Published online before print June 1, 2006, doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000227197.16951.2b
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(Stroke. 2006;37:1637.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Editorials |
Heart Failure and Stroke
From the Department of Neurology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden; and the Neurotec Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Correspondence to Dr Peter Appelros, Department of Neurology, Örebro University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden. E-mail peter.appelros{at}orebroll.se
Key Words: case control studies • cerebrovascular accident • heart failure, congestive
See related article, pages 1715–1719
Heart failure (HF) has been recognized as a risk factor for stroke since the 70s.1 Results from a population-based stroke study have shown that HF is an independent risk factor for severe strokes.2 It seems likely that many HF-related strokes are embolic, but few studies have evaluated the use of anticoagulation therapy in these patients. At present we are awaiting the results of 2 studies, which aim at defining the optimum antithrombotic therapy for patients with HF.3,4
Ejection fraction (EF) is an echocardiographic measure of left ventricular systolic function. Normal value of EF is 50% to 70%, but only half of individuals having an EF 
30% have clinical overt HF.5 More uncommonly, clinical HF may exist in diastolic relaxation failure when EF is normal. At which point does the stroke risk begin to increase? Few studies have been made in this area. In the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement study (SAVE), there was an 18% increase in the risk of stroke for every reduction of 5% in EF.6 It is not fully clear, however, within which limits this relationship is valid. A limitation to the generalizability of that study is that all patients had had a myocardial infarction. In the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction study (SOLVD), patients having an EF 35% were included. A 58% increase of thromboembolic events for every 10% decrease in EF was found in women, but not in men. That study was retrospective.
New studies within this area are therefore welcome. In this issue of Stroke, Hays et al present a case-control study.7 EF was assessed in 270 patients with a first ischemic stroke and compared with 288 age-, gender-, and race-matched controls. They found that left ventricular dysfunction, even of mild degree (EF 41% to 50%), was associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. Moreover, in contrast with previous studies, they found that the risk of stroke was at least as high for patients with mild dysfunction (EF 41% to 50%), as for patients with moderate to severe dysfunction (EF 40%). If these results can be confirmed, they may lead to a more active attitude toward evaluation of heart function in stroke patients. Ongoing studies may show that such patients benefit from anticoagulation and/or medical treatment aimed at HF itself.
Case-control studies are liable to bias.8 The characteristics of cases and controls may differ in relation to the base population, which leads to cases and controls becoming inferiorly matched. That would happen if some patients, eg, because of social class, were less likely to be cases (admission bias). Also, control candidates may choose not to take part in the study. If they decline to be controls, we know at least that in this respect they differ from those who accept. We don’t know, however, whether this decision is associated with the "exposure", or other factors that matters for the study. Authors tend to say "There is no reason to believe that the exposure (in this context: heart failure) have affected the controls’ willingness to participate in the study". I say: there is every reason to believe that, unless otherwise proven!
The most remarkable result of the present study is that mild reduction of EF raises the risk of stroke as much as moderate to severe reduction. This is in contrast with previous studies.5,6 The result is interesting and calls for further studies in this area. Until the findings have been confirmed, however, they must be interpreted with caution. Bias has played tricks on us before, and it will again.
Footnotes
The opinions in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.
References
- Wolf PA, Kannel WB, McNamara PM. Occult impaired cardiac function, congestive heart failure, and risk of thrombotic stroke: the Framingham Study. Neurology. 1970; 20: 373.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Appelros P, Nydevik I, Seiger Å, Terént A. Predictors of severe stroke: influence of pre-existing dementia and cardiac disorders. Stroke. 2002; 33: 2357–2362.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Massie BM, Krol WF, Ammon SE, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Collins JF, Ezekowitz M, Jafri SM, O’Connor CM, Packer M, Schulman KA, Teo K, Warren S. The Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Heart Failure trial (WATCH): rationale, design, and baseline patient characteristics. J Card Fail. 2004; 10: 101–112.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Pullicino P, Thompson JL, Barton B, Levin B, Graham S, Freudenberger RS. Warfarin versus aspirin in patients with reduced cardiac ejection fraction (WARCEF): rationale, objectives, and design. J Card Fail. 2006; 12: 39–46.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- McDonagh TA, Morrison CE, Lawrence A, Ford I, Tunstall-Pedoe H, McMurray JJ, Dargie HJ. Symptomatic and asymptomatic left-ventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population. Lancet. 1997; 350: 829–833.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Loh E, Sutton MS, Wun CC, Rouleau JL, Flaker GC, Gottlieb SS, Lamas GA, Moye LA, Goldhaber SZ, Pfeffer MA. Ventricular dysfunction and the risk of stroke after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 251–257.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Hays AG, Sacco RL, Rundek T, Sciacca RR, Jin J, Liu R, Homma S, Di Tullio MR. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population. Stroke. 2006; 37: 1715–1719.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, Tugwell MD. Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science For Clinical Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1991.
Related Article:
- Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke in a Multiethnic Population
- Allison G. Hays, Ralph L. Sacco, Tanja Rundek, Robert R. Sciacca, Zhezhen Jin, Rui Liu, Shunichi Homma, and Marco R. Di Tullio
Stroke 2006 37: 1715-1719.[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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