— Our results support the concept that high local production of NO in pial arterial wall causes adaptive reduction of vasodilator reactivity to NO.
Key Words: free radicals • gene therapy • nitric oxide
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Introduction |
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The serine/threonine kinase Akt phosphorylates endothelial NO synthase (eNOS; at serines 1179 and 1177 for bovine and human eNOS, respectively).1–3 Phosphorylation on this residue is associated with an increase in NO production and activation of the enzyme at lower calcium/calmodulin concentrations compared with nonphosphorylated eNOS. Mutation of serine 1179 to aspartate (S1179DeNOS) increases NO production in the absence of stimulation by agonists.2,3 In a recent study, expression of recombinant S1179DeNOS increased the basal production of NO in canine basilar arteries.4 The present study was designed to determine the effect of recombinant S1179DeNOS gene expression on the vasomotor function of human pial arteries.
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Materials and Methods |
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The procedures and handling of human tissue were reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of the Mayo Foundation. Human pial arteries (OD 500 to 1000 µm)5 were isolated from temporal lobe specimens of patients undergoing surgery for intractable lobe epilepsy. There were a total of 28 patients (13 males and 15 females) from whom viable tissue could be obtained (age 29±4 years). Arteries were harvested within 15 minutes of removal as described previously.5
Rings obtained from the same patient were randomly assigned for gene transfer and were transduced with adenoviral vectors (1010 pfu/mL;40 minutes; 37°C) for AdCMVLacZ or AdCMVS1179DeNOS or vehicle (control) as described previously.4,5 Twenty-four hours after gene delivery, expression of recombinant proteins and vasomotor functions were studied. Vascular reactivity in the pial arteries was evaluated by obtaining the concentration-response curves to different agonists in the isolated arteries connected to an isometric force transducer as described previously.4,6 In a separate set of patients, rings from the same patients were transduced with AdCMVS1179DeNOS, and relaxations to bradykinin were studied in the absence and in the presence of a superoxide dismutase mimetic, manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride (MnTBAP; 10–5 M).
See Editorial Comment, page 160
Radioimmunoassay kits (Amersham) were used to measure the basal levels of intracellular cGMP from nontransduced or LacZ- or S1179DeNOS-transduced arteries as described previously.7
Statistical Analysis
Results of this study are expressed as the means±SEM. Relaxations are expressed as percentage of maximal relaxations produced by 3x10–4 mol/L papaverine. The concentration-response curves and multiple comparisons were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Fisher’s least significant difference post hoc test. Statistical significance was accepted at P<0.05.
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Results |
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Contractions to U46619 (10–9 to 10–6 mol/L) were not different in control (nontransduced), AdCMVLacZ, or AdCMVS1179DeNOS-transduced arteries (data not shown).
In AdCMVS1179DeNOS-transduced arteries, endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin (10–9 to 10–6 mol/L) were significantly reduced (Figure 1A; P<0.05), and MnTBAP did not improve these relaxations (Figure 1B). Endothelium-independent relaxations to DEA-NONOate (10–9 to 10–5 mol/L) were also significantly reduced in arteries transduced with S1179DeNOS (Figure 2; P<0.05).
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In AdCMVS1179DeNOS-transduced arteries, basal levels of cGMP were significantly elevated compared with either nontransduced control or AdCMVLacZ-transduced arteries (Figure 3).
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Discussion |
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The principal new finding of the current study is that expression of recombinant S1179DeNOS in pial arteries increases cGMP levels but attenuates vascular reactivity to endogenous and exogenous NO. Pharmacological analysis with a superoxide anion scavenger, MnTBAP, ruled out chemical antagonism between superoxide and NO as a mechanism underlying endothelial dysfunction in arteries transduced with S1179DeNOS. Consistent with the results of the present study, overexpression of eNOS in transgenic mice also reduced vasodilator effect of NO, although vascular cGMP levels were elevated causing systemic vasodilatation and hypotension.8,9 Similarly, high production of NO in the rabbit, canine, and human cerebral arteries expressing recombinant inducible NOS (iNOS) resulted in a reduced vasodilator effect of NO.10,11 These findings support the concept that increased local NO production initiates adaptive downregulation of signal transduction mechanisms responsible for mediation of NO-induced vasodilatation.10 The results of our study expand this concept to expression of S1179DeNOS in the human cerebral arteries.
S1179DeNOS did not affect reactivity to vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2 receptor agonist U46619. This observation is in agreement with reported normal vasoconstrictor reactivity to UTP in canine basilar artery expressing S1179DeNOS, as well as normal reactivity to histamine and serotonin in rabbit cerebral arteries transduced with iNOS.4,11
It is difficult to predict effect of recombinant S1179DeNOS in diseased arteries. However, establishing pharmacodynamic profile of S1179DeNOS in human arteries adds important information needed for further development of therapeutic application. Our results demonstrate that in human cerebral arteries, expression of S1179DeNOS increases cGMP production. This is associated with adaptive reduction of vasodilator reactivity to NO.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported in part by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grants HL-53524, HL-58080, and HL-66958, the American Heart Association Bugher Award for Investigation of Stroke, and the Mayo Foundation.
Received September 23, 2004; revision received October 15, 2004; accepted October 20, 2004.
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References |
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1. Michell BJ, Griffiths JE, Mitchelhill KI, Rodriguez-Crespo I, Tiganis T, Bozinovski S, Ortiz de Montellano PR, Kemp BE, Pearson RB. The Akt kinase signals directly to endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Curr Biol. 1999; 9: 845–848.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Fulton D, Grattion JP, McCabe TJ, Fontana J, Fujio Y, Walsh K, Franke TF, Papapetropoulos A, Sessa WC. Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt. Nature. 1999; 399: 597–601.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3. Dimmeler S, Fleming I, Fisslthaler B, Hermann C, Busse R, Zeiher AM. Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation. Nature. 1999; 399: 601–605.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Akiyama M, Eguchi D, Weiler D, O’Brien T, Kovesdi I, Scotland RS, Sessa WC, Katusic ZS. Expression and function of recombinant S1179D endothelial nitric oxide synthase in canine cerebral arteries. Stroke. 2002; 33: 1071–1076.
5. Khurana VG, Smith LA, Weiler DA, Springett MJ, Parisi JE, Meyer FB, Marsh WR, O’Brien T, Katusic ZS. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human cerebral arteries. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000; 20: 1360–1371.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
6. Khurana VG, Smith LA, Baker TA, Eguchi TA, Eguchi D, O’Brien T, Katusic ZS. Protective vasomotor effects of in vivo recombinant endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene expression in a canine model of cerebral vasospasm. Stroke. 2002; 33: 782–789.
7. D’Uscio L, Milstein S, Richardson D, Smith L, Katusic ZS. Long-term vitamin C treatment increases vascular tetrahydrobiopterin levels and nitric oxide synthase activity. Circ Res. 2003; 92: 88–95.
8. Ohashi Y, Kawashima S, Hirata K, Yamashita T, Ishida T, Inoue N, Sakoda T, Kurihara H, Yazaki Y, Yokoyama M. Hypotension and reduced nitric oxide-elicited vasorelaxation in transgenic mice overexpressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Clin Invest. 1998; 102: 2061–2071.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Drummond GR, Harrison DG. eNOS-overexpressing mice: too much NO makes the blood pressure low. J Clin Invest. 1998; 102: 2033–2034.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
10. Eguchi D, d’Uscio L, Wambi C, Weiler D, Kovesdi I, O’Brien T, Katusic ZS. Inhibitory effect of recombinant iNOS gene expression on vasomotor function of canine basilar artery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002; 283: H2560–H2566.
11. Gunnett CA, Lund DD, Howard MA III, Chu Y, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Gene transfer of inducible nitric oxide synthase impairs relaxation in human and rabbit cerebral arteries. Stroke. 2002; 33: 2292–2296.
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