This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 36/12/2745    most recent 01.STR.0000185720.03803.41v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kim, E. Y. Articles by Kim, D. I. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kim, E. Y. Articles by Kim, D. I. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information CT Scans Stroke Related Collections Arterial thrombosis Acute Cerebral Infarction Computerized tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(Stroke. 2005;36:2745.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Research Reports

Detection of Thrombus in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Value of Thin-Section Noncontrast-Computed Tomography

Eung Yeop Kim, MD; Seung-Koo Lee, MD; Dong Joon Kim, MD; Sang-Hyun Suh, MD; Jinna Kim, MD; Ji Hoe Heo, MD Dong Ik Kim, MD

From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiologic Science (E.Y.K., S.-K.L., D.J.K., S.-H.S., J.K., D.I.K.) and the Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Background and Purpose— Previous studies on the hyperdense middle cerebral artery (MCA) sign were conducted using 5-mm thickness noncontrast-computed tomography (NCT). The purpose of this study was to compare thin-section NCT with 5-mm NCT in the detection of thrombus in acute ischemic stroke.

Methods— Enrolled were consecutive 51 patients with acute infarction in the anterior or MCA territory. All patients underwent both 5-mm NCT and either 1.25- or 1-mm thin-section helical NCT within 6 hours of symptom onset. Patients were assigned to either the single or multisegmental occlusion group, depending on the thrombus extent on thin-section NCT. Thin-section NCT and 5-mm NCT were compared in the detection of thrombi.

Results— Thrombi were identified in 45 patients (88%) on thin-section NCT and 16 on 5-mm NCT (31%; P<0.001). No occlusion was seen in 6 patients. Both sensitivity and specificity of thin-section NCT in detection of thrombus were 100%.

Conclusions— Acute thrombus can be detected with higher sensitivity on thin-section NCT than on 5-mm NCT, and its extent is more accurately determined on thin-section NCT.

Key Words: acute stroke • cerebral infarct • neuroradiology • thrombosis

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
The hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) is considered a marker of thrombus in the middle cerebral artery (MCA).^1–3 HMCAS is present in 5% to 50% of cases.^2,4–6 The specificity of HMCAS in identifying MCA occlusion approaches 100%, whereas its sensitivity is low.^3,5

All previous studies on HMCAS were conducted using the conventional 5-mm thickness noncontrast-computed tomography (NCT). We hypothesized that thin-section NCT would allow us to detect more thrombi. The purpose of our study was to compare thin-section NCT with conventional 5-mm NCT in the detection of thrombus in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

	Materials and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Between April 2003 and March 2005, consecutive 51 patients (25 females, 26 males; mean age, 67 years) presented with infarction of the anterior or MCA territory. All of the patients underwent both 5-mm and either 1.25- or 1-mm thin-section NCT using 1 of 2 multidetector row CT scanners (LightSpeed Plus, GE Medical Systems; Sensation 16, Siemens Medical Systems). CT angiography (CTA) was subsequently obtained using the same thickness of either 1 or 1.25 mm. The maximum-intensity projection or curved-planar reformation images using source data were obtained by using a commercial 3-D software (Rapidia 2.8; Infinitt) if needed. Follow-up imaging was obtained using magnetic resonance imaging or NCT within 7 days after symptom onset.

Retrospectively, the occlusion of large arteries, including ICA, M1, M2, A1, and A2 segments, was determined by a neuroradiologist on CTA, including the source images of all patients. Two neuroradiologists who were not involved in determination of thrombus on CTA independently determined the presence of thrombus on both 5-mm and thin-section NCT images in a separate session. They were unaware of the follow-up images and of clinical information. Disagreements were decided by a consensus. Higher attenuation in the artery relative to the contralateral artery or to the adjacent parenchyma was considered a thrombus. Patients were assigned to either the single or multisegmental occlusion group according to thrombus extent on thin-section NCT. Two or more segmental occlusions were considered a multisegmental occlusion. Thrombus detection was compared between thin-section and 5-mm NCT using McNemar test.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Thrombi were identified on thin-section NCT in 45 patients (88%) and on 5-mm CT in 16 patients (31%; P<0.001; Figures 1 and 2 ). Occlusion sites on CTA were corresponded to the thrombi on thin-section NCT in these 45 patients. Interobserver agreements for detection of thrombi on thin-section and 5-mm NCT were all excellent (=0.912 and 0.873, respectively). Six patients without thrombus on thin-section NCT did not show occlusions on CTA, but they showed infarction in the basal ganglia on the follow-up imaging. Therefore, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of thin-section NCT in detection of thrombi were all 100%. On the other hand, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 5-mm NCT were 36%, 100%, and 43%, respectively.

View larger version (96K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. An 81-y-old man presented with stuporous mentality 70 min after symptom onset. The initial 5-mm NCT shows no definite evidence of thrombus. Thin-section NCT, however, clearly demonstrates high-attenuation lesions in the distal internal carotid artery and M1 segment on the left, indicative of thrombi (arrows on A). Also seen is a thrombus in the left A1 segment (open arrow on A). Curved-planar reformatted CT angiogram shows occlusions at both the A1 and M1 segments (arrows on B).

View larger version (81K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. A 79-y-old woman presented with left-sided weakness 90 min after symptom onset. The initial 5-mm NCT shows no definite evidence of thrombus (A). Thin-section NCT, however, obviously demonstrates high-attenuation lesions in the right distal M1 segment and the proximal M2 segment (arrows on A). MIP of thin-section NCT reveals the distal end of the thrombus (arrow on B).

Single and multisegmental occlusions on thin-section NCT were seen in 25 and 20 patients, respectively, whereas they were noted on 5-mm NCT in 13 and 3 patients, respectively (P<0.001; Table).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Comparison of 5-mm and Thin-Section NCT in Detection of Thrombi by Vessel Location (n=51)

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
The HMCAS is highly specific for MCA occlusions, helping physicians to determine eligibility for thrombolysis. Therefore, accurate and early detection of the HMCAS is important for the management of acute ischemic stroke. However, the HMCAS is limited because of its low sensitivity. Previous studies have used 5-mm or more thickness NCT, which may be insufficient to delineate a small thrombus in a nonlinear artery. Thin-section NCT in this study could overcome this limitation and was superior to 5-mm CT in terms of thrombus detection.

In this study, the extent of thrombus could be more accurately determined on thin-section NCT. Thrombus extent may have therapeutic implications because a larger thrombus causing multisegmental occlusion may require a longer time for thrombolysis than a smaller thrombus, resulting in severe ischemia. In addition, fewer thrombolytic agents may be required for a smaller thrombus. However, further prospective studies using dose modulation of thrombolytics according to thrombus extent should be conducted.

In conclusion, acute thrombus can be detected with higher sensitivity on thin-section NCT than on 5-mm NCT, and its extent is more accurately determined on thin-section NCT.

	Footnotes

 
Correspondence to Dong Ik Kim, MD, Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchondong, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea. E-mail dikim@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr

Received July 12, 2005; accepted August 5, 2005.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
1. Gacs G, Fox AJ, Barnett HJ, Vinuela F. CT visualization of intracranial arterial thromboembolism. Stroke. 1983; 14: 756–762.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

2. Leys D, Pruvo JP, Godefroy O, Rondepierre P, Leclerc X. Prevalence and significance of hyperdense middle cerebral artery in acute stroke. Stroke. 1992; 23: 317–324.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

3. von Kummer R, Meyding-Lamade U, Forsting M, Rosin L, Rieke K, Hacke W, Sartor K. Sensitivity and prognostic value of early CT in occlusion of the middle cerebral artery trunk. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994; 15: 9–15;discussion 16–18.

4. Tomsick T, Brott T, Barsan W, Broderick J, Haley EC, Spilker J. Thrombus localization with emergency cerebral CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992; 13: 257–263.[Abstract]

5. Manelfe C, Larrue V, von Kummer R, Bozzao L, Ringleb P, Bastianello S, Iweins F, Lesaffre E. Association of hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign with clinical outcome in patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator. Stroke. 1999; 30: 769–772.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

6. Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Hudon ME, Pexman JH, Hill MD, Buchan AM. Hyperdense Sylvian fissure MCA ‘dot’ sign: a CT marker of acute ischemia. Stroke. 2001; 32: 84–88.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				O. Ozdemir, A. Leung, M. Bussiere, V. Hachinski, and D. Pelz Hyperdense Internal Carotid Artery Sign: A CT Sign of Acute Ischemia Stroke, July 1, 2008; 39(7): 2011 - 2016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Doufekias, A. Z. Segal, and J. R. Kizer Cardiogenic and aortogenic brain embolism. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 18, 2008; 51(11): 1049 - 1059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E.Y. Kim, E. Yoo, H.Y. Choi, J.W. Lee, and J.H. Heo Thrombus Volume Comparison between Patients with and without Hyperattenuated Artery Sign on CT AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., February 1, 2008; 29(2): 359 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Y. Kim, J. H. Heo, S-K Lee, D. J. Kim, S-H Suh, J. Kim, and D. I. Kim Prediction of thrombolytic efficacy in acute ischemic stroke using thin-section noncontrast CT Neurology, November 28, 2006; 67(10): 1846 - 1848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 36/12/2745    most recent 01.STR.0000185720.03803.41v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kim, E. Y. Articles by Kim, D. I. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kim, E. Y. Articles by Kim, D. I. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information CT Scans Stroke Related Collections Arterial thrombosis Acute Cerebral Infarction Computerized tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging