Published online before print April 19, 2007, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.477760
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Stroke. 2007;38:1956.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.
Research Letters |
Usefulness of Cardiovascular Investigations in Stroke Management
Clinical Relevance and Economic Implications
From Department of Neurology (A.D., N.P., S.M.), Trillium Health Centre and Division of Neurology (A.D.), The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Correspondence to André G. Douen, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Adjunct Professor, University of Ottawa, Director, Stroke Clinic, Department of Neurology, Trillium Health Centre, 100 Queensway West, Mississauga, ON L5B 1B8, Canada. E-mail adouen{at}thc.on.ca
Abstract
Background and Purpose— There are no prospective randomized studies assessing the clinical relevance of routine cardiovascular investigations in stroke patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utilization, relevance, and economics of cardiovascular investigations in an ambulatory stroke clinic.
Methods— The outcome of cardiovascular investigations in 200 patients with stroke/transient ischemic attack diagnosed in a stroke prevention clinic was assessed. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was assessed for detection of thrombus or mass, poor left ventricle function, and other structural abnormalities. ECG and Holter monitor were felt to be relevant if they showed atrial fibrillation/flutter. Investigations were deemed to be clinically pertinent if they brought about a shift treatment paradigm.
Results— TTE and Holter were performed in >70% of cases and accounted for 
94% of total cardiovascular cost. Relevant TTE findings were identified in 6 (4%) patients, which did not alter antithrombotic therapy. Only 2 new cases of atrial fibrillation were identified by both ECG and Holter.
Conclusions— TTE and Holter appear to be costly low-yield procedures in this clinical setting. Prospective analyses may help to provide cost effective criteria for selection of appropriate cardiovascular studies in stroke management.
Key Words: ECG • ECHO • Holter • stroke • TIA
Although atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cause of cardioembolism,1,2 other conditions including severe left atrial dilatation, poor left ventricular function, valve disease, cardiac tumors, patent foramen ovale, and atrial septal defect have all been implicated.1,3–4 Consequently, cardiovascular investigations are routinely used in the assessment of ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA).
One study assessing cardiac monitoring during acute stroke with 48-hour telemetry with or without Holter in an inpatient stroke investigative unit detected new arrhythmias in 6.5% of patients, half of whom had new-onset AF,4 pointing to the importance of cardiac monitoring in stroke work-up. However, the role of echocardiography in evaluation of embolic stroke is more controversial and the recommendations for management of patients with cardiac findings are quite varied.3–10 Whereas some suggest that transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) should be an essential test in all ischemic stroke patients,5 others conclude that TTE should be performed infrequently, particularly in older patients.6
Several studies have shown that transesophageal echocardiography has a higher detection rate for cardiac abnormalities than TTE,3,7,8 and 1 recent study with 231 patients reported a 16% detection of left atrial thrombus.8 However, this is in contrast to large prospective and retrospective studies of 869 and >20 000 patients, respectively, showing that the detection of left atrial thrombus with transesophageal echocardiography is 
1%.3 Furthermore, transesophageal echocardiography comes with some risk and cost and many cardiac abnormalities detected by transesophageal echocardiography do not dictate specific therapy.3
The present study examines the role of cardiovascular investigations on stroke management in a large outpatient stroke prevention clinic.
Materials and Methods
We reviewed the charts of 200 patients with stroke or TIA diagnosed in the stroke prevention clinic over a 6-month period at the Trillium Health Centre, an Ontario Ministry of Health-designated Regional Stroke Centre. Diagnostic investigations studied included TTE, ECG, and Holter monitor, with specific attention to findings that might influence medical management, including detection of patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect, left atrial spontaneous echocardiography contrast, mitral or aortic valve stenosis, or presence of vegetation, left atrial or left ventricular thrombus or mass, and poor left ventricular function (ejection fraction <40%); the latter may be assessed qualitatively or quantitatively.9 In this study, left ventricular function is as follows: grade 1, >60% (normal); grade 2, 40% to 59% (mildly impaired); grade 3, 20% to 39% (moderately impaired); and grade 4, <20% (severely impaired).
Detection of AF/atrial flutter was considered the most important finding for ECG/Holter monitor investigations for embolic stroke. An investigation was felt to have a positive influence if it brought about a change in treatment paradigm, ie, change from antiplatelet therapy to anticoagulation.
Results
Transthoracic echocardiograms were performed in 71% (142/200) of patients. Pertinent cardiac findings were uncovered in only 6 (4%) patients (Table 1). TTE did not alter antithrombotic therapy in any of the 142 patients studied.
|
Holter monitor was requested in 75% (149/200) of patients. In only 3 of 149 cases (2%) were AF detected, consistent with previously reported incidence of AF.2 Anticoagulation was instituted after AF detection. However, in all 3 cases AF was detected by ECG as well as Holter (Table 2).
|
The economic impact of cardiovascular investigations is shown in Table 3. Costs (Canadian dollars) reflect the current Ontario Health Insurance Plan rates of remuneration. TTE and Holter studies accounted for 94% of total cardiovascular costs ($52 115).
|
Discussion
The present study shows negligible clinical impact of TTE in an outpatient stroke/TIA population consistent with previous suggestions6 but discordant with a recent study that uncovered cardiac abnormalities in 37.2% of patients, leading to anticoagulation of these patients, and to the conclusion that TTE should be an essential test in all ischemic stroke patients.5 However, whereas these investigators suggest anticoagulation for a number cardiac pathologies,5 anticoagulation is dubious for many cardiac abnormalities that might be considered a "potential" source of embolism.1,10 The current guidelines for antithrombotic therapy in ischemic stroke suggests the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with mitral valve strands or prolapse, patent foramen ovale, aortic arch atheroma.1 Furthermore, anticoagulation is not routinely recommended for stroke prophylaxis in heart failure patients,10 and only weak levels of evidence (level C—consensus of opinion of experts and/or small studies) suggests that anticoagulation should be considered in heart failure patients with a history of systemic or pulmonary embolism.10 Consequently, the decision to use anticoagulation for many of these cardiac abnormalities is a matter of choice5 and not guided by any randomized study or current guidelines.1,10
In contrast to previous studies suggesting the importance of early cardiac monitoring with 48-hour cardiac telemetry in acute stroke inpatients,4 we found that Holter monitoring had a low yield in this outpatient population and did not offer any higher detection rate of AF above ECG (Table 2). There could be population differences between these studies, ie, inpatients4 versus outpatients in the present study. In addition, because of the outpatient setting, 24-hour Holter monitor was delayed by several days, as compared with immediate 48-hour telemetry used with inpatients.4 Consequently, the timing and duration of cardiac monitoring might be a factor in improving arrhythmia detection.
The search for a cardiac source of emboli is only relevant if it directly influences medical management. Although there is an indication for anticoagulation in stroke patients with AF or recent MI,1 the data are less convincing with other cardiac pathology. The mere detection of a cardiac abnormality by echocardiography in a stroke patient is not proof of cause and empiric use of anticoagulation needs to be weighed against hemorrhagic risk. Additionally, it has recently been emphasized that many transesophageal echocardiography-guided therapeutic strategies are not evidenced based.7
In summary, the present study shows that TTE had no clinical impact and Holter did not appear to have any added advantage over ECG in this outpatient setting, yet TTE/Holter studies accounted for 94% of the cardiovascular cost for these patients. The overall cost might be higher if TTE was performed on every patient with ischemic stroke/TIA as recently suggested.5 Assessment of the clinical significance of cardiac abnormalities through a prospective trial may help to provide cost-effective criteria for selection of appropriate cardiovascular studies in stroke patients.
Acknowledgments
Sources of Funding
N.P. and S.M. were supported through unrestricted educational grants from Boehringer Ingleheim and Sanofi-Aventis.
Disclosures
None.
Received November 19, 2006; revision received January 14, 2007; accepted January 19, 2007.
References
1. Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: The seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest. 2004; 126: 483S–512S.
2. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial Fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly. Arch Inter Med. 1987; 147: 1561–1564.
3. Nalluri C, Jain N, Dalton ND, Fox K, Hoit BD. The role of transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of embolic stroke: is management altered. Cardiac Ultrasound Today. 2002; 8: 97–117.
4. Rem JA, Hachinski VC, Boughner DR, Barnett HJM. Value of cardiac monitoring and echocardiography in TIA and stroke patients. Stroke. 1985; 16: 950–956.
5. de Abreu TT, Mateus S, Correia J. Therapeutic Implications of transthoracic echocardiography in acute ischemic stroke patients. J Stroke. 2005; 36: 1565–1566.[CrossRef]
6. Beattie JR, Cohen DJ, Manning WJ, Douglas PS. Role of routine transthoracic echocardiography in evaluation and management of stroke. J Intern Med. 1998; 243: 281–291.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Half A, Handle M, Reinhardt M, Seibel A, Hazel A. Therapeutic strategies after examination by transesophageal echocardiography in 503 patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2006; 37: 859–864.
8. de Bruijn, SFTM, Agema WRP, Lammers GJ, van der Wall EE, Wolterbeek R, Holman ER, Bollen ELEM, Bax JJ Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in management of patients of any age with transient ischemic attack or stroke. Stroke. 2006; 37: 2531–2534.
9. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, Davis JL, Douglas PS, Faxon DP, Gillam LD, Kimball TR, Kussumal WG, Pearlman AS, Philbrick JT, Rakowski H, Thys DM. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: a report of the American College Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). 2003. American College of Cardiology web site. Available at: http://www.act.org/clinical/guidelines/echo/index.pdf.
10. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). American College of Cardiology web site. Available at: http://www.act.org/clinical/guidelines/failure/index.pdf.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  J. D. Easton, J. L. Saver, G. W. Albers, M. J. Alberts, S. Chaturvedi, E. Feldmann, T. S. Hatsukami, R. T. Higashida, S. C. Johnston, C. S. Kidwell, et al. Definition and Evaluation of Transient Ischemic Attack: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke, June 1, 2009; 40(6): 2276 - 2293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Tayal, M. Tian, K. M. Kelly, S. C. Jones, D. G. Wright, D. Singh, J. Jarouse, J. Brillman, S. Murali, and R. Gupta Atrial fibrillation detected by mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry in cryptogenic TIA or stroke Neurology, November 18, 2008; 71(21): 1696 - 1701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Douen, N. Pageau, and S. Medic Serial Electrocardiographic Assessments Significantly Improve Detection of Atrial Fibrillation 2.6-Fold in Patients With Acute Stroke Stroke, February 1, 2008; 39(2): 480 - 482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||