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(Stroke. 2005;36:1562.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Research Reports

Multi-Detector Row Computed Tomography Angiography in Diagnosing Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

Initial Experience

Ping-Hong Lai, MD; Huay-Ben Pan, MD; Chien-Fang Yang, MD; Lee-Ren Yeh, MD; Shu-Shong Hsu, MD; Kwo-Wei Lee, MD; Mei-Jui Weng, MD; Ming-Ting Wu, MD; Huei-Lung Liang, MD Clement-Kuen Chen, MD

From the Departments of Radiology (P.H.L., H.B.P., L.R.Y., M.J.W., M.T.W., H.L.L., C.K.C.) and Neurosurgery (S.S.H.), Veterans General Hospital-Kaohsiung, National Yang-Ming University; the College of Medicine and Health (C.F.Y.), Fooyin University; and the Department of Radiology, Changhua Christian Hospital (K.W.L.), Taiwan, ROC.

Correspondence to Ping-Hong Lai, MD, Department of Radiology, Veterans General Hospital-Kaohsiung, 386 Ta-Chung First Rd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan 813. E-mail phlai{at}isca.vghks.gov.tw

	Abstract

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Background and Purpose— Multi-detector computed tomographic (MDCT) angiography is a recently developed imaging technique that can study small vessels such as medullary arteries and veins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate MDCT angiography in diagnosing SDAVF.

Methods— Eight patients with initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical findings suggestive of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) and 8 control subjects underwent MDCT angiography. Both MDCT angiography and catheter angiography were performed within 5 days in patients with SDAVFs. The results of MDCT angiography in patients with SDAVFs were compared with those of catheter angiography.

Results— MDCT angiography detected engorged perimedullary draining veins and correctly localized the fistula of the SDAVFs, and correlated well with catheter angiography. Fistula was at the thoracic level in 7 patients, and sacral level in 1 patient. MDCT angiography did not visualize the engorged perimedullary venous plexus in the control group.

Conclusion— MDCT angiography correlated well with catheter angiography in diagnosing SDAVFs. It might play a role in shortening the length of the catheter angiography in diagnosing this disease.

Key Words: angiography • arteriovenous fistula • central nervous system • computed tomography • spinal cord • vascular malformations

	Introduction

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Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) is a rare arteriovenous shunt located in the dura along the spinal canal. The arterial supply mostly arises from a dural branch of the radicular artery with venous drainage to engorged perimedullary veins.^1,2 Catheter angiography has been used as a primary imaging method for the localization of the shunt of SDAVFs.³ Multi-detector computed tomographic (MDCT) angiography is a recently developed imaging technique that can provide extended thin-slice scanning range with high spatial resolution and high-contrast images.⁴ Takase et al reported that computed tomography angiography (CTA) with MDCT (4-detector row) could clearly visualize the normal medullary arteries and medullary veins.⁵ To our knowledge, the value of MDCT angiography in detecting spinal vascular lesion has never been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate MDCT angiography in diagnosing SDAVF.

	Materials and Methods

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Between November 2002 and July 2004, 8 patients with initial MR and clinical findings suggestive of SDAVF were referred for MDCT angiography. Catheter angiography was performed later within a 5-day period. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. Eight patients with a diagnosis of thoracoabdominal vascular disease who underwent MDCT angiography were chosen as age- and sex-matched control subjects. Our institutional review board did not require its approval for this study.

MDCT angiography was performed with a 16-detector row helical scanner (Sensation 16; Siemens Medical Systems). Scanning covered the volume extending from the first thoracic spine down to the sacrum. Scans were obtained with the following parameters: 0.5 seconds per rotation, 0.75-mm collimation, and 36-mm/s table increment. The voltage of the x-ray tube was 120 kV, and the current was 120 effective mA. The scan delay was set by means of automatic bolus tracking technique after the start of a bolus injection of 120-mL nonionic contrast medium at a flow rate of 4 mL/s, similar to that previously reported.⁵

A 2-mm-thick transversely oriented thin-slab image was reconstructed. In this fashion, the bilateral intercostal or lumbar or iliac arteries were systematically visualized, which helped confirm their normal anatomic relations and/or identify the SDAVF. With use of the multiplanar reformation, the imaged portions of the spine were systematically evaluated until the area of fistula was well understood in 3 planes. Two trained radiologists independently analyzed the all CT images. Interobserver agreement for the detection of engorged perimedullary veins in SDAVFs and control subjects and localization of the fistula of the SDAVFs was evaluated by using statistics. All catheter angiographic examinations were performed with a previously described standard protocol.⁶ All angiographers were informed of the CTA results and were encouraged to select the specified arteries early in the procedure.

	Results

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All 8 patients had a SDAVF, and this CTA technique precisely identified the site of the fistula by recognizing the enlarged radiculo-medullary vein that drains the fistula. MDCT angiography is good at detecting the fistula, feeding artery, and engorged perimedullary veins of the SDAVFs, and correlated well with catheter angiography (Figures 1 and 2). Fistula was at the thoracic level in 7 patients and at the sacral level in 1 patient. The coexistent nonenlarged intercostal or internal iliac artery at the level of the fistula was observed as a major feeding artery to each fistula. An additional feeding artery was present in 1 patient with catheter angiography and was not prospectively identified with MDCT angiography. MDCT angiography did not visualize the engorged perimedullary veins in the control subjects. The values for interobserver agreement of the MDCT angiography for detection of engorged perimedullary veins and localization of the fistula of the SDAVFs were 1.000 and 0.849, respectively.

View larger version (77K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Transverse (a) and oblique coronal (b) reformation images show the fistula (large arrows), intradural medullary vein (small arrow), and engorged perimedullary venous plexus (arrowheads). Catheter angiography (c) of right T10 intercostal artery shows similar depiction of (a) and (b).

View larger version (168K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Oblique sagittal (a) and coronal (b) reformation images show the fistula (large arrows) on the right S-1 root sheath supplied by the lateral sacral artery (white arrow), and engorged perimedullary venous plexus (small arrows). Catheter angiography (c) of right internal iliac artery shows similar depiction of (a) and (b).

	Discussion

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MDCT angiography provides very short scan time, more scan length coverage (55 cm), and higher spatial resolution (0.5x0.5x0.75 mm) compared with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)⁷ (36 cm, 1.0x1.0x1.2 mm) in diagnosing SDAVFs. Farb et al reported that repeated double/triple MRA was required to search the SDAVF in another region in more than half of the patients.⁷ In contrast, with the MDCT method, the added imaging volume was easily performed in the craniocaudal direction with an additional several seconds of examination. Another advantage of CTA is it allows observation of enhanced vessels among the bony structures. MDCT angiography is feasible and is an alternative modality in diagnosing SDAVF compared with contrast-enhanced MRA.

The search for a SDAVF at catheter angiography is often tedious and requires selective injections into multiple bilateral thoracic intercostal, lumbar, and sacral arteries. If no fistula is found, then cervical and intracranial regions are sequentially explored. An exhaustive search for a SDAVF may include as many as 40 selective injections.⁶ The ability to predict the fistula level noninvasively by MDCT angiography can potentially expedite subsequent invasive catheter angiographic examination by directing the angiographer to certain spinal levels initially. The commonly lengthy catheter angiography sessions could be shortened by more than half of the time.

The disadvantage of MDCT angiography is the use of ionizing radiation. We opted to evaluate the field of view from thoracic spine to sacrum to include >90% of SDAVFs,^1,2 not including the intracranial and cervical spine regions, for minimizing radiation dose delivered to the patients. We assessed effective dose calculations by application of the CT dosimetry spreadsheet of the British Imaging Performance Assessment of CT (ImPACT) group.⁸ The average effective dose for MDCT angiography of the SDAVFs was 9.1 mSv.

As is the case with MRA, the time resolution of CTA is not sufficient to distinguish anterior spinal arteries from draining veins in SDAVF compared with catheter angiography. Catheter angiography is still mandatory before embolization to determine whether an anterior spinal artery arises from the same pedicle that supplies the fistula. If the same radicular artery supplies the SDAVF and anterior spinal artery, it may indicate a contraindication for endovascular treatment.³ Finally, case numbers limit the high reliability of MDCT angiography and interobserver agreement values in diagnosing the SDAVF, and a large series of patients are needed to test in the future.

In conclusion, findings in this initial assessment have shown that MDCT angiography is good at detecting the fistula, feeding artery, and draining veins of the SDAVF, and correlated well with catheter angiography. This technique might greatly reduce the amount of time required for catheter angiography.

	Acknowledgments

 
We thank Dr Wei-Liang Chen, Dr Yuk-Keung Lo, Dr Chi-Man Yip, and Dr Chung-Ren Jan for their contribution and invaluable advice on preparing and reviewing the manuscript. This study was supported by grant NSC 93-2314-B-075B-010 (P.H.L.) from the National Science Council, Taiwan, ROC.

Received March 10, 2005; accepted April 7, 2005.

	References

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2. Van Dijk JM, TerBrugge KG, Willinsky RA. Multidisciplinary management of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical presentation and long-term follow-up in 49 cases. Stroke. 2002; 33: 1578–1583.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

3. Berenstein A, Lasjaunias P, TerBrugge KG. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae. Surgical Neuroangiography. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2004; 849–872.

4. Rubin GD, Shiau MC, Schmidt AJ. Computed tomographic angiography: historical perspective and new state-of-the-art using multi detector-row helical computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999; 23 (Suppl 1): 83–90.

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This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 36/7/1562    most recent 01.STR.0000170048.94718.07v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Lai, P.-H. Articles by Chen, C.-K. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Lai, P.-H. Articles by Chen, C.-K. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Arteriovenous Malformations CT Scans Related Collections Angiography Computerized tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spinal Cord Vascular Disease