Published online before print August 16, 2007, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.482075
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Stroke. 2007;38:2663.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
An Interactive Association of Common Sequence Variants in the Neuropeptide Y Gene With Susceptibility to Ischemic Stroke
From the Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, South Korea.
Correspondence to Chaeyoung Lee, PhD, Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Kyonggi-do 431-060, South Korea. E-mail clee{at}hallym.ac.kr
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background and Purpose— Knowledge of the genetic architecture of ischemic stroke has been quite limited. Most significant associations of candidate genes with ischemic stroke have been difficult to replicate. This might be because the associations were not strong enough for results to be consistent, and testing a mixture of heterogeneous ischemic strokes might lead to confounded genetic associations.
Methods— A preliminary association analysis with 28 sequence variants in 18 candidate genes (ACE, AGT, AGTR1, BDNF, CRP, F13B, LIF, MMP9, NPPA, NPY, PTGS2, SELP, SERPINE1, SREBF2, TFPI, THBD, VCAM1, and VEGF) revealed that NPY might be the most responsible for the susceptibility of ischemic stroke. Forty-five variants were discovered in the NPY gene by full sequencing, and 5 polymorphisms were selected based on their allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium estimates to conduct a thorough examination of their associations with ischemic stroke and its subtypes classified by TOAST. This study was conducted with 271 patients with ischemic stroke and 455 control subjects.
Results— In contrast to a slight significance for an allelic association with ischemic stroke, remarkable discrepancies between haplotype frequencies of control subjects and patients were found. Especially, TA and CC of the haplotypes composed of C4112T and A6411C in the NPY gene were associated with increased risk (P=1.8x10–21, P=2.0x10–13). The interchanged haplotypes, TC and CA, were protective against the diseases (P=9.3x10–12, P=6.0x10–17). The associations were also shown in major subtypes of ischemic stroke.
Conclusions— This remarkable haplotypic association suggested that the interaction between the 2 common sequence polymorphisms in NPY contributed to a great amount of phenotypic variability of ischemic stroke.
Key Words: genetics • ischemia • stroke
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
A large number of studies have focused on the etiological and pathological mechanisms of ischemic stroke. However, knowledge on genetic architecture of ischemic stroke has been quite limited. Most candidate gene studies of ischemic stroke have had difficulty replicating the associations detected.1 The associations were not strong enough to be replicated, and the genetic effects were confounded, which was attributable to testing a mixture of heterogeneous ischemic strokes with various clinical manifestations and etiologies. The ischemic strokes with various etiologies suggested potentially different genetic backgrounds,2,3 and ignoring etiological differences might lead to conflicting results.4
In the current study, we conducted an extensive genetic association study for ischemic stroke, locating strong candidate genes to minimize false-positives and incorporating subtype data to avoid confounding effects.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Study Population
The study population was composed of patients with ischemic stroke treated at Hallym University Hospital from 2002 to 2005.3 Ischemic stroke was diagnosed by performing CT or MRI from patients with acute stroke within 7 days of onset. Among 327 patients, patients with tumor (n=3), chronic inflammatory diseases (n=12), diabetes mellitus (n=39), or a history of drug abuse (n=0) or alcohol intoxication (n=2) were excluded to avoid any possible confounded effects with them. A total of 271 patients with ischemic stroke were further categorized into its subtypes, large artery atherosclerosis (LAA, n=95), small vessel occlusion (n=110), cardioembolism (n=20), and the other strokes with rare or undetermined etiology using the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification.5 A subtype analysis was limited to LAA and small vessel occlusion because of small sample sizes of the other subtypes. Four hundred fifty-five subjects aged 55 or older who served as a control group were without a history of cerebral ischemic events and were randomly recruited from routine health checkups, including chest x-ray, gastroscopy, basic health checkup (blood test, urinalysis, liver function test, heart function test, and so on), optional cancer examinations, and a routine survey, before consulting at the same hospital. The exclusion criteria for the stroke patient group were also applied to the control group. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects, and the study protocol was approved by the ethical committee.
Candidate Gene Selection
A preliminary association analysis with a large number of candidate genes was performed to identify a gene strongly associated with the disease. We selected 18 candidate genes and one to 3 sequence variants per gene considered potentially important in ischemic stroke based on the biological and empirical plausibility (Table 1).6–29 In light of previous findings, most selected sequence variants were treated as putative functional variants. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SREBF221 and VEGF28 genes were also probable variants as identified in previous studies on vascular dementia. The gene encoding leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was selected as a good candidate because it could modulate neuronal function during development30 and promote neuronal survival after a cerebrovascular event.31 Nevertheless, association studies with its sequence polymorphisms have been absent, and their SNPs were selected based on the allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium using the HapMap database (www.hapmap.org). Another candidate gene was neuropeptide Y (NPY) regulating neuronal and cardiovascular systems.32,33 Its representative SNPs were also selected from the HapMap database because the association studies have focused on its functional variant, Leu7Pro, suggested for associations with hypertension34 and atherosclerosis and it was monomorphic in Koreans.35
|
Genotyping
Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells using a commercially available kit from Qiagen. The sequence polymorphisms, except ACE I/D, were genotyped using the TaqMan polymerase chain reaction assay (Applied Biosystems). Reactions were carried out following the manufacturer’s protocol, and the products were analyzed using ABI PRISM 7900HT (Applied Biosystems). Polymorphism of ACE I/D was identified by polymerase chain reaction using the method described by Rigat et al.36 Genotyping was performed by laboratory personnel blind to case–control status of the samples.
Sequence Variant Discovery in the NPY Gene
We proceeded to a full-scale investigation of the NPY gene, which was selected as the most probable risk factor of ischemic stroke among candidate genes from our preliminary study. Approximately 9.5 kb covering the entire NPY gene and its promoter were sequenced with genomic DNA samples from 96 randomly selected healthy subjects recruited separately from control subjects. Primers were designed based on GenBank sequences (www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/Genbank/, accession number NT_007819]), and their sequences are available on our web site (www.hallym.ac.kr/
clee/NPY).
Statistical Analysis
Pairwise linkage disequilibrium was estimated by D', and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was calculated using Haploview 3.2. Haplotype frequencies were estimated by an expectation–maximization algorithm using the Arlequin program (http://lgb.unigene.ch/arlequin). Odds ratios and their 95% CIs adjusted for gender, age, body mass index, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and hypertension were estimated by logistic regression analyses using SAS Release 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc). The OR estimates were tested with and without adjustment for multiple testing. A Bonferroni correction was applied to conservatively identify a susceptible gene from the preliminary candidate gene study. A permutation test with 5000 iterations was performed to control false-positives in the association study of the NPY gene. This was because polymorphisms on the same gene were not independent, and the haplotypes sharing with the alleles of the loci were not independent as well.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Clinical Characteristics of Patients and Control Subjects
Distributions of clinical characteristics in the groups used for the association study were compared in supplemental Table I, available online at http://stroke.ahajournals.org. No significant difference was observed between disease and control groups in terms of age, gender, hyperlipidemia, or smoking habit (P>0.05). Hypertension was found more frequently in patient groups than in the control group (P<0.05).
|
Preliminary Association Analysis With 18 Candidate Genes
A significant allelic, genotypic, and/or haplotypic association with ischemic strokes was shown in 4 of the 18 candidate genes (Table 2). The allelic association of C4112T in the NPY gene with LAA susceptibility was more significant than that of V66M in the BDNF gene with small vessel occlusion or that of T4524G in the LIF gene with cardioembolism. Furthermore, a strong association of haplotypes in the NPY gene was observed with ischemic stroke and its subtypes, and only this association was significant after the Bonferroni correction in the preliminary analysis (P<0.05), which revealed that the NPY gene was the most probable as a risk factor of ischemic stroke.
|
Sequence Variant Discovery in the NPY Gene
Forty-five sequence polymorphisms, including 6 insertion/deletion loci, were discovered, of which 17 were first identified in this study (Figure). The allele frequencies of the all but 2 loci of 40 and 41 were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Figure B). For a subsequent association study, 3 additional SNPs (G-1484A, C5325T, and A6411C) were selected based on their minor allele frequency (Figure B) and linkage disequilibrium (D') between loci (Figure A).
|
Association Analysis With the NPY Gene
A significant allelic association with ischemic stroke was observed only in C4112T. Its T allele was associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke (OR: 1.32; P<0.05, supplemental Table II, available online at http://stroke.ahajournals.org). The subjects carrying the T allele were also susceptible to ischemic stroke in a dominant model (OR: 1.41; P<0.05). Genotypes of C5325T were also associated with ischemic stroke (CC + CT versus TT, OR: 1.76; P<0.05). When the analysis was extended to the subtypes of ischemic stroke, the association was observed only between alleles of C4112T and the incidence of LAA (OR: 1.43; P<0.05; supplemental Table II).
|
A genetic association with ischemic stroke was further investigated by examining frequencies of the haplotypes formed by all the possible combinations at 2 to 5 loci. Many haplotypes were significantly associated with ischemic stroke, and these associations stood significant even by multiple testing that controlled false-positives (P<0.05, Table 3). The haplotypes composed of the 2 loci, C4112T and A6411C, were more strongly associated with ischemic stroke than the other haplotypes. Their haplotype, TA or CC, was associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, whereas the interchanged haplotype, TC or CA, was with a decreased risk. Individuals with the haploype TA or CC had a 5.7-fold increased risk of developing ischemic stroke compared with those with the haplotype TC or CA (95% CI: 4.46 to 7.28, P=4.7x10–44). The effects of the haplotypes composed of the 2 loci were also consistently present in major subtypes of ischemic stroke, LAA and small vessel occlusion (www.hallym.ac.kr/clee/NPY.htm). The ORs for SNPs and their haplotypes from the logistic regression analysis using gender, age, body mass index, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and hypertension did not differ from those not adjusted for these factors (P>0.05; data not shown).
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The NPY could be a potential candidate gene supported by its important role in central and peripheral neuronal regulation, cardiovascular control, and blood pressure homeostasis.33 To date, association studies using sequence variants in the NPY gene for complex traits have been conducted quite selectively. For instance, C-399T in promoter and Leu7Pro in exon 2 have been intensively studied after their respective associations with schizophrenia37 and cholesterol level38 were found. Only the Leu7Pro variant, an extremely rare or monomorphic locus in nonwhites such as blacks, Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans35,39 has been examined in the context of susceptibility for cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases.34,40,41 A significance was reported only in Swedish patients with hypertension with myocardial infarction and stroke.34
In the current study, powerful associations of NPY haplotypes with ischemic stroke were discovered, especially with C4112T and A6411C. The 2 loci could explain the genetic association between the NPY gene and ischemic stroke better than C-1471T and C4112T, which showed a considerable significance in the preliminary analysis. A cautious, but plausible, interpretation can be offered that the associations of the latter haplotypes might be derived as partial effects of the former haplotypes by linkage rather than as their own effects. Even any haplotypes composed of more than 2 loci, including C4112T and A6411C, were not as informative as those composed of the 2 loci in predicting a likelihood of susceptibility. For example, the haplotypes composed of the 2 loci and C-1471T also showed strong associations with the disease (Table 3). The associations were mainly attributable to the effects of the 2 loci, and the interaction effect with C-1471T was negligible.
Of the 4 haplotypes composed of C4112T and A6411C, TA and CC were associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, whereas the interchanged haplotypes, TC and CA, were found to be protective against the disease. The allelic contribution to genetic susceptibility in one locus depended absolutely on counter allele of the other locus, indicating a strong interaction between the loci.
The remarkable interaction effects were also demonstrated in major subtypes of ischemic stroke, LAA and small vessel occlusion (www.hallym.ac.kr/clee/NPY.htm). The 4 haplotypes exerted consistent influence on the subtypes as predisposition or protection factors. The consistency suggested that the NPY gene might contribute to pathogenesis of heterogeneous ischemic strokes as more of a common denominator than as a subtype-specific factor. This may be in line with the roles of polypeptide NPY observed in previous studies in which NPY-induced mitogenesis of vascular smooth muscle42 and affected both functions of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation.33 Its contrasting roles in vascular homeostasis might suggest a meaningful direction in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms behind the association between NPY polymorphisms and ischemic stroke.
The haplotypic association with ischemic stroke was not influenced by stroke risk factors analyzed in this study. Although hypertension was more prevalent in patients than in control subjects, it did not affect the genetic effects. Further studies with more expanded designs are in order to clarify other effects such as diabetes mellitus, chronic inflammatory diseases, and tumors on the haplotypic association.
The current study provided the first evidence of the association between the NPY gene and susceptibility of ischemic stroke. The identified genetic variants conferring risk for the disease were commonly present SNPs. In addition, our results suggested an importance of haplotype analysis for complex traits by showing a strong interaction among SNPs and called for more attention on intronic SNPs that have been often neglected. Our findings should be replicated with a larger group of patients with ischemic stroke for practical applications. Also, further studies on the haplotypic effects are warranted to elucidate their underlying mechanisms.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
We appreciate 3 anonymous reviewers’ helpful comments and suggestions. We thank healthy participants, patients with ischemic stroke, and their family members whose contribution made this work possible. We also thank all the neurologists who recruited their patients for this study and our laboratory personnel who collected clinical data and participated in SNP discovery.
Source of Funding
This study was supported by a grant of the Korea Health 21 R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (A020007).
Disclosures
None.
Received January 8, 2007; revision received March 11, 2007; accepted April 4, 2007.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
- Markus HS, Alberts MJ. Update on genetics of stroke and cerebrovascular disease. Stroke. 2006; 37: 288–290.
[Free Full Text] - Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS. Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study. Stroke. 2003; 34: 1364–1369.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kim Y, Lee C. The gene encoding transforming growth factor ß1 confers risk of ischemic stroke and vascular dementia. Stroke. 2006; 37: 2843–2845.
[Free Full Text] - Dichgans M, Markus HS. Genetic association studies in stroke: methodological issues and proposed standard criteria. Stroke. 2005; 36: 2027–2031.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, Marsh EE 3rd. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993; 24: 35–41.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Seckin D, Ilhan N, Ilhan N, Ozbay Y. The relationship between ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism and coronary artery disease with or without myocardial infarction. Clin Biochem. 2006; 39: 50–54.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Szolnoki Z, Maasz A, Magyari L, Horvatovich K, Farago B, Somogyvari F, Kondacs A, Szabo M, Fodor L, Bodor A, Hadarits F, Melegh B. Coexistence of angiotensin II type-1 receptor A1166C and angiotensin-converting enzyme D/D polymorphism suggests susceptibility for small-vessel-associated ischemic stroke. Neuromolecular Med. 2006; 8: 353–360.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Fernandez-Arcas N, Dieguez-Lucena JL, Munoz-Moran E, Ruiz-Galdon M, Espinosa-Caliani S, Aranda-Lara P, Rius-Diaz F, Gaitan-Arroyo MJ, De Teresa-Galvan E, Reyes-Engel A. Both alleles of the M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene can be a risk factor for myocardial infarction. Clin Genet. 2001; 60: 52–57.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Katsuya T, Koike G, Yee TW, Sharpe N, Jackson R, Norton R, Horiuchi M, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ, MacMahon S. Association of angiotensinogen gene T235 variant with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1995; 345: 1600–1603.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Szolnoki Z, Havasi V, Talian G, Bene J, Komlosi K, Somogyvari F, Kondacs A, Szabo M, Fodor L, Bodor A, Melegh B. Angiotensin II type-1 receptor A1166C polymorphism is associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke in hypertensive smokers. J Mol Neurosci. 2006; 28: 285–290.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Toda T, Momose Y, Murata M, Tamiya G, Yamamoto M, Hattori N, Inoko H. Toward identification of susceptibility genes for sporadic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2003; 250 (suppl): III40–43.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Riemenschneider M, Schwarz S, Wagenpfeil S, Diehl J, Muller U, Forstl H, Kurz A. A polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with Alzheimer’s disease in patients lacking the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele. Mol Psychiatry. 2002; 7: 782–785.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Kovacs A, Green F, Hansson LO, Lundman P, Samnegard A, Boquist S, Ericsson CG, Watkins H, Hamsten A, Tornvall P. A novel common single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the C-reactive protein gene associated with the plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Atherosclerosis. 2005; 178: 193–198.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Komanasin N, Catto AJ, Futers TS, van Hylckama Vlieg A, Rosendaal FR, Ariens RA. A novel polymorphism in the factor XIII B-subunit (His95Arg): relationship to subunit dissociation and venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2005; 3: 2487–2496.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Morgan AR, Zhang B, Tapper W, Collins A, Ye S. Haplotypic analysis of the MMP-9 gene in relation to coronary artery disease. J Mol Med. 2003; 81: 321–326.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Zhang S, Mao G, Zhang Y, Tang G, Wen Y, Hong X, Jiang S, Yu Y, Xu X. Association between human atrial natriuretic peptide Val7Met polymorphism and baseline blood pressure, plasma trough irbesartan concentrations, and the antihypertensive efficacy of irbesartan in rural Chinese patients with essential hypertension. Clin Ther. 2005; 27: 1774–1784.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Cipollone F, Toniato E, Martinotti S, Fazia M, Iezzi A, Cuccurullo C, Pini B, Ursi S, Vitullo G, Averna M, Arca M, Montali A, Campagna F, Ucchino S, Spigonardo F, Taddei S, Virdis A, Ciabattoni G, Notarbartolo A, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A; Identification of New Elements of Plaque Stability (INES) Study Group. A polymorphism in the cyclooxygenase 2 gene as an inherited protective factor against myocardial infarction and stroke. JAMA. 2004; 291: 2221–2228.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Zee RY, Cook NR, Cheng S, Reynolds R, Erlich HA, Lindpaintner K, Ridker PM. Polymorphism in the P-selectin and interleukin-4 genes as determinants of stroke: a population-based, prospective genetic analysis. Hum Mol Genet. 2004; 13: 389–396.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Boncoraglio GB, Bodini A, Brambilla C, Carriero MR, Ciusani E, Parati EA. An effect of the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism on cholesterol levels may explain conflicting associations with myocardial infarction and stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006; 22: 191–195.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Wiklund PG, Nilsson L, Ardnor SN, Eriksson P, Johansson L, Stegmayr B, Hamsten A, Holmberg D, Asplund K. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism and risk of stroke: replicated findings in two nested case-control studies based on independent cohorts. Stroke. 2005; 36: 1661–1665.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kim Y, Nam YJ, Lee C. Analysis of the SREBF2 gene as a genetic risk factor for vascular dementia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005; 139: 19–22.
- Ameziane N, Seguin C, Borgel D, Fumeron F, Moatti D, Alhenc-Gelas M, Grandchamp B, Aiach M, Emmerich J, de Prost D. The -33T 224 C polymorphism in intron 7 of the TFPI gene influences the risk of venous thromboembolism, independently of the factor V Leiden and prothrombin mutations. Thromb Haemost. 2002; 88: 195–199.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Paciaroni K, Rossi E, Bazzan M, Ireland H, De Stefano V. Prevalence of the C536T mutation in the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) gene among patients with venous thromboembolic disease. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 85: 938–939.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Park HY, Nabika T, Jang Y, Kwon HM, Cho SY, Masuda J. Association of G-33A polymorphism in the thrombomodulin gene with myocardial infarction in Koreans. Hypertens Res. 2002; 25: 389–394.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Li YH, Chen JH, Wu HL, Shi GY, Huang HC, Chao TH, Tsai WC, Tsai LM, Guo HR, Wu WS, Chen ZC. G-33A mutation in the promoter region of thrombomodulin gene and its association with coronary artery disease and plasma soluble thrombomodulin levels. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 85: 8–12.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Wu KK, Aleksic N, Ahn C, Boerwinkle E, Folsom AR, Juneja H; Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) Investigators. Thrombomodulin Ala455Val polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2001; 103: 1386–1389.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Hoppe C, Klitz W, Cheng S, Apple R, Steiner L, Robles L, Girard T, Vichinsky E, Styles L; CSSCD Investigators. Gene interactions and stroke risk in children with sickle cell anemia. Blood. 2004; 103: 2391–2396.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kim Y, Nam YJ, Lee C. Haplotype analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in VEGF gene for vascular dementia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006; 141: 332–335.
- Breunis WB, Biezeveld MH, Geissler J, Ottenkamp J, Kuipers IM, Lam J, Hutchinson A, Welch R, Chanock SJ, Kuijpers TW. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene haplotypes in Kawasaki disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54: 1588–1594.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Richards LJ, Kilpatrick TJ, Dutton R, Tan SS, Gearing DP, Bartlett PF, Murphy M. Leukaemia inhibitory factor or related factors promote the differentiation of neuronal and astrocytic precursors within the developing murine spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci. 1996; 8: 291–299.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Suzuki S, Tanaka K, Nogawa S, Ito D, Dembo T, Kosakai A, Fukuuchi Y. Immunohistochemical detection of leukemia inhibitory factor after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000; 20: 661–668.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Hansel DE, Eipper BA, Ronnett GV. Neuropeptide Y functions as a neuroproliferative factor. Nature. 2001; 410: 940–944.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Michel MC, Rascher W. Neuropeptide Y: a possible role in hypertension? J Hypertens. 1995; 13: 385–395.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Renner W, Grammer T, Hoffmann MM, Nauck MS, Winkelmann BR, Boehm BO, Marz W. Association analysis of the polymorphism T1128C in the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y in a Swedish hypertensive population. J Hypertens. 2004; 22: 2398–2399.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Ding B. Distribution of the NPY 1128C allele frequency in different populations. J Neural Transm. 2003; 110: 1199–1204.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Rigat B, Hubert C, Corvol P, Soubrier F. PCR detection of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the human angiotensin converting enzyme gene (DCP1) (dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase 1). Nucleic Acids Res. 1992; 20: 1433.
[Free Full Text] - Itokawa M, Arai M, Kato S, Ogata Y, Furukawa A, Haga S, Ujike H, Sora I, Ikeda K, Yoshikawa T. Association between a novel polymorphism in the promoter region of the neuropeptide Y gene and schizophrenia in humans. Neurosci Lett. 2003; 347: 202–204.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Karvonen MK, Pesonen U, Koulu M, Niskanen L, Laakso M, Rissanen A, Dekker JM, Hart LM, Valve R, Uusitupa MI. Association of a leucine(7)-to-proline(7) polymorphism in the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y with high serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. Nat Med. 1998; 4: 1434–1437.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Jia C, Liu Z, Liu T, Ning Y. The T1128C polymorphism of neuropeptide Y gene in a Chinese population. Arch Med Res. 2005; 36: 175–177.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Yamada Y, Izawa H, Ichihara S, Takatsu F, Ishihara H, Hirayama H, Sone T, Tanaka M, Yokota M. Prediction of the risk of myocardial infarction from polymorphisms in candidate genes. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1916–1923.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Wallerstedt SM, Skrtic S, Eriksson AL, Ohlsson C, Hedner T. Association analysis of the polymorphism T1128C in the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y in a Swedish hypertensive population. J Hypertens. 2004; 22: 1277–1281.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Erlinge D, Brunkwall J, Edvinsson L. Neuropeptide Y stimulates proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells: cooperation with noradrenaline and ATP. Regul Pept. 1994; 50: 259–265.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||