Published online before print April 20, 2006, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000221157.48691.8f
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(Stroke. 2006;37:1352.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Editorials |
Microsurgical Clipping or Endovascular Coiling for Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysms
From the Division of Neurosurgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
Correspondence to Gary J. Redekop, Division of Neurosurgery, The University of British Columbia, 3100-910 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E5. E-mail gredekop{at}interchange.ubc.ca
Key Words: coil embolization • intracranial aneurysm • subarachnoid hemorrhage • surgical clipping
See related article, pages 1437–1442
Early aneurysm repair to prevent recurrent bleeding is central to the management of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Over the past 15 years, endovascular occlusion of cerebral aneurysms has emerged as an alternative to microsurgical clipping, and the relative merits and shortcomings of these 2 approaches have been the subject of considerable discussion in the neurosurgical literature and at scientific meetings. The minimally invasive nature of endovascular treatment is inherently appealing, but in spite of technical improvements and adjuncts, such as balloons, stents, and biologically modified coils, complete and durable repair, especially in the case of large aneurysms and those with complex geometry or wide necks, remains a challenge.
The International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) compared microsurgical clipping and endovascular coil occlusion in patients with ruptured aneurysms felt to be suitable for either technique.1,2 Endovascular coiling resulted in a 23.9% relative risk reduction for death or dependency at 1 year, an absolute reduction of 7.4%. However, the study group represented only 22% of patients treated for subarachnoid hemorrhage at the participating institutions, and the results of the trial should not be generalized to patients with ruptured aneurysms clearly better suited for either clipping or coiling. The ISAT data showed that the risk of late rebleeding was low but more common after endovascular coiling than after clipping, and there are concerns about the long-term durability of coil occlusion, as well as the need for follow-up imaging and further treatment if aneurysm recurrence is detected.
The Cerebral Aneurysm Rerupture After Treatment (CARAT) study, reported in this issue of Stroke, compared rates of recurrent hemorrhage in patients with ruptured aneurysms treated initially with coil embolization or surgical clipping.3 This was not a randomized trial, and of the 1010 patients, 711 were treated surgically and 299 underwent embolization. Patients treated with coil embolization were older, more likely to have small aneurysms arising from the posterior circulation, and less likely to have middle cerebral artery aneurysms. As in ISAT, there were more episodes of recurrent bleeding in the first year after coil embolization (3.0%) than after clipping (1.3%). The primary outcome measure, bleeding from the index aneurysm >1 year after treatment, occurred in 1 patient treated with coiling, and none with clipping. During a follow-up period averaging 3.7 years for coiled patients and 4.4 years for clipped patients, the annual rates of recurrent bleeding after the first year were 0.11% and 0% respectively. Significantly more patients treated with coiling required repeat treatment during the first year, and continued to require additional treatment, although infrequently, as long as 5 years after the initial procedure. Serious morbidity occurred in 11% of patients undergoing repeat coil embolization and 17% of those undergoing repeat surgery.
The CARAT study shows that both surgical clipping and endovascular coiling are highly effective at preventing recurrent bleeding from ruptured aneurysms. It is increasingly clear that excellent results can be achieved with clipping and coiling,4 and that outcomes are better in centers with experience and expertise in both techniques.5,6 Specific treatment strategies must be individualized, taking into consideration the patient’s age, neurological status, and medical comorbidities, as well as angioarchitectural aspects such as aneurysm location, size, geometry, neck to dome ratio, and presence of calcification or intraluminal thrombus. Even densely packed aneurysms have a propensity to coil compaction and subsequent recurrence,7 necessitating long-term follow-up and possibly further treatment, even years after the initial procedure. Recurrence after complete aneurysm clipping is extremely unlikely, and late imaging follow-up is probably not required. However, if there is incomplete clipping, continued surveillance is warranted.8 A multidisciplinary approach emphasizing honest and valid assessment of local expertise and unbiased collaboration between surgeons and interventionalists is critical to decision making and will lead to improved outcomes.9
Footnotes
The opinions in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.
References
1. Molyneux A. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured aneurysms: a randomized trial. Lancet. 2002; 360: 1267–1274.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Yu LM, Clarke M, Sneade M, Yarnold JA, Sandercock P. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomized comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet. 2005; 366: 809–817.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3. The CARAT Investigators. Rates of delayed rebleeding from intracranial aneurysms are low after surgical and endovascular treatment. Stroke. 2006; 37: 1437–1442.
4. Koivisto T, Vanninen R, Hurskainen H, Saari T, Hernesniemi J, Vapalahti M. Outcomes of early endovascular versus surgical treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms: a prospective randomized study. Stroke. 2000; 31: 2369–2377.
5. Berman MF, Solomon RA, Mayer SA, Johnston SC, Yung PP. Impact of hospital-related factors on outcome after treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Stroke. 2003; 34: 2200–2207.
6. Johnston SC. Effect of endovascular services and hospital volume on cerebral aneurysm treatment outcomes. Stroke. 2000; 31: 111–117.
7. Bavinski G, Talazoglu V, Killer M, Richling B, Gruber A, Gross CE, Plenk H. Gross and microscopic histopathological findings in aneurysms of the human brain treated with Guglielmi detachable coils. J Neurosurg. 1999; 91: 284–293.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8. David CA, Vishteh AG, Spetzler RF, Lemole M, Lawton MT, Partovi S. Late angiographic follow-up review of surgically treated aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1999; 91: 396–401.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Lanzino G, Fraser K, Kanaan Y, Wagenbach A. Treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms since the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial: practice utilizing clip ligation and coil embolization as individual or complementary therapies. J Neurosurg. 2006; 104: 344–349.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
Related Article:
Stroke 2006 37: 1437-1442.
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