Published online before print August 9, 2007, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.485649
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(Stroke. 2007;38:2518.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Decompressive Surgery for the Treatment of Malignant Infarction of the Middle Cerebral Artery (DESTINY)
A Randomized, Controlled Trial
From the Department of Neurology (E.J., S.S., W.H.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg; the Department of Neurology (S.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen, Erlangen; the Department of Neurosurgery (P.S., J.W.), University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg; the Department of Neurosurgery (A.U.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg; the Department of Neurology (M.H.), University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and the Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (S.W., E.J.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Correspondence to Werner Hacke, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail werner.hacke{at}med.uni-heidelberg.de
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Abstract |
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Background and Purpose— Decompressive surgery (hemicraniectomy) for life-threatening massive cerebral infarction represents a controversial issue in neurocritical care medicine. We report here the 30-day mortality and 6- and 12-month functional outcomes from the DESTINY trial.
Methods— DESTINY (ISRCTN01258591) is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled, clinical trial based on a sequential design that used mortality after 30 days as the first end point. When this end point was reached, patient enrollment was interrupted as per protocol until recalculation of the projected sample size was performed on the basis of the 6-month outcome (primary end point=modified Rankin Scale score, dichotomized to 0 to 3 versus 4 to 6). All analyses were based on intention to treat.
Results— A statistically significant reduction in mortality was reached after 32 patients had been included: 15 of 17 (88%) patients randomized to hemicraniectomy versus 7 of 15 (47%) patients randomized to conservative therapy survived after 30 days (P=0.02). After 6 and 12 months, 47% of patients in the surgical arm versus 27% of patients in the conservative treatment arm had a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 3 (P=0.23).
Conclusions— DESTINY showed that hemicraniectomy reduces mortality in large hemispheric stroke. With 32 patients included, the primary end point failed to demonstrate statistical superiority of hemicraniectomy, and the projected sample size was calculated to 188 patients. Despite this failure to meet the primary end point, the steering committee decided to terminate the trial in light of the results of the joint analysis of the 3 European hemicraniectomy trials.
Key Words: decompressive surgery • malignant middle cerebral artery infarction • randomized trials
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Introduction |
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The treatment of life-threatening, space-occupying brain edema after massive cerebral infarction is still a controversial issue in neurology and neurosurgery. Such massive hemispheric infarctions occur in 1% to 10% of patients with a supratentorial infarct.1 Life-threatening brain edema usually becomes manifest between the second and fifth day after stroke onset,2,3 and the prognosis for these patients is poor despite maximal intensive care treatment. In larger intensive care–based prospective series, the case fatality rate was
70% to 80%.3,4 Therefore, the term "malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction" was introduced for these massive cerebral infarcts.3 Several conservative treatment strategies, such as sedation, hyperventilation, steroids, barbiturates, and osmotic therapy with glycerol, mannitol, or hydroxyethyl starch, have been proposed to reduce the development of brain edema and intracranial pressure. So far, though, insufficient evidence of efficacy from randomized clinical trials is available to support any of these therapeutic strategies.5–7 Several reports suggest that these therapies may be ineffective or even detrimental.7–10 Because of the limitations of medical therapies, decompressive surgery has been proposed for patients with space-occupying hemispheric infarction. The rationale of this therapy is to create compensatory space to accommodate the swollen brain, thereby normalizing intracranial pressure, reverting brain tissue shifts, and preventing secondary tissue damage.11
Findings from animal studies and numerous case reports are supported by a number of uncontrolled, nonrandomized, prospective case series suggesting a substantial benefit of decompressive surgery on mortality, from 67% to 88%, to 0% to 34% compared with historical controls.12 This effect may even be more pronounced if treatment is started earlier, before signs of herniation appear.13,14 These studies also suggest that hemicraniectomy may reduce poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 4 to 6, Barthel Index 0 to 25, or Glasgow Outcome Scale score 1 to 3) from 95% in conservatively treated patients to 8% to 50% in surgically treated patients.3,12,13,15
None of those reports, however, was a randomized clinical trial. In addition, most of the control groups consisted of patients who were significantly older, had more comorbidity, and more often had lesions of the dominant hemisphere.12,15 Nevertheless, the promising results of nonrandomized studies encouraged the use of decompressive surgery to treat space-occupying infarcts. However, owing to the lack of conclusive evidence of efficacy from randomized clinical trials, there is still controversy about the benefit of hemicraniectomy and hence, large regional differences in the use of the procedure.
Five randomized trials have been designed to investigate the efficacy of decompressive surgery: The Hemicraniecomy And Durotomy On Deterioration From Infarction-Related Swelling Trial (HeADDFIRST) randomized 26 patients between 2000 and 2003. The final results have not been published yet.16 Between 2001 and 2004, 4 other studies were initiated: one trial, the Hemicraniectomy For Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarcts (HeMMI) performed in the Philippines, and 3 European trials. HAMLET (Hemicraniectomy After Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction With Life-Threatening Edema Trial)17 is being performed in the Netherlands, DECIMAL (Decompressive Craniectomy In Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarcts) has been conducted in France, and DESTINY (Decompressive Surgery for the Treatment of Malignant Infarction of the Middle Cerebral Artery) has been performed in Germany.18
Meanwhile, a pooled analysis of data from DECIMAL, DESTINY, and HAMLET has been published that included 93 patients.19 Results for the dichotomized end points mRS score 
4, mRS score 3, and survival showed a pooled absolute risk reduction of 51%, 23%, and 50%, respectively. We report here the results of the main end points of the DESTINY trial.
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Patients and Methods |
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DESTINY is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled, clinical trial based on a sequential design and registered in the Current Controlled Trials registry (ISRCTN01258591). The study protocol was approved by the ethics committees of all participating centers.
Patients and Interventions
For eligibility criteria see Table 1. Written, informed consent was obtained from the patient or an authorized representative before randomization and the performance of any protocol-specific procedures. Patients were randomized to either surgical plus conservative treatment or to conservative treatment alone. Blocked randomization codes, stratified for each center, were provided by an institute in sealed envelopes. Conservative treatment and decompressive surgery were conducted according to a consensus protocol of all participating neurologic, neurosurgical, and intensive care physicians (Table 2).23–25 All patients were ventilated and treated on an intensive care unit.
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Study Design and Statistics
The trial design has a unique feature, as defined by the difficulty of establishing the most important outcome after massive MCA infarction: survival, functional outcome, or both. Given the expected magnitude of the intervention on survival, it was considered highly likely that the superiority of surgery regarding survival could be established with a small number of randomized patients. On the other hand, it was still unclear as to what extent one could expect an effect on functional outcome. Therefore, DESTINY was based on a sequential design, taking mortality after 30 days as the first, but not the primary, efficacy end point.
Sample size calculation was planned with the use of PEST 2.2 software, and statistical analysis was performed with this same validated software.26 Based on the previously published review in the Cochrane Library, the difference in mortality after 30 days between the 2 groups was estimated at 40% absolute with a mortality rate of 85% in the conservative treatment group (level of significance 5%, power of 90%).12 In this sequential design, exploratory analysis was performed after reaching this end point in each individual patient.
The study protocol defined that thereafter patient enrollment would be interrupted until the 6-month functional outcome (primary end point, dichotomized between mRS score 0 to 3 versus 4 to 6) had been assessed.21 For analysis of the primary end point, a 2-sided 
2 test with an error level of 0.05 was defined. Thereafter, depending on the observed difference in functional outcome, the final sample size was recalculated for a second exploratory trial stage. All ethics committees of the participating centers agreed that this was an appropriate way to minimize the number of patients needed to be randomized in this trial.
Six-month and 1-year follow-ups were conducted by 1 single investigator, who was not involved in screening, randomization, or patient care. No blinding was applied. Before the last patient was enrolled, several publications had underlined the usefulness of analyzing the whole spectrum of the mRS.27 We therefore decided, before the mortality and outcome results were disclosed to the steering committee, to analyze the distribution of scores of the mRS with the Wilcoxon U test. In addition, we entered the mRS dichotomization (between 0 and 4 versus 5 to 6) and an interview assessment of the retrospective agreement and the perceived usefulness of the surgical procedure among survivors and caregivers in the surgical treatment group as secondary analyses to further understand the results of the trial. Because substantial recovery, especially regarding aphasia, activities of daily living, and quality of life, seems to extend into the 3-year period after stroke in patients enrolled in this trial, the steering committee also decided to additionally analyze functional outcome, the quality of life as measured by the SF-3628 and the Stroke Impact Scale,29 and aphasia with the Aachen Aphasia Test30 at 2 and 3 years in a blinded fashion to avoid bias.
All analyses were carried out on an intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol basis. All treatment procedures were documented for the per-protocol analysis, which was conducted by a case adjudication committee consisting of an experienced neurologist, neuroradiologist, neurosurgeon, and statistician. Patients were included in the per-protocol analysis only when the case adjudication committee confirmed that all eligibility criteria had been fulfilled and no major protocol violation had occurred.
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Results |
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We report here the ITT results of the 30-day mortality end point and functional outcome after 6 months and 1 year. The first patient was enrolled in February 2004, and the last 2 patients were enrolled in October 2005. One hundred twenty-six patients were screened, 48 fulfilled all eligibility criteria, 32 patients or their relatives consented to randomization, and all 32 were included (20 at Heidelberg; 6 at Mannheim; 2 at Leipzig; 2 at Greifswald; 1 at Wurzburg; and 1 at Cologne). Patient characteristics are detailed in Table 3. There were some imbalances in characteristics, such as a higher median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score in the conservative treatment arm (24, versus 21 in the surgical treatment arm), which was due to a statistically nonsignificant higher proportion of patients with infarction of the dominant hemisphere in the conservative treatment arm. There were 2 major protocol violations: One patient had been randomized to conservative treatment but underwent surgery (beyond the 36-hour time window) because another surgeon strongly recommended surgery. One patient did not receive hemicraniectomy according to the protocol. Both patients survived.
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After inclusion of 32 patients, the trial was interrupted according to the protocol, after significance for the 30-day mortality end point was reached. In the ITT analysis, 15 of 17 (88%; 95% CI, 64% to 99%) patients randomized to hemicraniectomy had survived, whereas in the conservative treatment arm, 7 of 15 (47%; 95% CI, 21% to 73%) patients had survived after 30 days (P=0.02; median unbiased odds ratio [OR]=6.37; 95% CI, 1.35 to 29.17). All deaths occurred within 8 days except for 1 patient in the decompressive surgery group, who died after 157 days due to a fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism, 1 day after having received cranioplasty. No further deaths occurred thereafter. Survival after 6 and 12 months was 82% in the surgical group versus 47% in the conservative treatment group (P=0.03; OR=5.33; 95% CI, 1.07 to 26.61).
The ITT results for functional outcome after 6 months are given in Table 4 and Figures 1a and 2
. Analysis of the distribution of mRS scores showed positive results in favor of surgery (P=0.04). Forty-seven percent of patients in the surgical arm versus 27% of patients in the conservative treatment arm reached an mRS score of 0 to 3 (P=0.23; OR=2.44; 95%, CI, 0.55 to 10.83). Seventy-seven percent in the surgical arm versus 33% in the conservative treatment arm reached an mRS score of 0 to 4 (P=0.01; OR=6.50; 95% CI, 1.38 to 30.68). Eight-two percent in the surgical arm versus 47% in the conservative treatment arm were alive (P=0.03; OR=5.33; 95% CI, 1.07 to 26.61).
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Sample-size projection for the primary end point, from estimation of a 20% difference in mRS scores of 4 to 6 between the 2 groups, suggested that 94 patients be included in each arm (188 patients total). With this projection and in light of an ongoing pooled analysis of a prespecified subset of patients included into the 3 European hemicraniectomy trials, HAMLET, DECIMAL, and DESTINY, the steering committee decided to stop the trial in April 2006.
The results of 12-month functional outcomes are given in Table 4 and Figures 1b and 2
. Analysis of the distribution of mRS scores again showed positive results in favor of surgery (P=0.04). Analyses of the dichotomized mRS scores (0 to 3 versus 4 to 6; 0 to 4 versus 5 to 6) and mortality were identical to those after 6 months. In the interview with patients and caregivers, there was 100% agreement with the procedure after 12 months in all surviving surgically treated patients.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix:References |
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Even after decades, no agreement has been reached among experts concerning the question of whether decompressive surgery should be performed in patients with malignant MCA infarction. Several reports noted a reduction in mortality to
30% after "delayed" hemicraniectomy and an even higher reduction of mortality to 20% after "early" hemicraniectomy (before signs of herniation were present) with a moderate to good functional outcome in 83% of surviving patients.13,15,32 On the other hand, other reports have questioned the benefit of decompressive surgery, especially with respect to long-term survival and functional outcome, with overall mortality rates after 12 months as high as 50% and a favorable outcome in only 20% of survivors, especially in older patients.15,33 However, all available data have come from nonrandomized, observational, or single-center studies. Great efforts have been undertaken in the past to develop an appropriate study protocol for a randomized trial that is accepted by both neurosurgeons and neurologists. By choosing a sequential design, DESTINY is the first randomized, prospective trial to show that hemicraniectomy significantly reduces mortality in large hemispheric stroke by including the minimum number of patients that was absolutely necessary to address this question.
However, most neurologists and neurosurgeons agree that mortality alone is not the only important issue in these trials. The concern of many clinicians is not about survival but rather about clinical outcome and quality of life. Thus, the primary end point in DESTINY was not mortality but functional outcome according to the mRS after 6 months. There was a long discussion about the cutpoint for dichotomization of the mRS score to be used as the primary end point; ie, which grade of dependence distinguishes an "acceptable" from an "unacceptable" outcome. One primary aim of DESTINY was to demonstrate reduced mortality without an increase in disastrous outcome, eg, complete dependency or permanent vegetative state, congruent with an mRS score of 5. Therefore, we assessed mRS dichotomization not only at 3 but also at 4 and the mRS score distribution as secondary end points.
Hacke et al3 and Berrouschot et al4 reported a median mRS score of 3 in conservatively treated patients surviving a malignant MCA infarction. Studies with comparative data report unfavorable outcomes (mRS score of 4 to 6, Barthel Index of 0 to 25, or Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1 to 3) in 55% to 100% of patients treated by hemicraniectomy versus 63% to 100% of patients treated conservatively.34–37 Compared with most of these previous findings, DESTINY showed a better outcome in surgically treated patients, with 47% with an mRS score of 3 after 6 and 12 months. Only 27% in the conservative treatment group had an mRS score 3. This finding contradicts the view of critics of early hemicraniectomy, who have argued that the better outcome seen in previous studies might reflect the selection of patients who were destined to do well regardless of surgery or not.
Although DESTINY failed to show statistically significant results for the primary end point because of the low number of patients, the steering committee decided to stop the trial: There was not only a major effect on mortality but also evidence that the fear of many critics that a reduction in mortality by hemicraniectomy might be outweighed by leaving survivors in a "vegetative state," facing a life of dependency, pain, and hopelessness was unsubstantiated. Of the 14 survivors in the surgical arm, only 1 showed an mRS of 5 (7%) compared with 2 of 7 survivors in the conservative treatment arm (28%). In addition, analysis of the distribution of mRS scores showed a statistically significant benefit in functional outcome. Substantial recovery extends into the second half year and thereafter, and none of the surgical patients or their closest relatives, given the choice of being treated or not, would have chosen otherwise. Recalculation of the sample size for the primary end point, an mRS score 3, suggested the need for almost 200 patients to be randomized. All investigators agreed that further randomization of this large number of patients was no longer justifiable. This decision was facilitated by the expectations of the prospectively designed pooled analysis of data from the 3 individual European trials. The results of this pooled analysis support the DESTINY findings: After decompressive surgery, the probability of survival increased from 22% to 71%, the probability of survival with an mRS score 4 increased from 24% to 75%, and the probability of survival with an mRS score 3 almost doubled. At the same time, very severe disability (mRS score of 5) was not increased.19
DESTINY has several shortcomings. First, 81% of patients originated from 2 centers only. As a matter of fact, this makes DESTINY an oligocenter rather than a multicenter trial. Blinded evaluation of clinical outcome was not possible, which may have introduced bias for the outcome assessment. There were 2 major protocol violations, which were included in the ITT analysis. After excluding these patients from the preliminary per-protocol analysis, the results were not changed substantially. Finally, DESTINY does not provide data on older patients with malignant MCA infarction. Based on the results of several reports suggesting that patients >60 years may not profit from decompressive surgery, DESTINY only included patients 18 to 60 years of age.33,34 From the available data, it is currently impossible to define an upper age limit above which decompressive surgery should not be performed. More data from randomized trials will be needed to address this question in the future.
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Appendix: |
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DESTINY Study Group
University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Neurology, Principal Investigators Prof Dr W. Hacke, Dr E. Jüttler; University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Principal Investigator Prof Dr A. Unterberg; University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Mannheim, Department of Neurology, Principal Investigator Prof Dr M. Hennerici; University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Mannheim, Department of Neurosurgery, Principal Investigator Prof Dr P. Schmiedek; University of Leipzig, University Hospital Leipzig, Department of Neurology, Principal Investigator Prof Dr D. Schneider; University of Leipzig, University Hospital Leipzig, Department of Neurosurgery, Principal Investigator Prof Dr J. Meixensberger; University of Greifswald, University Hospital Greifswald, Department of Neurology, Principal Investigator Prof Dr Ch. Kessler; University of Greifswald, University Hospital Greifswald, Department of Neurosurgery, Principal Investigator Prof Dr H.W.S. Schroeder; University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Principal Investigator Dr W. Müllges; University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurosurgery, Principal Investigator Dr E. Kunze; University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology; Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research Cologne, Principal Investigator Dr C. Dohmen; and University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurosurgery, Principal Investigator Dr T. Reithmeier.
Disclosures
None.
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Footnotes |
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Continuing medical education (CME) credit is available for this article. Go to http://cme.ahajournals.org to take the quiz.
*For list of the DESTINY Study Group, please see the supplemental Appendix, available online at http://stroke.ahajournals.org. 
Received February 22, 2007; revision received April 27, 2007; accepted May 3, 2007.
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References |
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